The accumulation of extracellular amyloid-βpeptide(Aβ)in thebrain is oneof theprimary pathological hallmarks of Alzheimer's disease(AD)[1].Several factors contribute to theformation and spread of Aβ,includingmicrog...
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The accumulation of extracellular amyloid-βpeptide(Aβ)in thebrain is oneof theprimary pathological hallmarks of Alzheimer's disease(AD)[1].Several factors contribute to theformation and spread of Aβ,includingmicroglia[1,2].Microglia,the primary resident macrophages in the central nervous system,play a vital role in brain development,homeostasis,and neurodegeneration[3,4].
Under normal conditions,the immune system protects the brain from outside invaders,including viruses,bacteria,toxins,and ***,an abnormal immune response within the brain affects its function and contributes to the pro...
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Under normal conditions,the immune system protects the brain from outside invaders,including viruses,bacteria,toxins,and ***,an abnormal immune response within the brain affects its function and contributes to the progression of neurological diseases.
An increase in ecotourism adversely impacts many animals and contributes to biodiversity *** mitigate these impacts,we illustrate the application of a conservation behavior framework toward the development of a sustai...
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An increase in ecotourism adversely impacts many animals and contributes to biodiversity *** mitigate these impacts,we illustrate the application of a conservation behavior framework toward the development of a sustainable ecotourism management *** Ubon Ratchathani,Thailand,thousands of tourists annually come to see a unique mass migration of shrimps on land(referred to as"shrimp parading").Preliminary work suggests that this tourism has negatively impacted the *** reduce tourism-related impacts we studied:1)the decisions shrimps make when parading and 2)how shrimps respond to different light intensities and *** created an artificial stream and tested the conditions that influence parading by experimentally varying the presence of light and systematically manipulating water velocity(10,60,and 100cm/s).Additionally,we conducted an in situ experiment to study how shrimps respond to tourists'lights under three intensities(50,400,and 9,000 lux)and five colors(white,blue,green,orange,and red).We found most shrimps prefer to leave the river when it is dark and there is low water *** responded the least to red (λmax=630 nm>and orange(λmax=625 nm)light at 50 *** findings were used to develop a management plan by creating three different tourist zones,which maximize tourist needs and minimize the anthropogenic impacts on the *** work could be used as an example of the application of conservation behavior framework in developing management plan for sustainable ecotourism for other invertebrate taxa.
Microglia,the principal immune cells in the brain,play a vital role in the development and homeostasis of the central nervous system[1,2].During early brain development,microglia-mediated synapse pruning contributes t...
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Microglia,the principal immune cells in the brain,play a vital role in the development and homeostasis of the central nervous system[1,2].During early brain development,microglia-mediated synapse pruning contributes to eliminating excess synapses that are unnecessary in adulthood[3].Excessive microglia-mediated pruning in the adult brain is implicated in neurodegeneration-associated behav・ioral deficits[4,5].
Oligodendrocyte progenitor cells(OPCs)play pivotal roles in myelin formation and phagocytosis,communicating with neighboring cells and contributing to the integrity of the blood-brain barrier(BBB).However,under the pa...
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Oligodendrocyte progenitor cells(OPCs)play pivotal roles in myelin formation and phagocytosis,communicating with neighboring cells and contributing to the integrity of the blood-brain barrier(BBB).However,under the pathological circumstances of Alzheimer’s disease(AD),the brain’s microenvironment undergoes detrimental changes that significantly impact OPCs and their *** with OPC functions,we delve into the transformation of OPCs to myelin-producing oligodendrocytes,the intricate signaling interactions with other cells in the central nervous system(CNS),and the fascinating process of phagocytosis,which influences the function of OPCs and affects CNS ***,we discuss the essential role of OPCs in BBB formation and highlight the critical contribution of OPCs in forming CNS-protective *** the context of AD,the deterioration of the local microenvironment in the brain is discussed,mainly focusing on neuroinflammation,oxidative stress,and the accumulation of toxic *** detrimental changes disturb the delicate balance in the brain,impacting the regenerative capacity of OPCs and compromising myelin *** pathological conditions,OPCs experience significant alterations in migration and proliferation,leading to impaired differentiation and a reduced ability to produce mature ***,myelin degeneration and formation become increasingly active in AD,contributing to progressive ***,we summarize the current therapeutic approaches targeting OPCs in *** to revitalize OPC senescence,modulate signaling pathways to enhance OPC differentiation,and explore other potential therapeutic avenues are promising in alleviating the impact of AD on OPCs and CNS *** conclusion,this review highlights the indispensable role of OPCs in CNS function and their involvement in the pathogenesis of *** intricate interplay between OPCs and the AD brain microenvironment underscores the complex
Geographic variation in life-history traits among populations of wide-ranging species is influenced by both spatial and temporal aspects of the environment. Rarely, however, are the effects of both aspects examined c...
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Geographic variation in life-history traits among populations of wide-ranging species is influenced by both spatial and temporal aspects of the environment. Rarely, however, are the effects of both aspects examined concurrently. We collected gravid female lizards (Sceloporus undulatus) from northern (Indiana), central (Mississippi) and southern (Florida) populations, spanning nearly the full latitudinal range of the species, to examine among-population differences in strategies of reproductive energy allocation. Adult females from the southern population were smaller, and produced fewer and smaller eggs in their first clutches than did females from the more northern populations. Southern females were more likely to produce a second clutch, and second clutches were smaller than first clutches for females from the 2 northern populations. Together these trends eliminated population differences in overall reproductive output after accounting for body size. The trend for greater reproductive energy to be allocated to first clutches at higher latitudes, and to later clutches at lower latitudes is corroborated by published data from field studies on multiple populations. Distributing reproductive effort by producing more clutches of smaller eggs may be an adaptive response to the long season available for egg incubation and lizard activity in sub-tropical southern environments. In contrast, allocating greater resources to early reproduction may enhance maternal fitness in the relatively short activity seasons that characterize more northern sites.
How animals respond to seasonal resource availability has profound implications for their dietary flexibility and realized ecological *** sought to understand seasonal dietary niche partitioning in extant African suid...
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How animals respond to seasonal resource availability has profound implications for their dietary flexibility and realized ecological *** sought to understand seasonal dietary niche partitioning in extant African suids using intra-tooth stable isotope analysis of *** collected enamel samples from canines of red river hogs/bushpigs(Potamochoerus spp.)and third molars of warthogs(Phacochoerus spp.)in 3 different regions of central and eastern *** analyzed multiple samples from each tooth and used variations in stable carbon and oxygen isotope ratios(δ^(13)C andδ^(18)O)and covariances between them to infer seasonal dietary *** found that most Phacochoerus display C_(4)-dominated diets,while most Potamochoerus display C_(3)-dominated *** and Potamochoerus that co-occur in the same region display no overlap in intra-toothδ^(13)C,which suggests dietary niche *** also show divergingδ^(13)C values as the dry seasons progress and convergingδ^(13)C values during the peak of the rainy seasons,which suggests a greater dietary niche separation during the dry seasons when resources are scarce than during the rainy *** found statistically significant cross-correlations between intra-toothδ^(13)C andδ^(18)O in most *** also observed a temporal lag betweenδ^(13)C andδ^(18)O in some *** study demonstrates that intra-tooth stable isotope analysis is a promising approach to investigate seasonal dietary niche ***,large inter-individual variations inδ^(18)O at certain localities can be challenging to *** studies that expand the intra-tooth stable isotope surveys or include controlled feeding experiments will improve its application in ecological studies.
The occasion of the longest totality of an eclipse in the 18 yr 11^1/3 d saros cycle leads to taking stock of the scientific value of ground-based eclipse observations in this space age. Though a number of space satel...
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The occasion of the longest totality of an eclipse in the 18 yr 11^1/3 d saros cycle leads to taking stock of the scientific value of ground-based eclipse observations in this space age. Though a number of space satellites from the U.S., Europe, Japan, and Russia study the Sun, scientists at eclipses can observe the solar chromosphere and corona at higher spatial resolution, at higher temporal resolution, and at higher spectral resolution than are possible aloft. Furthermore, eclipse expeditions can transport a wide variety of state-of-the-art equipment to the path of totality. Thus, for at least some years to come, solar eclipse observations will remain both scientifically valuable and cost-effective ways to study the outer solar atmosphere.
Ruthenium has been hailed as a competitive alternative for platinum toward hydrogen evolution reaction(HER),a critical process in electrochemical water *** this study,we successfully prepare metallic Ru nanoparticles ...
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Ruthenium has been hailed as a competitive alternative for platinum toward hydrogen evolution reaction(HER),a critical process in electrochemical water *** this study,we successfully prepare metallic Ru nanoparticles supported on carbon paper by utilizing a novel magnetic induction heating(MIH)*** samples are obtained within seconds,featuring a Cl-enriched surface that is unattainable via conventional thermal *** best sample within the series shows a remarkable HER activity in both acidic and alkaline media with an overpotential of only-23 and-12 mV to reach the current density of 10 mA/cm^(2),highly comparable to that of the Pt/C *** studies based on density functional theory show that the excellent electrocatalytic activity is accounted by the surface metal-Cl species that facilitate charge transfer and downshift the d-band *** from this study highlight the unique advantages of MIH in rapid sample preparation,where residual anion ligands play a critical role in manipulating the electronic properties of the metal surfaces and the eventual electrocatalytic activity.
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