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A 5.12-GHz LC-based phase-locked loop for silicon pixel readouts of high-energy physics

Nuclear Science and Techniques 2022年第7期33卷 49-59页

作者： xiao-Ting Li Wei Wei Ying Zhang Xiong-Bo Yan xiao-shan jiang Ping Yang State Key Laboratory of Particle Detection and Electronics Experimental Physics DepartmentInstitute of High Energy PhysicsChinese Academy of Sciences19B Yuquan RoadBeijing100049China School of Physical Sciences University of Chinese Academy of Sciences19A Yuquan RoadBeijing100049China PLAC Key Laboratory of Quark and Lepton Physics(MOE)Central China Normal University152 Luoyu RoadWuhan430079China

There is an urgent need for high-quality and high-frequency clock generators for high-energy physics *** transmission data rate exceeds 10 Gbps for a single channel in future readout electronics of silicon pixel ***,such as time measurement detectors,require a high time resolution based on the time-to-digital readout architecture.A phase-locked loop(PLL)is an essential and broadly used circuit in these *** study presents an application-specific integrated circuit of a low-jitter,low-power LC-tank that is PLL fabricated using 55-nm CMOS *** includes a 3rd-order frequency synthesis loop with a programmable bandwidth,a divide-by-2 pre-scaler,standard low-voltage differential signaling interfaces,and a current mode logic(CML)driver for clock *** the d-flip-flop dividers and phase-frequency detectors are protected from single-event upsets using the triple modular redundancy *** proposed VCO uses low-pass filters to suppress the noise from bias *** tested LC-PLL covers a frequency locking range between 4.74 GHz and 5.92 GHz with two *** jitter measurements of the frequency-halved clock(2.56 GHz)are less than 460 fs and 0.8 ps for the random and deterministic jitters,respectively,and a total of 7.5 ps peak-to-peak with a bit error rate of 10^(-12).The random and total jitter values for frequencies of 426 MHz and 20 MHz are less than 1.8 ps and 65 ps,*** LC-PLL consumed 27 mW for the core and 73.8 mW in *** measured results nearly coincided with the simulations and validated the analyses and tests.

关键词： LC phase-locked loop Analog electronic circuits Front-end electronics for detector readout High-energy physics experiments

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FPGA implementation of 10 G Ethernet-based DAQ systems for pixel detectors

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Radiation Detection Technology and Methods 2020年第1期4卷 31-38页

作者： Hang-xu Li Jie Zhang Ye Ding shan-shan Cui Zheng Wang xiao-shan jiang State Key Laboratory of Particle Detection and Electronics Institute of High Energy PhysicsChinese Academy of Sciences(CAS)Beijing 100049China University of Chinese Academy of Sciences(UCAS) Beijing 100049China

Background High Energy Photon Source-Test Facility is a project to study and verify the feasibility of the key technologies which will be applied to that of High Energy Photon Source(HEPS).The pixel array detector is one of the most important components of synchrotron radiation *** In order to meet the requirements of the X-ray detection of HEPS,it was asked to independently develop a pixel array detector prototype with an effective detection area larger than 8×8 cm^(2),a spatial resolution better than 200 pm,a detectable energy range from 8 to 20 keV,and a frame rate higher than 1 *** readout electronics system using the field-programmable gate array(FPGA)as its core of the digital logic makes the basic functions of the detector prototype feasibility by implementing all the configuration and data readout of the BPIX which is the dedicated pixel readout chip designed for Chinese next generation of synchrotron light source and working in the single-photon counting *** the large amount of data generated by pixel detectors and the demand for real-time data acquisition at higher frame rates,a firmware based on the TCP/IP protocol was developed in *** The implementation of 1 G/10 G Ethernet hub firmware provides a method of processing multi-ports Gigabit data and improving *** key idea is the conversion of the GMII/XGMII bus in 1 G/10 G Ethernet protocol and the Arbitrator module applying Round-Robin *** and conclusion The firmware converts and gathers TCP/IP frames from Gigabit network to 10-Gigabit network *** measurement,the bandwidth of the hub can reach 8.57 Gbps.A pixel detector integrated with 1 G/10 G Ethernet hub completes the readout of large flux data on 1.5 mega pixels detector at 1.2 kHz frame rate.

关键词： FPGA TCP/IP 10-Gigabit HEPS

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Reliability study of custom designed ADC for the jiangmen underground neutrino observatory

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Radiation Detection Technology and Methods 2020年第2期4卷 203-207页

作者： Ru-yi Jin Jun Hu Jia-yi Ren Zhe Ning xiao-shan jiang State Key Laboratory of Particle Detection and Electronics Institute of High Energy PhysicsChinese Academy of Sciences(CAS)Beijing 100049China University of Chinese Academy of Sciences(UCAS) Beijing 100049China

Objective The jiangmen underground neutrino observatory(JUNO)is the largest and most precise liquid scintillator detector under construction in the south of *** front-end readout electronics system will be installed very close to the photomultiplier tubes under ***,the system’s absolute reliability is *** an important piece,the failure rate of the custom designed analog-to-digital convertor(ADC)must be *** The Arrhenius High Temperature Operating Life(HTOL)model is usually used to calculate the standard reliability value failure rate(λ).A temperature acceleration test of the ADC is performed with a 115℃ambient temperature based on a custom aging *** performance of ADC is compared before and after aging,and the most significant bit(MSB)of the digital output is monitored during the *** The result of a 2400-hour-long test shows that there were no *** upper limit of the failure rate is calculated as 5.8FIT,which can be added to the failure rate of other components to meet the overall failure rate requirements(84FIT).Conclusion With the test system,we established a method based on the HTOL model to obtain the upper limit of the ADC reliability for overall failure rate calculation in *** method can be applied to the reliability measurement for any other custom designed *** experiment can be repeated with a new set of parameters to get a satisfactory failure rate according to other overall system requirements.

关键词： ADC Reliability HTOL Failure rate

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Study on low noise cryogenic charge readout electronics for liquid xenon time projection chamber

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Radiation Detection Technology and Methods 2021年第1期5卷 71-77页

作者： Xing-cheng Tian xiao-shan jiang Wen-huan Wu Huai-shen Li Wei Wei Jun Hu State Key Laboratory of Particle Detection and Electronics Institute of High Energy PhysicsChinese Academy of Sciences(CAS)Beijing 100049China University of Chinese Academy of Sciences(UCAS) Beijing 100049China China Spallation Neutron Source Institute of High Energy PhysicsChinese Academy of Sciences(CAS)Dongguan 523803China

Background Liquid xenon time projection chamber(LXe TPC)is widely used in high-energy physics experiments such as particle detection and neutrino(or neutrinoless)double beta *** charge readout accuracy of the LXeTPCdirectly affects the measurement results and success of the *** liquid xenon needs to maintain a cryogenic temperature between 162 and 165 K at atmospheric pressure,the charge generated in the LXe TPC always needs to be read out in the cryogenic environment for minimizing the input capacitance,which has effect in determining the output noise of the charge *** Design a charge readout electronics system applicable to LXe TPC and research a data analysis method to get the exact amount of charge by analyzing the waveform at that output of the designed electronics *** Design a multi-channel charge-reading application specific integrated circuit(ASIC)that can operate in the cryogenic *** signals and power supply of the ASIC are connected to an electronics system at room temperature through micro-coaxial *** electronics at room temperature complete the sampling of the ASIC output.A data acquisition device receives the sampled waveform data and calculates the charge measurement resolution by Gaussian *** The designed ASIC and selected micro-coaxial cable can work in stable condition under the cryogenic environment of 165 *** analyzed integral nonlinearity of the charge measurement of the chip is 0.83%in the range from 1 to 50 fC,and the charge measurement resolution of the chip is lower than 900 e−*** In this paper,a preliminary study of the charge readout method based on the system structure of self-developed ASIC,micro-coaxial cable,and data readout electronics is completed for LXe *** system test results indicate that the designed ASIC can work normally in the cryogenic temperature of 165 K with a high dynamic range and good linearity of the charge ***

关键词： nEXO Cryogenic ASIC Micro-coaxial cable Gaussian fitting

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Characterization of FEEWAVE,a low‑power waveform digitizer ASIC with 15‑ps time resolution

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Radiation Detection Technology and Methods 2023年第3期7卷 410-417页

作者： Yu‑sheng Wang Jia‑yi Ren Wei Wei Jie Zhang Pei‑ran Ye xiao‑shan jiang Zheng Wang Institute of High Energy Physics Chinese Academy of Sciences19B Yuquan RdShijingshan DistrictBeijingChina State Key Laboratory of Particle Detection and Electronics of China 19B Yuquan RdShijingshan DistrictBeijingChina University of Chinese Academy of Sciences 19A Yuquan RdShijingshan DistrictBeijingChina Spallation Neutron Source Science Center Zhongziyuan RoadDalangDongguan 523803China

Purpose FEEWAVE is a chip with a waveform digitizer based on a switched capacitor array(SCA).A SCA uses capacitor arrays to store waveforms and exhibits low-power consumption and high time resolution ***,the limitations of the chip manufacturing process induce sampling interval and digitization deviations between different cells,which affects the performance of the *** Calibration was performed on the SCA sampling part on the FEEWAVE chip to obtain more accurate digitized output and time intervals between the sampling *** were carried out according to the proposed amplitude and time calibration methods,and the time resolution of the chip was further improved by a fitting *** and conclusion Through the calibration algorithm,the time resolution of the SCA sampling part of the chip reached 9.0 ps after *** the self-test of the electronics time performance,the time measurement after leading-edge fitting and calibration was approximately 12.3 *** the joint test with silicon photomultiplier detectors,the time resolution of the SCA part was low and comparable to the resolution of the oscilloscope after calibration algorithm and waveform fitting.

关键词： Waveform sampling SCA Calibration

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A high time resolution and low-power ASIC for MRPC applications

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Radiation Detection Technology and Methods 2020年第1期4卷 63-69页

作者： Jia-yi Ren Wei Wei Ru-yi Jin Jie Zhang Gang Liu xiao-shan jiang Zheng Wang State Key Laboratory of Particle Detection and Electronics Institute of High Energy PhysicsChinese Academy of Sciences(CAS)Beijing 100049China University of Chinese Academy of Sciences(UCAS) Beijing 100049China

Purpose The structure of readout circuits needs to be improved to meet the requirements of the endcap time of flight upgrade with multi-gap resistive plate chamber(MRPC)in Beijing SpectrometerⅢexperiments,posing a demand for the high time resolution and low-power *** Considering MRPC features,an application-specific integrated circuit(ASIC)called FEEWAVE,which integrates the front-end circuit and digitization function,is proposed to meet the above *** front-end circuit implements I/V conversion and signal *** reduce power consumption and further improve the time resolution,the waveform sampling technique based on switch capacitor array is *** and conclusion A 30 fC to 1.2 pC input signal dynamic range is obtained,and the jitter is less than 21 ps *** the same time,the chip realizes 5 GSPS(gigabit samples per second)sampling rate,trigger rate capability of 50 kHz and 25 mW/channel power *** 6-channel ASIC has been designed and taped out with 0.18μm complementary metal oxide semiconductor *** preliminary test results of FEEWAVE have been achieved.

关键词： MRPC Waveform sampling ASIC

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Expression and significance of pigment epithelium-derived factor and vascular endothelial growth factor in colorectal adenoma and cancer

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World Journal of Gastrointestinal Oncology 2024年第3期16卷 670-686页

作者： Ye Yang Wu Wen Feng-Lin Chen Ying-Jie Zhang xiao-Cong Liu xiao-Yan Yang shan-shan Hu Ye jiang Jing Yuan Digestive Diseases Chengdu Qingbaijiang District People's HospitalChengdu 610300Sichuan ProvinceChina Digestive Diseases Chengdu Second People’s HospitalChengdu 610000Sichuan ProvinceChina Graduate School Chengdu Medical CollegeChengdu 610000Sichuan ProvinceChina

BACKGROUND The incidence and mortality of colorectal cancer(CRC)are among the highest in the world,and its occurrence and development are closely related to tumor *** the balance between pigment epithelium-derived factors(PEDF)that inhibit angiogenesis and vascular endothelial growth factors(VEGF)that stimulate angiogenesis is broken,angiogenesis is out of control,resulting in tumor ***,it is very necessary to find more therapeutic targets for CRC for early intervention and later *** To investigate the expression and significance of PEDF,VEGF,and CD31-stained microvessel density values(CD31-MVD)in normal colorectal mucosa,adenoma,and *** In this case-control study,we collected archived wax blocks of specimens from the Digestive Endoscopy Center and the General Surgery Department of Chengdu Second People's Hospital from April 2022 to October *** cases of specimen wax blocks were selected as normal intestinal mucosa confirmed by electronic colonoscopy and concurrent biopsy(normal control group),50 cases of specimen wax blocks were selected as colorectal adenoma confirmed by electronic colonoscopy and pathological biopsy(adenoma group),and 50 cases of specimen wax blocks were selected as CRC confirmed by postoperative pathological biopsy after inpatient operation of general surgery(CRC group).An immunohistochemical staining experiment was carried out to detect PEDF and VEGF expression in three groups of specimens,analyze their differences,study the relationship between the two and clinicopathological factors in CRC group,record CD31-MVD in the three groups,and analyze the correlation of PEDF,VEGF,and CD31-MVD in the colorectal adenoma group and the CRC *** F test or adjusted F test is used to analyze measurement data ***-Wallis rank sum test was used between groups for ranked *** chi-square test,adjusted chi-square test,or Fisher's exact test were used to compare the rates betwe

关键词： Pigment epithelium-derived factors Vascular endothelial growth factor Microvessel density Colorectal adenoma Colorectal cancer Targeted therapy

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Energy-Efficient Traffic Offloading for RSMA-Based Hybrid Satellite Terrestrial Networks with Deep Reinforcement Learning

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China Communications 2024年第2期21卷 49-58页

作者： Qingmiao Zhang Lidong Zhu Yanyan Chen shan jiang National Key Laboratory of Science and Technology on Communications University of Electronic Science and Technology of ChinaChengdu 611731China The Higher Educational Key Laboratory for Flexible Manufacturing Equipment Integration of Fujian Province Xiamen Institute of TechnologyXiamen 361021China China Mobile(jiangxi)Communications Group Co. LtdYichun 336000China

As the demands of massive connections and vast coverage rapidly grow in the next wireless communication networks, rate splitting multiple access(RSMA) is considered to be the new promising access scheme since it can provide higher efficiency with limited spectrum resources. In this paper, combining spectrum splitting with rate splitting, we propose to allocate resources with traffic offloading in hybrid satellite terrestrial networks. A novel deep reinforcement learning method is adopted to solve this challenging non-convex problem. However, the neverending learning process could prohibit its practical implementation. Therefore, we introduce the switch mechanism to avoid unnecessary learning. Additionally, the QoS constraint in the scheme can rule out unsuccessful transmission. The simulation results validates the energy efficiency performance and the convergence speed of the proposed algorithm.

关键词： deep reinforcement learning energy efficiency hybrid satellite terrestrial networks rate splitting multiple access traffic offloading

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Iodine Nutrition, Thyroid-stimulating Hormone, and Related Factors of Postpartum Women from three Different Areas in China: A Cross-sectional Survey

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Biomedical and Environmental Sciences 2024年第3期37卷 254-265页

作者： shan xiao Yun ZOU Yan HUANG Li Chun jiang shan ZHOU Wei Wen QIN Qiu Lan LIU Chang Qing LUO xiao Yan LU Jia Xi MAO De Qian LI Min YANG Zhen Yu YANG Li Chen Key Laboratory of Trace Element Nutrition of National Health Committee National Institute for Nutrition and HealthChinese Center for Disease Control and PreventionBeijing 100050China Hunan Key Laboratory of Typical Environmental Pollution and Health Hazards School of Public HealthHengyang Medical SchoolUniversity of South ChinaHengyang 241001HunanChina Zhejiang Provincial Center for Disease Prevention and Control Hangzhou 310051ZhejiangChina Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region Center for Disease Control and Prevention Nanning 530028GuangxiChina Hebei Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention Shijiazhuang 050021HebeiChina

Objective Studies on the relationship between iodine,vitamin A(VA),and vitamin D(VD)and thyroid function are *** study aimed to analyze iodine and thyroid-stimulating hormone(TSH)status and their possible relationships with VA,VD,and other factors in postpartum *** A total of 1,311 mothers(896 lactating and 415 non-lactating)from Hebei,Zhejiang,and Guangxi provinces were included in this *** urinary iodine concentration(UIC),TSH,VA,and VD were *** The median UIC of total and lactating participants were 142.00µg/L and 139.95µg/L,*** median TSH,VA,and VD levels in all the participants were 1.89 mIU/L,0.44μg/mL,and 24.04 ng/mL,*** differences in the UIC were found between lactating and non-lactating *** and TSH levels were significantly different among the three *** rural UIC was higher than the urban *** mothers had a higher UIC and a higher prevalence of excessive *** UICs and TSHs levels were observed in both the VD deficiency and insufficiency groups than in the VD-sufficient *** adjustment,no linear correlation was observed between UIC and VA/*** interaction was found between vitamins A/D and UIC on TSH *** The mothers in the present study had no iodine ***,area type,BMI,and VD may be related to the iodine status or TSH levels.

关键词： Median urinary iodine concentration Thyroid-stimulating hormone Vitamin A Vitamin D Postpartum women

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Design of a MAPS readout electronics prototype for BESIII inner tracker

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Radiation Detection Technology and Methods 2020年第2期4卷 241-249页

作者： Xing-cheng Tian xiao-shan jiang Jun Hu Qun Ou Yang Ming-yi Dong Chao-yue Qu Xu-dong Ju Hong-yu Zhang Ye Wu xiao-xu Lu State Key Laboratory of Particle Detection and Electronics Institute of High Energy PhysicsChinese Academy of Sciences(CAS)Beijing 100049China University of Chinese Academy of Sciences(UCAS) Beijing 100049China China Spallation Neutron Source Institute of High Energy PhysicsChinese Academy of Sciences(CAS)Dongguan 523803China

Background The spatial resolution and the reconstruction efficiency of the main drift chamber of the Beijing Spectrometer III has degraded aftermore than nine years of *** improved new inner drift chamber has been constructed to replace the old chamber in case of the radiation *** active pixel sensor(MAPS)based detector prototype is selected as one of the prototype schemes for the inner chamber *** Design a set of MAPS readout electronics system for the inner drift chamber *** system can verify the function and performance of the selected MAPS chip and discover the matters needing attention when designing large-scale *** The electronics system design is composed of three *** first part is flexible printed circuit boards(PCBs)assembled with the MAPS *** second part is digital readout boards,which are connected to the flexible PCBs via FPGA mezzanine card *** digital readout board realizes the configuration of the MAPS chip register,receives and processes the data output by the MAPS chip,and transfers the processed data to the DAQ *** third part includes a readout control board and two fan-out boards that used to separately fan out the trigger signal and the start signal to all the digital readout *** and conclusion AMAPS readout electronics system consisting of five MAPS based detector prototypes is *** system can work stably under the electron beam experimental conditions with a frequency up to 2 kHz and energy ranging from 1 to 5 *** system detection efficiency of the electron beam is∼95%,and the spatial resolution is∼5.3μm at electron energies of 1 *** design of the electronics system meets the requirements for verifying the performance of the MAPS chips and the technical feasibility of the detector structure.

关键词： BESIII MAPS pixel detector JTAG FPGA

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