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Focusing Seismic Energy along Faults through Time-Variable Rupture modes: Wenchuan Earthquake, China

Journal of Earth Science 2010年第6期21卷 910-922页

作者： timothy m Kusky Abduwasit Ghulam 王璐刘建国李中全陈骁 Three Gorges Research Center for Geo-hazard Ministry of Education and State Key Laboratory of Geological Processes and Mineral Resources China University of Geosciences Center for Environmental Sciences Saint Louis University Three Gorges Research Center for Geo-hazard Ministry of Education China University of Geosciences Department of marine Geology Ocean University of China Department of Earth Science and Engineering Imperial College Department of Geosciences Chengdu University of Technology

Field analysis and differential interferometry derived from Synthetic Aperture Radar （PALSAR） of the epicentral area of the may 12 2008 mw 8.0 Wenchuan （汶川） earthquake zone reveal details about fault ruptures and ground displacements, with field-documented vertical offsets reaching 12 m along the trace of the main fault rupture, and PALSAR-measured horizontal displacements reaching 12.3 m. We document slip indicators on the fault scarp that show initially sub-horizontal then progressively steeper slip increments with time along the same fault during the 2 min earthquake, suggesting that the rupture propagated as a mixed mode Ⅱ-Ⅲ fracture, with strike-slip movement at the tip directing energy from the initial rupture to points north of the epicenter, followed by vertical displacement in the interior of the slipped region. Field, seismic, and PALSAR-measured displacements are dominantly thrust near the epicentral region, and dextral in northeasterly areas, showing that slipwas partitioned along the fault in space and time during the earthquake. The changing slip directions may correlate with three main pulses of energy release at 0, 23, and 57 s during the earthquake as recorded by seismograms. The earthquake generated massive landsfides 〉100 km north of the epicenter along the trace of the fault. These massive sturzstroms formed where entire mountainsides collapsed and moved at high velocity down populated mountain valleys, jumping smaller mountains and ricocheting off steep canyon walls. These avalanches rode on cushions of water and compressed air that generated air blasts from beneath the debris, knocking down trees high on opposing mountain slopes. The concentration of massive landslides and ground deformation so far north of the epicenter was related to the mode Ⅱ-Ⅲ fracture propagation focusing seismic energy along the fault towards the north, explaining why so much devastation occurred 〉100 km from the epicenter, such as in the destroyed city of Beichuan （北川）.

关键词： China Wenchuan earthquake Longmenshan neotectonics PALSAR.

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What are the evolutionary origins of stomatal responses to abscisic acid in land plants?

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Journal of Integrative Plant Biology 2017年第4期59卷 240-260页

作者： Frances C. Sussmilch timothy J. Brodribb Scott A. m. mcAdam School of Biological Sciences University of Tasmania Hobart Tasmania Australia

The evolution of active stomatal closure in response to leaf water deficit, mediated by the hormone abscisic acid （ABA）, has been the subject of recent debate. Two different models for the timing of the evolution of this response recur in the literature. A single-step model for stomatal control suggests that stomata evolved active, ABA- mediated control of stomatal aperture, when these structures first appeared, prior bryophyte and vascular plant gradualistic model for stomatal to the divergence of neages. In contrast, a control proposes that the most basal vascular plant stomata responded passively to changes in leaf water status. This model suggests that active ABA-driven mechanisms for stomatal responses to water status instead evolved after the divergence of seed plants, culminating in the complex, ABA-mediated responses observed in modern angiosperms. Here we review the findings that form the basis for these two models, including recent work that provides critical molecular insights into resolving this intriguing debate, and find strong evidence to support a gradualistic model for stomatal evolution.

关键词： ABA What are the evolutionary origins of stomatal responses to abscisic acid in land plants acid

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Geological Features and Deformational Ages of the Basal Thrust Belt of the miaowan Ophiolite in the Southern Huangling Anticline and Its Tectonic Implications

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Journal of Earth Science 2012年第5期23卷 705-718页

作者：蒋幸福彭松柏 timothy m Kusky 王璐王军鹏邓浩 Faculty of Earth Sciences China University of Geosciences State Key Laboratory for Geological Processes and mineral Resources China University of Geosciences Three Gorges Research Center for Geo-hazard Ministry of EducationChina University of Geosciences

The stratigraphic, structural and metamorphic features of the basal thrust belt of the ca. 1.0 Ga miaowan （庙湾） ophiolite in the southern Huangling （黄陵） anticline, show that it can be divided into three tectono-lithostratigraphic units from north to south： mélange/wildflysch rock units, flysch rock units, and sedimentary rock units of the autochthonous （in situ） stable continental margin. The three units underwent thrust-related deformation during emplacement of the miaowan ophiolitic nappe, with kinematic indicators indicating movement from the NNE to SSW, with the metamorphic grade reaching greenschist-amphibolite facies. LA-ICP-mS U-Pb geochronology of zircons from granite pebbles in the basal thrust-related wildflysch yield ages of 859±26, 861＋12 and 871±16 ma; whereas monzonitic granite clasts yield an age of 813±14 ma. This indicates that the formation age of the basal thrust belt is not older than 813±14 ma, and is earlier than the earliest formation time of the majority of the Neoproterozoic Huangling granitoid intrusive complex, which did not experience penetrative ductile deforma-tion. These results suggest that the northern margin of the Yangtze craton was involved in collisional tectonics that continued past 813 *** may be related to the amalgamation of the Yangtze craton with the Rodinia supercontinent. Through comparative study of lithology, zircon geochronology, REE patterns between granodiorite and tonalite pebbles in the basal thrust-zone conglomerate, it can be concluded that the pebbles are the most similar to the Huanglingmiao （黄陵庙） rock-mass （unit）, implying that they may have come from Huanglingmiao rock-mass. Zircon cores yield xenocrystic ages of 2 074±120 ma, suggesting that the protolith of the Neoproterozoic Huangling granitoid intrusive complex may have originated from par-tial melting of older basement rocks, that is to say there may be Paleoproterozoic crystalline basement in the southern Huangling anticline. The ages of xenocrystic

关键词： Yangtze craton Huangling anticline thrust tectonics ophiolite emplacement zirconU-Pb dating Rodinia supercontinent.

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Correlation network analysis shows divergent effects of a long-term,high-fat diet and exercise on early stage osteoarthritis phenotypes in mice

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Journal of Sport and Health Science 2020年第2期9卷 119-131页

作者： timothy m.Griffin Albert Batushansky Joanna Hudson Erika Barboza Prado Lopes Aging and metabolism Research Program Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation(OMRF)Oklahoma CityOK 73104USA Reynolds Oklahoma Center on Aging and Departments of Biochemistry and molecular Biology Physiologyand Geriatric MedicineUniversity of Oklahoma Health Sciences CenterOklahoma CityOK 73104USA

Background:Obesity increases knee osteoarthritis(OA) risk through metabolic,inflammatory,and biomechanical factors,but how these systemic and local mediators interact to drive OA pathology is not well *** tested the effect of voluntary running exercise after chronic diet-induced obesity on knee OA-related cartilage and bone pathology in *** then used a correlation-based network analysis to identify systemic and local factors associated with early-stage knee OA phenotypes among the different diet and exercise ***:male C57 BL/6 J mice were fed a defined control(10% kcal fat) or high fat(HF)(60% kcal fat) diet from 6 to 37 weeks of *** 25 weeks,one-half of the mice from each diet group were housed in cages with running wheels for the remainder of the ***,micro computed tomography,and magnetic resonance imaging were used to evaluate changes in joint tissue structure and OA *** local variables were then compared to systemic metabolic(body mass,body fat,and glucose tolerance),inflammatory(serum adipokines and inflammatory mediators),and functional(mechanical tactile sensitivity and grip strength) outcomes using a correlation-based network *** and exercise effects were evaluated by two-way analysis of ***:An HF diet increased the infrapatellar fat pad size and posterior joint osteophytes,and wheel running primarily altered the subchondral cortical and trabecular *** HF diet nor exercise altered average knee cartilage OA scores compared to control ***,the coefficient of variation was≥25% for many outcomes,and some mice in both diet groups developed moderate OA(>33% maximum score).This supported using correlation-based network analyses to identify systemic and local factors associated with early-stage knee OA *** wheel-running cohorts,an HF diet reduced the network size compared to the control diet group despite similar running distances,suggesting that diet-induced obesi

关键词： Inflammation Knee mouse Obesity Wheel running

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Zircon Hf Isotope of Yingfeng Rapakivi Granites from the Quanji massif and ～2.7 Ga Crustal Growth

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Journal of Earth Science 2013年第1期24卷 29-41页

作者：陈能松龚松林夏小平耿红燕王璐孙敏 timothy m Kusky Faculty of Earth Sciences China University of Geosciences Three Gorges Research Center for Geo-hazard Ministry of Education China University of Geosciences Department of Earth Sciences University of Hong Kong Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry Chinese Academy of Sciences State Key Laboratory of Geological Processes and mineral Resources China University of Geosciences

The Quanji （全吉） massif is located in the Northwest China, which is interpreted as a micro-continent that is composed of metamorphic basement and stable cover strata. There are some controversies of genetic relationship between the Quanji massif and the major cratons in China. In this study, we obtained in situ zircon U-Pb and Hf isotopic compositions of the Yingfeng （鹰峰） rapakivi granites from the northwest Quanji massif by application of LA-mC-ICP-mS technique. Twenty U-Pb age measurements points are concordant or near concordant, and their weighted mean 207pb/206pb age is 1 793.9±6.4 ma （mSWD= 1.09）, yields an upper intercept age of 1 800±17 ma （mSWD=0.41）; 19 Hf isotope measurements yield a two-stage Hf model ages （TDm2） of 2.63 to 2.81 Ga, with a weighted average age of about 2.70±0.02 Ga and till（t）values variate between -8.91 to -5.35. This indicates that magma source of the Yingfeng rapakivi granites were produced from partial melting of late stage of Neoarchean juvenile crust, and suggests a significant crustal growth event occurred in the Quanji massif at that time. The Quanji massif might be an ancient continental segment detached from the Tarim Craton based on the crustal growth history and other geological records. The Tarim Craton （including the Quanji massif） and the North China Craton had a similar or homological early crustal evolution around -2.7 Ga, which implies that Tarim Craton might be one of the component parts of North China Craton. of the Yingfeng rapakivi granites were produced from partial melting of late stage of Neoarchean juve- nile crust, and suggests a significant crustal growth event occurred in the Quanji massif at that time. The Quanji massif might be an ancient continental segment detached from the Tarim Craton based on the crustal growth history and other geological records. The Tarim Craton （including the Quanji massif） and the North China Craton had a similar or homological early crustal evolution around -2.7 Ga, which implies

关键词： Quanji massif rapakivi granite zircon Hf isotope Tarim-North China Craton crustal growth tectonic evolution.

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Application of the modern ophiolite concept with special reference to Precambrian ophiolites

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Science China Earth Sciences 2011年第3期54卷 315-341页

作者： timothy m. KUSKY WANG Lu Yildirim DILEK Paul ROBINSON PENG SongBai HUANG XuYa State Key Lab for Geological Processes and mineral Resources Three Gorges Research Center for Geohazards Ministry of Education China University of Geosciences Wuhan 430074 China Department of Geology miami University Oxford OH 45056 USA Department of Earth Sciences Dalhousie University Halifax Nova Scotia Canada

much has been learned in the past 40 years about the great diversity of the internal structure and geochemical compositions of Phanerozoic ophiolites, indicating that these on-land fragments of ancient oceanic lithosphere formed in distinctly different tectonic settings during their igneous evolution. Recent studies in Archean and Proterozoic greenstone belts have shown that the Precambrian rock record may also include exposures of a diverse suite of ophiolite complexes as part of craton development in the early history of the Earth. We review the salient features of the Precambrian ophiolite record to highlight what has been learned about Precambrian oceanic spreading systems since the original Penrose definition of ophiolites in 1972. Some of the diagnostic, characteristic, typical, and rare aspects of ophiolites of all ages are presented in a table in order to help determine if tectonically deformed and metamophosed sequences in Precambrian shield areas may be considered as ophiolites. The results of this comparative study are important in that they enable researchers to more realistically characterize allochthonous mafic/ultramafic rock sequences as ophiolitic or non-ophiolitic. This approach is more deterministic in contrast to some other arbitrary classification schemes requiring three or four of the Penrose-style ophiolitic units to be present in the Precambrian record for a specific rock sequence to be considered ophiolitic. Once these tectonic fragments are recognized as remnants of ancient oceanic lithosphere, great progress shall be made in understanding early Earth history. We discuss the significance and implications of the Precambrian ophiolite record to constrain the mode and nature of the plate tectonics that operated in deep time.

关键词：蛇绿岩前寒武系大洋岩石圈超镁铁质岩前寒武纪应用构造背景化学成分

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Virtual Reality as an Adjunct to Ketamine Infusion Therapy Increases Patient Satisfaction in the management of Chronic Pain and Depression: A Retrospective Pilot Study

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Journal of Behavioral and Brain Science 2023年第12期13卷 243-261页

作者： melissa C. Selinger David m. Compton Hamilton morris timothy J. Canty manhattan Restorative Health Sciences New York NY USA Behavioral Neuroscience Program Palm Beach Atlantic University West Palm Beach FL USA Department of Psychology Palm Beach Atlantic University West Palm Beach FL USA Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences Saint Joseph’s University Philadelphia PA USA

The management of patients with concomitant chronic pain (CP) and major Depressive Disorder (mDD) remains challenging for clinicians. Current chronic pharmacologic management is often unsuccessful, or has intolerable side effects to the patients. While not restricted to patients with chronic pain, these patients are often diagnosed with depression, presenting with symptoms such as poor mood, anhedonia, and altered cognitive processes. It is estimated that a substantial proportion of treated patients do not derive a substantive benefit from traditional pharmacological treatments for depression. The present study involved a retrospective review of cases, exploring the patient-reported satisfaction with and tolerability of a novel use of virtual reality (VR), coined KVR, as an adjunct to intravenous ketamine infusion therapies. Specifically, the ketamine-virtual reality protocol was employed as a potential adjunctive intervention for patients suffering from chronic pain and depression. Visual Analog Scores (VAS) associated with pain were significantly lower on the third than on the first assessment day. montgomery-?sberg Depression Rating Scale (mADRS) scores improved following infusion and across days (i.e., sessions). Lastly, 2/3 of patients preferred the use of VR with their ketamine infusion. The results are considered in terms of implementing prospective studies to examine whether the combination therapies have a synergistic benefit and the nature and magnitude of clinically meaningful treatment effects, if any.

关键词： Ketamine Infusion Therapy Virtual Reality Chronic Pain Depression

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Liver resection versus liver transplantation for hepatocellular carcinoma within the milan criteria based on estimated microvascular invasion risks

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Gastroenterology Report 2023年第1期11卷 385-397页

作者： Pinghua Yang Fei Teng Shilei Bai Yong Xia Zhihao Xie Zhangjun Cheng Jun Li Zhengqing Lei Kui Wang Baohua Zhang Tian Yang Xuying Wan Hao Yin Hao Shen timothy m Pawlik Wan Yee Lau Zhiren Fu Feng Shen Department of Hepatic Surgery IV and Clinical Research Institute The Eastern Hepatobiliary Surgery HospitalNaval Medical UniversityShanghaiP.R.China Department of Liver Surgery and Organ Transplantation The Changzheng HospitalNaval Medical UniversityShanghaiP.R.China Department of General Surgery The Affiliated Zhongda HospitalSoutheast UniversityNanjingJiangsuP.R.China Department of Hepatic Surgery II and Clinical Research Institute The Eastern Hepatobiliary Surgery HospitalNaval Medical UniversityShanghaiP.R.China Department of Biliary Surgery IV and Clinical Research Institute The Eastern Hepatobiliary Surgery HospitalNaval Medical UniversityShanghaiP.R.China Department of Chinese Traditional medicine The Eastern Hepatobiliary Surgery HospitalNaval Medical UniversityShanghaiP.R.China Department of Surgery The Wexner Medical CenterOhio State UniversityColumbusOHUSA Faculty of medicine the Chinese University of Hong KongPrince of Wales HospitalShatinNew TerritoriesHong Kong SARChina

Background:Preoperative prediction of microvascular invasion(mVI)in hepatocellular carcinoma(HCC)may optimize individualized treatment *** study aimed to investigate the prognostic differences between HCC patients undergoing liver resection(LR)and liver transplantation(LT)based on predicted mVI ***:We analysed 905 patients who underwent LR,including 524 who underwent anatomical resection(AR)and 117 who underwent LT for HCC within the milan criteria using propensity score matching.A nomogram model was used to predict preoperative mVI ***:The concordance indices of the nomogram for predicting mVI were 0.809 and 0.838 in patients undergoing LR and LT,*** on an optimal cut-off value of 200 points,the nomogram defined patients as high-or low-risk mVI *** resulted in a lower 5-year recurrence rate and higher 5-year overall survival(OS)rate than LR among the high-risk patients(23.6%vs 73.2%,Pmong the high-risk patients and 0.37(95%CI,0.21–0.66)and 0.36(95%CI,0.17–0.78)among the low-risk *** also provided a lower 5-year recurrence rate and higher 5-year OS rate than AR among the high-risk patients(24.8%vs 63.5%,P=0.001;86.7%vs 65.7%,P=0.004),with HRs of LT vs AR for recurrence and OS being 0.24(95%CI,0.11–0.53)and 0.17(95%CI,0.06–0.52),*** 5-year recurrence and OS rates between patients undergoing LT and AR were not significantly different in the low-risk patients(19.4%vs 28.3%,P=0.129;85.7%vs 77.8%,P=0.161).Conclusions:LT was superior to LR for patients with HCC within the milan criteria with a predicted high or low risk of *** significant differences in prognosis were found between LT and AR in patients with a low risk of mVI.

关键词： hepatocellular carcinoma microvascular invasion liver resection liver transplantation prognosis

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Discovery of a Sheeted Dike Complex in the Northern Yangtze Craton and Its Implications for Craton Evolution

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Journal of Earth Science 2012年第5期23卷 676-695页

作者：邓浩 timothy m Kusky 王璐彭松柏蒋幸福王军鹏王淞杰 Faculty of Earth Sciences China University of Geosciences State Key Laboratory of Geological Processes and mineral Resources China University of Geosciences Three Gorges Research Center for Geo-hazard Ministry of EducationChina University of Geosciences

The miaowan （庙湾） ophiolite is a highly dismembered ophiolitic complex cropping out near the northern margin of the Yangtze craton. The rocks of this complex consist of, from bottom to top, harzburgite tectonite locally containing podiform chromite, dunite, layered and isotropic gabbro, a sheeted dike complex （SDC）, meta-pillow lavas with chert pods and layers, and tectonically intercalated marble. The SDC is a very important and significant part of the miaowan ophiolitic sequence, and grades downward into gabbro and ultramafic rocks, and upward into meta-pillow lavas. Some dikes preserve one-way chilled margins, typical of extensional ophiolitic settings, whereas most preserve dou-ble chilled margins, in cases where the chilling direction can be determined. The SDC is mainly com-posed of meta-diabase （dolerite）, meta-plagiogranite, and small amounts of meta-gabbro and ultramafic rocks. LA-ICP-mS zircon dating yields an upper intercept age of 1 026±79 ma for one meta-plagiogranite, 1 043±23 ma for a second meta-plagiogranite and I 096±32 ma for one meta-gabbro at the bottom of the SDC, suggesting formation of the SDC at circa 1 026-1 096 ma, consistent with the recently determined formation age of the miaowan ophiolite. Sparse geochemical data on the meta-diabase indicate that the protolith was a sub-alkaline, low-potassium tholeiite similar to mid-ocean ridge basalt （mORB）. The chondrite-normalized rare earth element （REE） patterns of the meta-diabase are generally flat （（La/Yb）N=0.56-0.94）, with a slight depletion in LREE, but no obvious Eu anomalies. Given that the meta-plagiogranites show evidence of formation in a suprasubduction zone environment, we suggest that the basalts were originally island arc tholeiites, perhaps formed in an extensional forearc setting. The geochemistry of the meta-diabase and plagiogranite from the sheeted dikes, together with regional relationships, all agree with the previous interpretations that the miaowan ophiolite formed in a sup

关键词： ophiolite sheeted dike complex Yangtze craton Rodinia.

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Furrow design for improving crop establishment of two-wheel tractor operated strip tillage planters in loam and clay loam soils

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International Journal of Agricultural and Biological Engineering 2021年第3期14卷 130-139页

作者： m.Arshadul Hoque m.m.Hossain A.T.m.Ziauddin timothy J.Krupnik mahesh K.Gathala Senior Scientific Officer FMP Engineering DivisionBangladesh Agricultural Research InstituteGazipur-1701Bangladesh Department of Farm Power and machinery Bangladesh Agricultural UniversityMymensingh-2202Bangladesh International maize and Wheat Improvement Center-Bangladesh Dhaka-1213Bangladesh

Conservation agriculture(CA)based production systems may help in achieving more sustainable intensification of cropping systems that use less labour and energy and have higher profit margins,in addition to soil conservation and environmental impact mitigation *** these objectives can only be achieved when the right mechanization options,including appropriate crop establishment equipment,are in place to assist in timely field *** urgent need exists,therefore,to fine tune and re-adjust the existing two-wheel tractor(2WT)operated seed drills,with specific reference to the design of blade and furrow openers,while at the same time considering performance in different soil types and *** this end,experiments were conducted during 2013-2014 and 2014-2015 at two BARI Regional Agricultural Research Stations in Jamalpur and Barisal,Bangladesh,on a loam and clay loam soil,respectively,to evaluate five types of furrow opener for strip *** and modified shoe-type furrow openers were tested and compared with three inverted-T furrow openers with rake angles of 75°,65°and 55°.The newly designed inverted-T furrow openers were narrower than the shoe-type openers;they also had a longer,hollow shanks and provided better options for adjustment to achieve the desired seeding depth and line *** to shoe-type openers,better seeding depth,uniformity and higher degree of seed coverage were recorded with use of the inverted-T furrow opener with a 65°rake *** resulted in better seed coverage in the furrow,a higher emergence rate index,and the highest emergence percentage of maize and mung *** research findings can be generalized to smallholder production systems on loam and clay loam soils where farmers utilize 2WT operated seed drills for crop establishment in both traditional and conservation agriculture-based planting systems.

关键词： two-wheel tractor strip tillage planter inverted-T furrow opener rake angle conservation agriculture emergence percentage

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