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Overview of automotive engine friction and reduction trends-Effects of surface, material, and lubricant-additive technologies

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Friction 2016年第1期4卷 1-28页

作者： Victor W.wong Simon c.TUNG Massachusetts Institute of Technology Cambridge MA 02139 USA Vanderbilt chemicals LLc Norwalk CT 06856 USA

The increasing global environmental awareness, evidenced by recent worldwide calls for control of climate c.a.ge and greenhouse emissions, has placed significant new technical mandates for automotives to improve engine efficiency, which is directly related to the production of carbon dioxide, a major greenhouse gas. Reduction of parasitic losses of the vehicle, powertrain and the engine systems is a key component of energy conservation. For engine efficiency improvement, various approaches include improvements in advanced combustion systems, component system design and handling—such as down-sizing, boosting, and electrification—as well as waste heat recovery systems etc. Among these approaches, engine friction reduction is a key and relatively cost-effective approach, which has been receiving significant attention from tribologists and lubricant-lubrication engineers alike. In this paper, the fundamentals of friction specific to the environments of engine components tribology are reviewed, together with discussions on the impact of developing vehicle powertrain technologies, surface and material technologies, as well as lubricant and additive technologies on promises of continuing friction and wear reduction trends. The international accords on climate c.a.ge require further gains in fuel efficiency and energy sustainability from all industry sectors including those in the automotive and the broader internal combustion engine industries, and the latter encompass off-highway, power generation, marine, and rail industries as well. This paper focsuses on friction reduction in mainly automotive engines, however. The paper starts with a c.a.ification of the common descriptors of mec.a.ical losses and friction in the engine, followed by the topic of lubrication fundamentals such as lubrication regimes. Then the lubrication of the contacting surfaces in each of the major engine subsystems is discussed in turn. These subsystems include the piston assembly: ring-pack/liner,

关键词： powertrain tribology automotive lubricants additive formulation mec.a.ical design surface c.a.ings and textures friction wear

convergence Analysis of Iterative Sequences for a Pair of Mappings in Banach Spaces

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Ac.a.Mathematica Sinica,English Series 2008年第3期24卷 463-470页

作者： Liu chuan ZENG N.c.wong J.c.YAO Department of Mathematics Shanghai Normal University Shanghai 200234 P. R. China Department of Applied Mathematics National Sun Yat-Sen University Kaohsiung Taiwan 80424

Let c be a nonempty closed convex subset of a real Banach space E. Let S ： c→ c be a quasi-nonexpansive mapping, let T ： c→c be an asymptotically demicontractive and uniformly Lipschitzian mapping, and let F ：= {x ∈c ： Sx = x and Tx = x}≠Ф Let {xn}n≥0 be the sequence generated irom an arbitrary x0∈cby xn＋i=（1-cn）Sxn＋cnT^nxn, n≥*** prove the necessary and sufficient conditions for the strong convergence of the iterative sequence {xn} to an element of F. These extend and improve the recent results of Moore and Nnoli.

关键词： quasi-nonexpansive mapping asymptotically demicontractive type mapping iterative sequence convergence analysis

Plastins regulate ectoplasmic spec.a.ization via its actin bundling activity on microfilaments in the rat testis

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Asian Journal of Andrology 2016年第5期18卷 716-722页

作者： Nan Li chris Kc wong c Yan cheng The Mary M. Wohlford Laboratory for Male contraceptive Research Center for Biomedical Research Population Council 1230 York Avenue New York 10065 USA Department of Biology Hong Kong Baptist University Hong Kong China

Plastins are a family of actin binding proteins （ABPs） known to cross-link actin microfilaments in mammalian cells, creating actin microfilament bundles necessary to confer cell polarity and cell shape. Plastins also support cell movement in response to c.a.ges in environment, involved in cell/tissue growth and development. They also confer plasticity to cells and tissues in response to infection or other pathological conditions （e.g., inflammation）. In the testis, the cell-cell anchoring junction unique to the testis that is found at the Sertoli cell-cell interface at the blood-testis barrier （BTB） and at the Sertoli-spermatid （e.g., 8-19 spermatids in the rat testis） is the basal and the apical ectoplasmic spec.a.ization （ES）, respectively. The ES is an F-actin-rich anchoring junction constituted most notably by actin microfilament bundles. A recent report using RNAi that specifically knocks down plastin 3 has yielded some insightful information regarding the mec.a.ism by which plastin 3 regulates the status of actin microfilament bundles at the ES via its intrinsic.a.tin filament bundling activity. Herein, we provide a brief review on the role of plastins in the testis in light of this report, which together with recent findings in the field, we propose a likely model by which plastins regulate ES function during the epithelial cycle of sDermatogenesis via their intrinsic.a.tivity on actin microfilament organization in the rat testis.

关键词： actin binding proteins actin bundling proteins cytoskeleton F-actin fimbrins plastins seminiferous epithelial cycle spermatogenesis testis

Effects of La^(3+) and Gd^(3+) on ca^(2+) influx in rat hepatoma H-35 cells

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chinese Science Bulletin 1999年第4期44卷 331-335页

作者： wong Patrick c. L. Department of Biochemistry The University of Hong Kong

Effects of La93+) and Gd3+ on ca2+ influx were investigated in rat hepatoma H-35 cells by measuring the initial rate of45ca2+ uptake. It was found that the maximum initial rate of ca2+ uptake was increased six- to ten-fold at low concentrations of La3+ and Gd3+. Kinetic.a.alyses by measuring the initial rate of ca2+ influx at different external ca2+ concentrations indicated the existence of two intracellular exc.a.geable components in the basal ca2+ system, with low and high affinities for ca2+,and only one c.a.s of ca2+ binding sites was observed in the La3+- or Gd3+-treated cells. For high affinity, La3+ and Gd3+ increased both kinetic parameters Km and V(max of basal ca2+ influx. La3+ and Gd3+ compete directly with ca2+ for ca2+ binding site for low affinity. The kinetics is competitive.

关键词： La3+ Gd3+ rat hepatoma H-35 cells ca2+ influx.

A critical review:emerging bioeconomy and waste-to-energy technologies for sustainable municipal solid waste management

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Waste Disposal and Sustainable Energy 2019年第3期1卷 151-167页

作者： To-Hung Tsui Jonathan W.c.wong Department of Biology Institute of Bioresource and AgricultureSino-Forest Applied Research Centre for Pearl River Delta EnvironmentHong Kong Baptist UniversityKowloon TongHong KongChina

Municipal solid waste(MSW)management has emerged as probably the most pressing issue many governments nowadays are ***,Waste-to-Energy(WtE)is mostly assoc.a.ed with incineration,but now,with the emergence of the bioeconomy,it embraces a broader definition comprising any processing technique that can generate electricity/heat or produce a waste-derived *** the ambit of the circular economy many nations are looking for,additional effort must be made to be sure of acquiring the most updated information and paving a sustainable path for managing MSW in such a *** this regard,we have undertaken a critical review of various technologies,with their updated progress,involved in the exploitation of MSW as a renewable resource,along with the critical advantages and limitations on energy and material cycling for sustainable MSW ***,the most widely used method,is nowadays difficult to further apply due to its dubious reputation and soc.a. ***,to address the organic fraction of MSW which currently is mostly unrecycled and causes disposal issues,the biological approach presents an attractive *** new emphasis of bioeconomy leads us to understand how environmental biotechnologies should be better connected/integrated for more sustainable MSW *** article is concluded with advances of future prospects,which can serve as a timely reminder to encourage competent authorities/researchers to work towards further improvement of the present MSW management system.

关键词： Municipal solid waste management Sustainability circular economy Bioeconomy Waste-to-energy Anaerobic digestion

Nitric oxide removal by wastewater bacteria in a biotrickling filter

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Journal of Environmental Sciences 2014年第3期26卷 555-565页

作者： Hejingying Niu Dennis Y c Leung chifat wong Tong Zhang Mayngor c.a. Fred c c Leung Department of Mec.a.ical Engineering The University of Hong Kong School of Biological Sciences The University of Hong Kong Department of civil Engineering The University of Hong Kong

Nitric oxide （NO） is one of the most important air pollutants in atmosphere mainly emitted from combustion source. A biotriclding filter was designed and operated to remove NO from an air stream using bacteria extracted from the sewage sludge of a municipal sewage treatment plant. To obtain the best operation conditions for the biotrickling filter, orthogonal experiments （L9（34）） were designed. Inlet oxygen concentration was found to be the most significant factor of the biotrickling filter and has a significant negative effect on the system. The optimal conditions of the biotrickling filter occurred at a temperature of 40℃, a pH of 8.0 and a chemical oxygen demand of 165 mg/L in the recycled water with no oxygen in the system. The bacteria sample was detected by DNA sequencing technology and showed 93%-98% similarity to Pseudomonas mendocina. Moreover, a full gene sequencing results indicated the bacterium was a brand new strain and named as P. mendocina DLHK. This strain can transfer nitrate to organic nitrogen. The result suggested the assimilation nitrogen process in this system. Through the isotope experimental analysis, two intermediate products （^15NO and ^15N2O） were found. The results indicated the denitrification function and capability of the biotrickling filter in removing NO.

关键词： NO reduction biotrickling filter orthogonal experiment Pseudomonas mendocina isotope labeling

A car-following model with the anticipation effect of potential lane c.a.ging

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Ac.a.Mec.a.ica Sinica 2008年第4期24卷 399-407页

作者： Tieqiao Tang Haijun Huang S. c. wong Rui Jiang School of Transportation Science and Engineering Beihang University Beijing 100083 China School of Economics and Management Beihang UniversityBeijing 100083 China Department of civil Engineering The University of Hong KongPokfulam Road Hong Kong China School of Engineering Science University of Science and Technology of ChinaHefei 230026 China

In this paper, a new car-following model is presented, taking into account the anticipation of potential lane c.a.ging by the leading vehicle. The stability condition of the model is obtained by using the linear stability theory. The modified Korteweg-de Vries （KdV） equation is constructed and solved, and three types of traffic flow in the headway-sensitivity space, namely stable, metastable and unstable ones, are c.a.sified. Both the analytical and simu- lation results show that anxiety about lane c.a.ging does indeed have an influence on driving behavior and that a consideration of lane c.a.ging probability in the car-following model could stabilize traffic flows. The quantitative relationship between stability improvement and lane c.a.ging probability is also investigated.

关键词： car-following model· Lane c.a.ging probability·Stability

Phase-plane analysis of conserved higher-order traffic flow model

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Applied Mathematics and Mec.a.ics(English Edition) 2012年第12期33卷 1505-1512页

作者：吴春秀宋涛张鹏 S.c.wong Shanghai Institute of Applied Mathematics and Mec.a.ics Shanghai University Shanghai Key Laboratory of Mec.a.ics in Energy Engineering Department of civil Engineering The University of Hong Kong

The phase-plane analysis is used to study the traveling wave solution of a recently proposed higher-order traffic flow model under the Lagrange coordinate system. The analysis identifies the types and stabilities of the equilibrium solutions, and the overall distribution structure of the nearby solutions is drawn in the phase plane for the further analysis and comparison. The analytical and numerical results are in agreement, and may help to explain the simulated phenomena, such as the stop-and-go wave and oscillation near a bottleneck. The findings demonstrate the model ability to describe the complexity of congested traffic.

关键词： traffic flow Lagrange coordinates phase-plane analysis traffic congestionpattern

Lane c.a.ging analysis for two-lane traffic flow

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Ac.a.Mec.a.ica Sinica 2007年第1期23卷 49-54页

作者： Tieqiao Tang Haijun Huang S. c. wong Rui Jiang Department of Automobile Engineering Beihang University Beijing 100083 China School of Management Beihang University Beijing 100083 China Department of civil Engineering The University of Hong Kong Pokfulam Road Hong Kong China School of Engineering Science University of Science and Technology of China Hefei 230026 China

In this paper, the two-lane traffic.a.e studied by using the lane-c.a.ging rules in the car-following models. The simulation show that the frequent lane c.a.ging occurs when the lateral distance in car following activities is considered and it gives rise to oscillating waves. In contrast, if the lateral distance is not considered （or considered oc.a.ionally）, the lane c.a.ging appears infrequently and soliton waves occurs. This implies that the stabilization mec.a.ism no longer functions when the lane c.a.ging is permitted. Since the oscillating and soliton waves correspond to the unstable and metastable flow regimes, respectively, our study verifies that a phase transition may occur as a result of the lane c.a.ging.

关键词： Traffic flow Lane-c.a.ging rules car-following models Flow stability