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Phyllanthus acidus(L.) Skeels and Rhinacanthus nasutus(L.) kurz leaf extracts suppress melanogenesis in normal human epidermal melanocytes and reconstitutive skin culture

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Asian Pacific Journal of Tropical Medicine 2019年第3期12卷 98-105页

作者： Moragot Chatatikun Takeshi Yamauchi kenshi Yamasaki Anchalee Chiabchalard Setsuya Aiba Department of Medical Technology School of Allied Health Sciences Walailak University Department of Dermatology Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine Deparment of Clinical Chemistry Faculty of Allied Health Sciences Chulalongkorn University

Objective: To determine the effect of extracts from Phyllanthus acidus(P. acidus)(L.) Skeels and Rhinacanthus nasutus(R. nasutus)(L.) kurz leaves on melanogenesis and the underlying mechanism in normal human epidermal melanocytes(NHEM) and a reconstitutive skin model. Methods: NHEM and a reconstitutive skin model were stimulated with ethanol extracts of P. acidus(L.) Skeels and R. nasutus(L.) kurz leaves. mRNA expression of microphthalmiaassociated transcription factor(MITF), tyrosinase(TYR), tyrosinase-related protein 1(TYRP1) and dopachrome tautomerase(DCT) were examined by real-time PCR. The melanin content in NHEM was also measured. Moreover, protein levels of tyrosinase were determined using western blot ***: In NHEM and the reconstitutive skin model, ethanol extracts from P. acidus(at 12.5 and 25.0 μg/mL) and R. nasutus(at 6.25 and 12.50 μg/mL) significantly diminished mRNA expression of MITF, TYR, TYRP1 and DCT in a concentration-dependent manner. P. acidus and R. nasutus extracts also reduced the amount of melanin in α-MSH-stimulated NHEM. Moreover, P. acidus and R. nasutus extracts markedly suppressed tyrosinase at the translational level in the reconstitutive skin model. Conclusions: P. acidus and R. nasutus extracts significantly reduced melanogenesis in NHEM and the reconstitutive skin model, suggesting that P. acidus and R. nasutus extracts can inhibit melanin synthesis through downregulation of MITF, TYR, TYRP1 and DCT. Therefore, the ethanol extracts of P. acidus and R. nasutus contain compounds that have the potential for development as a skin lightening agent for the treatment of hyperpigmentation disorder or melasma.

关键词： Phyllanthus acidus(L.) Skeels Rhinacanthus nasutus(L.) kurz Melanin Tyrosinase MITF

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Extraction,classification and visualization of 3-dimensional clouds simulated by cloud-resolving atmospheric model

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International Journal of Modeling, Simulation, and Scientific Computing 2017年第4期8卷 190-204页

作者： Daisuke Matsuoka Center for Earth Information Science and Technology(CEIST)Japan Agency for Marine-Earth Science and Technology(JAMSTEC)3173-25 Showa-Machi Kanazawa-kuYokohama 236-0001Japan

Cloud-resolving atmospheric general circulation models using large-scale supercomputers reproduce realistic behavior of 3-dimensional atmospheric field on a global *** understand the simulation result for scientists,conventional visualization methods based on 2-dimensional cloud classification are not enough for understanding individual clouds and their physical *** this study,we propose a new 3-dimensional extraction and classification method of simulated clouds based on their 3-dimensional shape and physical *** proposed method extracts individual clouds by cloud water and cloud ice,and classifies them into six types by their altitude and upward *** applied the method to time-varying atmospheric simulation data,and attempted to visualize atmospheric phenomena on the tropics such as developing cumulonimbus and tropical *** case studies clearly visualize the behavior of individual cloud type and clarify that some cloud types have a relationship with rainfall during active weather *** proposed method has the potential to analyze such phenomena that develop in the vertical direction as well as the horizontal direction.

关键词： Atmospheric simulation cloud visualization

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Origins of building blocks of life: A review

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Geoscience Frontiers 2018年第4期9卷 1117-1153页

作者： Norio kitadai Shigenori Maruyama Earth-Life Science Institute Tokyo Institute of Technology

How and where did life on Earth originate？ To date, various environments have been proposed as plausible sites for the origin of life. However, discussions have focused on a limited stage of chemical evolution, or emergence of a specific chemical function of proto-biological systems. It remains unclear what geochemical situations could drive all the stages of chemical evolution, ranging from condensation of simple inorganic compounds to the emergence of self-sustaining systems that were evolvable into modern biological ones. In this review, we summarize reported experimental and theoretical findings for prebiotic chemistry relevant to this topic, including availability of biologically essential elements（N and P） on the Hadean Earth, abiotic synthesis of life＇s building blocks（amino acids, peptides, ribose, nucleobases, fatty acids, nucleotides, and oligonucleotides）, their polymerizations to bio-macromolecules（peptides and oligonucleotides）, and emergence of biological functions of replication and compartmentalization. It is indicated from the overviews that completion of the chemical evolution requires at least eight reaction conditions of（1） reductive gas phase,（2） alkaline pH,（3） freezing temperature,（4）fresh water,（5） dry/dry-wet cycle,（6） coupling with high energy reactions,（7） heating-cooling cycle in water, and（8） extraterrestrial input of life＇s building blocks and reactive nutrients. The necessity of these mutually exclusive conditions clearly indicates that life＇s origin did not occur at a single setting; rather, it required highly diverse and dynamic environments that were connected with each other to allow intratransportation of reaction products and reactants through fluid circulation. Future experimental research that mimics the conditions of the proposed model are expected to provide further constraints on the processes and mechanisms for the origin of life.

关键词： Astrobiology Biochemistry Chemical evolution Extraterrestrial life Hadean Earth Hydrothermal systems

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Event detection and visualization of ocean eddies simulated by ocean general circulation model

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International Journal of Modeling, Simulation, and Scientific Computing 2019年第3期10卷 164-182页

作者： Daisuke Matsuoka Fumiaki Araki Hideharu Sasaki Information Engineering Program research Institute for Value-Added-Information Generation Japan Agency for Marine-Earth Science and Technology(JAMSTEC)3173-25 Showa-machi Kanazawa-kuYokohama 236-0001Japan Application Laboratory(APL)research Institute for Value-Added-Information Generation Japan Agency for Marine-Earth Science and Technology(JAMSTEC)3173-25 Showa-machi Kanazawa-kuYokohama 236-0001Japan

Numerical study of ocean eddies has been carried out by using high-resolution ocean general circulation *** order to understand ocean eddies from the large volume data produced by simulations,visualizing only eddy distribution at each time step is insufficient;time-variations in eddy events and phenomena must also be ***,existing methods cannot precisely find and track eddy events such as amalgamation and *** this study,we propose an original approach for eddy detection,tracking,and event visualization based on an eddy classification *** proposed method detects streams and currents as well as eddies,and it classifies discovered eddies into several categories using the additional stream and current *** tracking how the classified eddies vary over time,detecting events such as eddy amalgamation and bifurcation as well as the interaction between eddies and ocean currents becomes *** adopt the proposed method for two ocean areas in which strong ocean currents exist as case *** visualize the detected eddies and events in a time series of images,allowing us to acquire an intuitive understanding of a region of interest concealed in a high-resolution data ***,our proposed method succeeded in clarifying the occurrence place and seasonality of each type of eddy event.

关键词： Ocean simulation ocean eddy ocean current visualization

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