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Space/Air Covert Communications:Potentials,Scenarios,and Key Technologies

China Communications 2024年第3期21卷 1-18页

作者： Mao Haobin Liu Yanming Zhu Lipeng Mao Tianqi Xiao Zhenyu Zhang Rui Han Zhu Xia Xianggen School of Electronic and Information Engineering Beihang UniversityBeijing 100191China Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering National University of SingaporeSingapore 117583Singapore School of science and Engineering Shenzhen Research Institute of Big Datathe Chinese University of Hong KongShenzhenGuangdong 518172China Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering University of HoustonHoustonTX 77004USA Department of Computer science and Engineering Kyung Hee UniversitySeoulSouth Korea446-701 Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering University of DelawareNewarkDE 19716USA

Space/air communications have been envisioned as an essential part of the next-generation mobile communication networks for providing highquality global connectivity. However, the inherent broadcasting nature of wireless propagation environment and the broad coverage pose severe threats to the protection of private data. Emerging covert communications provides a promising solution to achieve robust communication security. Aiming at facilitating the practical implementation of covert communications in space/air networks, we present a tutorial overview of its potentials, scenarios, and key technologies. Specifically, first, the commonly used covertness constraint model, covert performance metrics, and potential application scenarios are briefly introduced. Then, several efficient methods that introduce uncertainty into the covert system are thoroughly summarized, followed by several critical enabling technologies, including joint resource allocation and deployment/trajectory design, multi-antenna and beamforming techniques, reconfigurable intelligent surface(RIS), and artificial intelligence algorithms. Finally, we highlight some open issues for future investigation.

关键词： artificial intelligence(AI) sixth generation(6G) space-air-ground integrated networks(SAGINs) space/air covert communications

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Service Function Chain Migration in LEO Satellite Networks

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China Communications 2024年第3期21卷 247-259页

作者： Geng Yuhui Wang Niwei Chen Xi Xu Xiaofan Zhou Changsheng Yang Junyi Xiao Zhenyu Cao Xianbin School of Electronic and Information Engineering Beihang UniversityBeijing 100191China Key Laboratory of Advanced Technology of Near Space Information System Ministry of Industry and Information Technology of ChinaBeijing 100191China Shanghai Key Laboratory of Satellite Network Shanghai 201204China Shanghai Satellite Network Research Institute Co. Ltd.Shanghai 201204China

With the advancements of software defined network(SDN)and network function virtualization(NFV),service function chain(SFC)placement becomes a crucial enabler for flexible resource scheduling in low earth orbit(LEO)satellite *** due to the scarcity of bandwidth resources and dynamic topology of LEO satellites,the static SFC placement schemes may cause performance degradation,resource waste and even service *** this paper,we consider migration and establish an online migration model,especially considering the dynamic *** the scarcity of bandwidth resources,the model aims to maximize the total number of accepted SFCs while incurring as little bandwidth cost of SFC transmission and migration as *** to its NP-hardness,we propose a heuristic minimized dynamic SFC migration(MDSM)algorithm that only triggers the migration procedure when new SFCs are *** results demonstrate that MDSM achieves a performance close to the upper bound with lower complexity.

关键词： network function virtualization(NFV) resource allocation satellite networks service function chain(SFC) SFC migration SFC placement soft-ware defined network(SDN)

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Optimizing Optical Fiber Faults Detection:A Comparative Analysis of Advanced Machine Learning Approaches

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Computers, Materials & Continua 2024年第5期79卷 2697-2721页

作者： Kamlesh Kumar Soothar Yuanxiang Chen Arif Hussain Magsi Cong Hu Hussain Shah School of Electronics Engineering Beijing University of Posts and TelecommunicationsBeijing100876China State Key Laboratory of Integrated Services Networks Xidian UniversityXi’an710071China State Key Laboratory ofNetworking and Switching Technology Beijing University of Posts and TelecommunicationsBeijing100876China

Efficient optical network management poses significant importance in backhaul and access network communicationfor preventing service disruptions and ensuring Quality of Service(QoS)*** emerging faultsin optical networks introduce challenges that can jeopardize the network with a variety of *** existingliterature witnessed various partial or inadequate *** the other hand,Machine Learning(ML)hasrevolutionized as a promising technique for fault detection and *** traditional fault managementsystems,this research has three-fold ***,this research leverages the ML and Deep Learning(DL)multi-classification system and evaluates their accuracy in detecting six distinct fault types,including fiber cut,fibereavesdropping,splicing,bad connector,bending,and PC ***,this paper assesses the classificationdelay of each classification ***,this work proposes a fiber optics fault prevention algorithm thatdetermines to mitigate the faults *** work utilized a publicly available fiber optics dataset namedOTDR_Data and applied different ML classifiers,such as Gaussian Naive Bayes(GNB),Logistic Regression(LR),Support Vector Machine(SVM),K-Nearest Neighbor(KNN),Random Forest(RF),and Decision Tree(DT).Moreover,Ensemble Learning(EL)techniques are applied to evaluate the accuracy of various *** addition,this work evaluated the performance of DL-based Convolutional Neural Network and Long-Short Term Memory(CNN-LSTM)hybrid *** findings reveal that the CNN-LSTM hybrid technique achieved the highestaccuracy of 99%with a delay of 360 *** the other hand,EL techniques improved the accuracy in detecting fiberoptic ***,this research comprehensively assesses accuracy and delay metrics for various classifiers andproposes the most efficient attack detection system in fiber optics.

关键词： Fiber optics fault detection multiclassification machine learning ensemble learning

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Towards Blockchain-Based Secure BGP Routing,Challenges and Future Research Directions

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Computers, Materials & Continua 2024年第5期79卷 2035-2062页

作者： Qiong Yang Li Ma Shanshan Tu Sami Ullah MuhammadWaqas Hisham Alasmary Faculty of Information Technology Beijing University of TechnologyBeijing100124China School of Information science and Technology North China University of TechnologyBeijing100144China Department of Computer science Shaheed Benazir Bhutto UniversitySheringal18050Pakistan School of Computing and Mathematical science Faculty of Engineering and ScienceUniversity of GreenwichLondonSE109LSUK School of Engineering Edith Cowan UniversityPerth6027Australia Department of Computer science King Khalid UniversityAbha61421Saudi Arabia

Border Gateway Protocol(BGP)is a standard inter-domain routing protocol for the Internet that conveys network layer reachability information and establishes routes to different *** BGP protocol exhibits security design defects,such as an unconditional trust mechanism and the default acceptance of BGP route announcements from peers by BGP neighboring nodes,easily triggering prefix hijacking,path forgery,route leakage,and other BGP security ***,the traditional BGP security mechanism,relying on a public key infrastructure,faces issues like a single point of failure and a single point of *** decentralization,anti-tampering,and traceability advantages of blockchain offer new solution ideas for constructing secure and trusted inter-domain routing *** this paper,we summarize the characteristics of BGP protocol in detail,sort out the BGP security threats and their ***,we analyze the shortcomings of the traditional BGP security mechanism and comprehensively evaluate existing blockchain-based solutions to address the above problems and validate the reliability and effectiveness of blockchain-based BGP security methods in mitigating BGP security ***,we discuss the challenges posed by BGP security problems and outline prospects for future research.

关键词： BGP security blockchain prefix hijacking trust model secure routing

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understanding autoimmune response after SARS-CoV-2 infection and the pathogenesis/mechanisms of long COVID

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Medical Review 2024年第5期4卷 367-383页

作者： Ming Guo Shunlai Shang Mengfei Li Guangyan Cai Ping Li Xiangmei Chen Qinggang Li Department of Nephrology First Medical Center of Chinese PLA General HospitalState Key Laboratory of Kidney DiseasesNational Clinical Research Center for Kidney DiseasesBeijing Key Laboratory of Kidney Diseases ResearchBeijing 100853China Department of Nephrology China-Japan Friendship HospitalBeijingChina Haihe Laboratory of Cell Ecosystem China

COVID-19 posed a major challenge to the healthcare *** and the adoption of numerous prevention and control measures enabled the gradual end of the COVID-19 ***,successive occurrence of autoimmune diseases in patients with COVID-19cannot *** COVID has been themajor focus of research due to the long duration of different symptoms and the variety of systems *** may play a crucial role in the pathogenesis of long ***,we reviewed several autoimmune disorders occurring after COVID-19 infection and the pathogenesis of long COVID.

关键词： COVID-19 SARS-CoV-2 long COVID autoimmunity

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3D Path Planning of the Solar Powered UAV in the Urban-Mountainous Environment with Multi-Objective and Multi-Constraint Based on the Enhanced Sparrow Search Algorithm Incorporating the Levy Flight Strategy

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Guidance, Navigation and Control 2024年第1期4卷 149-175页

作者： Pengyang Xie Ben Ma Bingbing Wang Jian Chen Gang Xiao College of Engineering China Agricultural UniversityBeijing 100083P.R.China State Key Laboratory of Clean Energy Utilization Zhejiang UniversityHangzhou 310027P.R.China Key Laboratory of Intelligent Equipment and Robotics for Agriculture of Zhejiang Province College of Biosystems Engineering and Food ScienceZhejiang UniversityHangzhou 310058P.R.China Key Laboratory of Smart Agricultural Technology(Yangtze River Delta) Ministry of Agriculture and Rural AffairsNanjing 210044P.R.China Key Laboratory of Smart Agricultural Technology in Tropical South China Ministry of Agriculture and Rural AffairsGuangzhou 510642P.R.China State Key Laboratory of Virtual Reality Technology and Systems Beihang UniversityBeijing 100191P.R.China

In response to practical application challenges in utilizing solar-powered unmanned aerial vehicle(UAV)for remote sensing,this study presents a three-dimensional path planning method tailored for urban-mountainous *** into account constraints related to the solar-powered UAV,terrain,and mission objectives,a multi-objective trajectory optimization model is transferred into a single-objective optimization problem with weight factors and multiconstraint and is developed with a focus on three key indicators:minimizing trajectory length,maximizing energy flow e±ciency,and minimizing regional risk ***,an enhanced sparrow search algorithm incorporating the Levy flight strategy(SSA-Levy)is introduced to address trajectory planning challenges in such complex *** simulation,the proposed algorithm is compared with particle swarm optimization(PSO)and the regular sparrow search algorithm(SSA)across 17 standard test functions and a simplified simulation of urban-mountainous *** results of the simulation demonstrate the superior effectiveness of the designed improved SSA based on the Levy flight strategy for solving the established single-objective trajectory optimization model.

关键词： Solar powered UAV multi-objective optimization problem single-objective optimization problem multi-constraint sparrow search algorithm Levy flight strategy

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Reduction of Space Debris Collision Prediction Uncertainty Based on Q-Sat Precise Orbit

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Space(science & Technology) 2023年第1期3卷 1-9页

作者： Huang Pu Wen Guangwei Cai Yingkai Wang Zhaokui School of Aerospace Engineering Tsinghua UniversityBeijingChina

Collision probability is employed for evaluating whether there will be a dangerous encounter between 2 space *** fidelity of the collision probability mainly depends on the accuracies of orbit prediction and covariance prediction for the space *** this paper,the collision probability between the Tsinghua Gravitation and Atmosphere science Satellite,Q-Sat,and the space debris with a North American Aerospace Defense Command ID of 49863 on 2022 January 18 was *** 2 objects approached each other dangerously close and the event was ***,the atmospheric density model is modified by a dynamic approach-based inversion to improve the accuracy of orbit prediction for the ***,predictions of position error covariance are carried *** of the next 24 hours are predicted,and the predicted orbits are compared with the actual orbits of the *** neural network was trained for predicting the position error *** the space debris,the 2-line element data are *** predictions for the space debris are also conducted and compared with the actual *** backpropagation neural network for predicting the position error covariance for the space debris is *** the covariances from the backpropagation neural network,the error ellipsoids of the 2 objects are *** error ellipsoids are later projected to the encounter plane to calculate the collision *** from the reports from other institutes,the closest distance between the Q-Sat and the space debris calculated by the current method was 2.71 *** collision probability was 1.16×10−*** was not a dangerous encounter *** onboard precise orbit determination device enabled improved orbit determination precision and orbit prediction accuracy,which is important for space safety management.

关键词： collision precise debris

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Managing Discretionary Services: A Review and Research Opportunities

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Journal of Systems science and Systems Engineering 2021年第1期30卷 1-16页

作者： Xiaofang Wang Rongyi Huang Junguang Gao Laurens G.Debo School of Business Renmin University of ChinaBeijing100872China Business School Beijing Technology and Business UniversityBeijing100038China Tuck School of Business Dartmouth CollegeHanoverNH03755USA

Discretionary services typically refer to professional work and complex service work by physicians,software developers,web designers,lawyers,or financial analysts,where there are no standard working processes and customer perceived quality of service increases with the time spent on ***,research on these services,especially the corresponding speed-quality tradeoff problem,has gained more and more *** paper reviews both the analytical models and the empirical studies in this area,highlighting their contributions and pointing out potential directions for future research.

关键词： Discretionary service speed-quality tradeoff queueing

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An Intelligent Ellipsoid Calibration Method Based on the Grey Wolf Algorithm for Magnetic Compass

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Journal of Bionic Engineering 2021年第2期18卷 453-461页

作者： Xusheng Lei Xiaoyu Zhang Yankun Hao School of the Instrumentation science and Opto-Electronic Engineering Beihang UniversityBeijing 100191China

With the measurement of the Earth’s magnetic field,magnetic compass can provide high frequency heading ***,it suffers from local magnetic *** intelligent ellipsoid calibration method based on the grey wolf is proposed to generate optimal parameters for magnetic compass to generate high performance heading *** the analysis of the projection relationship among the navigation coordinate frame,the body frame and the local horizontal frame,the heading ellipsoid equation is ***,an improved grey wolf algorithm is proposed to find optimization solution in a large solution *** the improvement of the convergence factor and the evolutionary mechanism,the improved grey wolf algorithm can generate optimized solution for heading ellipsoid *** effectiveness of the proposed method has been verified by a series of vehicle and flight *** experimental results show that the proposed method can eliminate errors caused by sensor defects,hard-iron interference,and soft-iron interference *** heading error generated by the magnetic compass is less than 0.2162 degree in real flight tests.

关键词： magnetic compass ellipsoid parameters grey wolf algorithm error model

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Space-Air-Ground Integrated Network (SAGIN) for 6G: Requirements, Architecture and Challenges

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China Communications 2022年第2期19卷 90-108页

作者： Huanxi Cui Jun Zhang Yuhui Geng Zhenyu Xiao Tao Sun Ning Zhang Jiajia Liu Qihui Wu Xianbin Cao School of Electronic and Information Engineering Beijing Key Laboratory for Network-Based Cooperative Air application ManagementBeihang UniversityBeijing 100191China Advanced Research Institute of Multidisciplinary science Beijing Institute of TechnologyBeijing 100081China China Mobile Research Institute Beijing 100053China Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering University of WindsorONCanadaN9B 3P4 National Engineering Laboratory for Integrated Aero-Space-Ground-Ocean Big Data Application Technology the School of CybersecurityNorthwestern Polytechnical UniversityXi’anShaanxi710072China College of Electronics and Information Engineering Nanjing University of Aeronautics and AstronauticsNanjing 210007China

As the fifth-generation(5G)mobile communication network may not meet the requirements of emerging technologies and applications,including ubiquitous coverage,industrial internet of things(IIoT),ubiquitous artificial intelligence(AI),digital twins(DT),etc.,this paper aims to explore a novel space-air-ground integrated network(SAGIN)architecture to support these new requirements for the sixth-generation(6G)mobile communication network in a flexible,low-latency and efficient ***,we first review the evolution of the mobile communication network,followed by the application and technology requirements of *** the current 5G non-terrestrial network(NTN)architecture in supporting the new requirements is deeply *** that,we proposes a new flexible,low-latency and flat SAGIN architecture,and presents corresponding use ***,the future research directions are discussed.

关键词： 6G AI DT SAGIN NTN Network architecture

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