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Impacts of PI3K/protein kinase B pathway activation in reactive astrocytes: from detrimental effects to protective functions

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Neural Regeneration Research 2025年第4期20卷 1031-1041页

作者： Ramón Pérez-Núñez María Fernanda González Ana María Avalos Lisette leyton Cellular Communication Laboratory Programa de Biología Celular y MolecularCenter for Studies on ExerciseMetabolism and Cancer(CEMC)Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas(ICBM)Facultad de MedicinaUniversidad de ChileSantiagoChile Advanced Center for Chronic Diseases(ACCDiS) Faculty of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences&Faculty of MedicineUniversidad de ChileSantiagoChile Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas Facultad de Ciencias de la SaludUniversidad Autónoma de ChileSantiagoChile

Astrocytes are the most abundant type of glial cell in the central nervous *** injury and inflammation,astrocytes become reactive and undergo morphological and functional *** on their phenotypic classification as A1 or A2,reactive astrocytes contribute to both neurotoxic and neuroprotective responses,***,this binary classification does not fully capture the diversity of astrocyte responses observed across different diseases and *** analysis has revealed that reactive astrocytes have a complex landscape of gene expression profiles,which emphasizes the heterogeneous nature of their *** actively participate in regulating central nervous system inflammation by interacting with microglia and other cell types,releasing cytokines,and influencing the immune *** phosphoinositide 3-kinase(PI3K)/protein kinase B(AKT)signaling pathway is a central player in astrocyte reactivity and impacts various aspects of astrocyte behavior,as evidenced by in silico,in vitro,and in vivo *** astrocytes,inflammatory cues trigger a cascade of molecular events,where nuclear factor-κB serves as a central mediator of the pro-inflammatory ***,we review the heterogeneity of reactive astrocytes and the molecular mechanisms underlying their *** highlight the involvement of various signaling pathways that regulate astrocyte reactivity,including the PI3K/AKT/mammalian target of rapamycin(mTOR),αvβ3 integrin/PI3K/AKT/connexin 43,and Notch/PI3K/AKT *** targeting the inactivation of the PI3K/AKT cellular signaling pathway to control reactive astrocytes and prevent central nervous system damage,evidence suggests that activating this pathway could also yield beneficial *** dual function of the PI3K/AKT pathway underscores its complexity in astrocyte reactivity and brain function *** review emphasizes the importance of employing astrocyte-exclusive models to underst

关键词： inflammation integrins neuroprotective neurotoxic phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase reactive astrocytes signal transduction Thy-1(CD90)

Cortical hem signaling center: functions, development, and potential implications for evolution and brain disorders

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Neural Regeneration Research 2025年第4期20卷 1079-1080页

作者： Victor V.Chizhikov Igor y.Iskusnykh Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology University of Tennessee Health Science CenterMemphisTNUSA

Development of the telencephalon relies upon several signaling centers-localized cellular populations that supply secreted factors to pattern the cortical *** such signaling center is the cortical hem,which arises during embryonic development at the telencephalic dorsal midline,adjacent to the choroid plexus and hippocampal primordium(Figure 1A).While the cortical hem has also been described in reptiles and birds,most of our knowledge about the developmental roles of the cortical hem is derived from the analysis in *** cortical hem produces several types of secreted molecules,including wingless-related integration site(Wnt)and bone morphogenetic(Bmp)*** cortical hem is particularly important for the development of the hippocampus,which is involved in learning and memory,and the neocortex,which is the most complex brain region that mediates multiple types of behavior and higher cognitive functions(Mangale et al.,2008;Dal-Valle-Anton and Borrell,2022).

关键词： epithelium Figure center

Importance of Modeling Heterogeneities and Correlation in Reservoir Properties in Unconventional Formations: Examples of Tight Gas Reservoirs

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Journal of Earth Science 2021年第4期32卷 809-817页

作者： Shengli Li y.Zee Ma Ernest gomez School of Energy Resources China University of GeoscienceBeijing 100083China Information Solution SchlumbergerDenver CO 80202USA

We present lithofacies classifications for a tight gas sandstone reservoir by analyzing hierarchies of *** use principal component analysis(PCA)to overcome the two level of heterogeneities,which results in a better lithofacies classification than the traditional cutoff *** classical volumetric method is used for estimating oil/gas in-place resources in the petroleum industry since its inception is not accurate because it ignores the heterogeneities of and correlation between the petrophysical *** present the importance and methods of accounting for the heterogeneities of and correlation between petrophysical properties for more accurate hydrocarbon volumetric *** also demonstrate the impacts of modeling the heterogeneities and correlation in porosity and hydrocarbon saturation for hydrocarbon volumetric estimations with a tight sandstone gas ***,geoscientists have traditionally considered that small-scale heterogeneities only impact subsurface fluid flow,but not impact the hydrocarbon resource volumetric *** show the importance of modeling small-scale heterogeneities using fine cell size in reservoir modeling of unconventional resources for accurate resource assessment.

关键词： heterogeneity petrophysical property correlations Simpson’s paradox porosity gas saturation hydrocarbon volumetrics change of support problem

Quench Dynamics of Neutral Atoms in Out-Equilibrium One-Dimensional Optical Lattices

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Communications in Theoretical Physics 2018年第10期70卷 496-500页

作者： V.leyton A.Arguelles M.Camargo Centro de Investigacidn en Ciencias Basicas Universidad Santiago de Cali Calle 5 No. 62-00 Cali Colombia Centro de Investigaciones en Ciencias Baisicas y Aplicadas Universidad Antonio Narifio Km 18 via Cali-Jamundf 760030 Santiago de Cali Colombia

A quantum simulator is proposed for nucleation and growth dynamics using an out-of equilibrium optical lattice. We calculate the density of neutral atoms in the lattice and we establish the connection with the KolmogorovMehl-Johnson-Avrami model. Here we show that an Avrami equation can describe most of the evolution in time of the population growth in the lattice, coherence between neutral atoms leads a complex growth rate.

关键词： 1D optical lattice Bose-Hubbard model out-equilibrium system nucleation

Exercise preconditioning alleviates ischemia-induced memory deficits by increasing circulating adiponectin

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Neural Regeneration Research 2025年第5期20卷 1445-1454页

作者： Meifeng Zheng Borui Zhang Sonata S y yau Kwok-Fai So Li Zhang Haining Ou Department of Rehabilitation Medicine Guangzhou Medical UniversityGuangzhouGuangdong ProvinceChina Department of Rehabilitation Medicine The Fifth Clinical College of Guangzhou Medical UniversityGuangzhouGuangdong ProvinceChina Key Laboratory of CNS Regeneration(Ministry of Education) Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Institute of CNS RegenerationJinan UniversityGuangzhouGuangdong ProvinceChina Department of Rehabilitation Sciences The Hong Kong Polytechnic UniversityHong Kong Special Administrative RegionChina State Key Laboratory of Brain and Cognitive Science Li Ka Shing Faculty of MedicineThe University of Hong KongHong Kong Special Administrative RegionChina Center for Exercise and Brain Science School of PsychologyShanghai University of SportShanghaiChina Neuroscience and Neurorehabilitation Institute University of Health and Rehabilitation SciencesQingdaoShandong ProvinceChina

Cerebral ischemia is a major health risk that requires preventive approaches in addition to drug *** exercise enhances neurogenesis and synaptogenesis,and has been widely used for functional rehabilitation after *** this study,we determined whether exercise training before disease onset can alleviate the severity of cerebral *** also examined the role of exercise-induced circulating factors in these *** mice were subjected to 14 days of treadmill exercise training before surgery for middle cerebral artery *** found that this exercise pre-conditioning strategy effectively attenuated brain infarct area,inhibited gliogenesis,protected synaptic proteins,and improved novel object and spatial memory *** analysis showed that circulating adiponectin plays a critical role in these preventive effects of *** activation of adiponectin receptors by Adipo Ron mimicked the effects of exercise,while inhibiting receptor activation abolished the exercise *** summary,our results suggest a crucial role of circulating adiponectin in the effects of exercise pre-conditioning in protecting against cerebral ischemia and supporting the health benefits of exercise.

关键词： adiponectin cerebral ischemia exercise pre-conditioning hippocampus memory function middle cerebral artery occlusion prefrontal cortex synaptic proteins treadmill exercise

Outcomes after combined excisional goniotomy and manual small incision cataract surgery

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International Journal of Ophthalmology(English edition) 2022年第10期15卷 1707-1713页

作者： Daniela Alvarez-Ascencio Gabriel Lazcano-gomez Malik y Kahook Department of Glaucoma Asociación Para Evitar la Ceguera en México(APEC)Mexico City 04030Mexico Department of Ophthalmology University of Colorado School of MedicineAuroraColorado 80145United States

AIM: To report the long-term outcomes of combined excisional goniotomy and manual small incision cataract surgery(MSICS).METHODS: This is a retrospective case series of patients with open angle glaucoma and visually significant cataracts that underwent combined excisional goniotomy and MSICS with one-year follow-up. The medical history, demographic information, and clinical characteristics of each case were recorded. Data regarding changes in vision, intraocular pressure(IOP), the number of glaucoma medications, and the evolution of the disease after surgery were reported. RESULTS: Three patients, with open angle glaucoma and cataracts underwent combined excisional goniotomy and MSICS without adverse events. All patients had improvement in vision compared to baseline measurements. The range of IOP at baseline was from 14 to 18 mm Hg and decrease to a range of 10 to 14 mm Hg after one year of follow-up. Additionally, two patients also decreased their dependence on IOP-lowering medications at the last follow up visit with one patient maintaining baseline level of medication ***: A combination of excisional goniotomy and MSICS illustrates both the safety and efficacy to treat patients with visually significant cataract and glaucoma. This procedure allows for a more cost-effective surgical approach that matches the needs of resource strained territories around the globe.

关键词： excisional goniotomy microincisional glaucoma surgery manual small incision cataract surgery Kahook Dual Blade

Gene therapy for spinal muscular atrophy:perspectives on the possibility of optimizing SMN1 delivery to correct all neurological and systemic perturbations

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Neural Regeneration Research 2025年第7期20卷 2011-2012页

作者： Sharon J.Brown Rafael J.yáñez-Muñoz Heidi R.Fuller School of Pharmacy and Bioengineering Keele UniversityKeeleUK Wolfson Center for Inherited Neuromuscular Disease TORCH BuildingRJAH Orthopaedic HospitalOswestryUK *** Center of Gene and Cell TherapyDepartment of Biological SciencesSchool of Life Sciences and the EnvironmentRoyal Holloway University of LondonEghamUK

Spinal muscular atrophy(SMA)is a genetic condition that results in selective lower motor neuron loss with concomitant muscle weakness and *** genetic cause of SMA was understood in 1995 when loss or impairment of the survival motor neuron 1(SMN1)gene was identified as the main contributing factor(Lefebvre et al.,1995).This,in combination with the discovery that humans have a“back-up”gene,SMN2,which can produce low levels(approximately 10%)of the full-length functional SMN protein,has led to the generation of SMA-specific gene *** was traditionally classified according to age of symptom onset and developmental milestones achieved,with life expectancy and severity varying between ***,SMN2 copy number is used as a proxy for the prediction of disease severity,with higher SMN2 copy number typically being associated with reduced severity of SMA,although this relationship is not absolute:some individuals with low SMN2 copy number have less severe SMA phenotypes and vice ***,the etiology of SMA is further complicated by other factors,such as non-typical nucleotide variants and SMN2-independent modifiers of disease severity.

关键词： atrophy traditionally absolute

The effect of rippling on the mechanical properties of graphene

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Nano Materials Science 2022年第1期4卷 18-26页

作者： Guillermo Lopez-Polin Cristina gomez-Navarro Julio gomez-Herrero Instituto de Ciencia de Materiales de Madrid CSICMadrid E 28049Spain Departamento de Física de La Materia Condensada Universidad Autónoma de MadridMadridE-28049Spain IFIMAC Condensed Matter Physics Center(IFIMAC).Universidad Autónoma de Madrid MadridE-28049Spain

Graphene is the stiffest material known so far but, due to its one-atom thickness, it is also very ***, free-standing graphene exhibit ripples that has major effects on its elastic properties. Here we will summarize three experiments where the influence of rippling is essential to address the results. Firstly, we observed that atomic vacancies lessen the negative thermal expansion coefficient(TEC) of free-standing *** also observed an increase of the young's modulus with global applied strain and with the introduction of small density defects that we attributed to the decrease of rippling. Here, we will focus on a surprising feature observed in the data: the experiments consistently indicate that only the rippling with wavelengths between 5 and 10 nm influences the mechanics of graphene. The rippling responsible of the negative TEC and anomalous elasticity is thought to be dynamic, i.e. flexural phonons. However, flexural phonons with these wavelengths should have minor effects on the mechanics of graphene, therefore other mechanisms must be considered to address our observations. We propose static ripples as one of the key elements to correctly understand the thermomechanics of graphene and suggest that rippling arises naturally due to a competition of symmetry breaking and anharmonic fluctuations.

关键词： Graphene Mechanical properties Atomic force microscopy Defects Ripples Stmain

On the material dependence of experimental shear fracture orientation

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Science China Earth Sciences 2015年第12期58卷 2357-2362页

作者： Enrique gomez-RIVAS Albert GRIERA Department of Geology and Petroleum Geology School of Geosciences King’s College University of Aberdeen Departament de Geologia Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona

It is not uncommon to observe shear fractures in ductile rocks oriented at more than 45° with respect to the maximum compression direction. Since these orientations cannot be explained with the classic Mohr-Coulumb or Tresca yield criteria, Zheng et al.(Journal of Structural Geology, 35: 1394–1405, 2011) proposed the maximum effective moment(MEM) failure criterion. This rule suggests that shear fractures in ductile rocks form at ?55° with the maximum compression axis and that this orientation is material-independent and, therefore, universal. Zheng et al.(Science China: Earth Sciences, 57(11): 2819–2824, 2014) used data from our own experiments as supporting evidence of their failure criterion. In this contribution we discuss why shear fracture formation in ductile rocks indeed strongly depends on the mechanical properties of the deforming medium, and why experimental data should not be taken to prove the validity of the MEM criterion. The formation mechanisms and orientations of shear fractures in our experiments significantly vary depending on the material strength and degree and type of anisotropy(composite and intrinsic). We therefore demonstrate using experimental data that a universal failure angle in ductile and anisotropic rocks does not apply. Additionally, we highlight some inconsistencies of the MEM criterion.

关键词： shear fracture anisotropy fracture orientation material properties failure criteria ductile deformation