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Ascomycota has a faster evolutionary rate and higher species diversity than Basidiomycota

Science China(Life Sciences) 2010年第10期53卷 1163-1169,1263-1270页

作者： lumbsch h. thorsten Department of Botany The Field Museum

Differences in rates of nucleotide or amino acid substitutions among major groups of organisms are repeatedly found and well documented. A growing body of evidence suggests a link between the rate of neutral molecular change within populations and the evolution of species diversity. More than 98% of terrestrial fungi belong to the phyla Ascomycota or Basidiomycota. The former is considerably richer in number of species than the latter. We obtained DNA sequences of 21 protein-coding genes from the lichenized fungus Rhizoplaca chrysoleuca and used them together with sequences from GenBank for subsequent analyses. Three datasets were used to test rate discrepancies between Ascomycota and Basidiomycota and that within Ascomycota: (i) 13 taxa including 105 protein-coding genes, (ii) nine taxa including 21 protein-coding genes, and (iii) nuclear LSU rDNA of 299 fungal species. Based on analyses of the 105 protein-coding genes and nuclear LSU rDNA datasets, we found that the evolutionary rate was higher in Ascomycota than in Basidiomycota. The differences in substitution rates between Ascomycota and Basidiomycota were significant. Within Ascomycota, the species-rich Sordariomycetes has the fastest evolutionary rate, while Leotiomycetes has the slowest. Our results indicate that the main contribution to the higher substitution rates in Ascomycota does not come from mutualism, ecological conditions, sterility, metabolic rate or shorter generation time, but is possibly caused by the founder effect. This is another example of the correlation between species number and evolutionary rates, which is consistent with the hypothesis that the founder effect is responsible for accelerated substitution rates in diverse clades.

关键词： evolutionary rate amino acid substitution nucleotide substitution fungal evolution species diversity founder effect

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Effect of slab width on choice of appropriate casting speed in steel production

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Journal of Iron and Steel Research International 2022年第1期29卷 71-79页

作者： Daniel Christopher Merten Marc-thorsten hütt Yilmaz Uygun Department of Mathematics and Logistics Jacobs University BremenBremen 28759Germany Department of Life Sciences and Chemistry Jacobs University BremenBremen 28759Germany

In steel continuous casting(CC),the choice of the appropriate speed at which the slab is cast can be influenced by many different factors and *** the slab thickness seems to have the biggest impact,other features like the slab width have been consistently *** fact,the slab width practically limits the casting speed via the mass flow constraint which governs the input and output balance at the ***,we present a case study that aims at analyzing steel production data from the perspective of casting speed *** studying the speed fluctuations of an industrial CC machine,we identify a strategic regime change toward a stricter consideration of the mass flow *** regime change manifests itself in a significant increase in the correlation between the actual casting speed and the maximal speed associated with the mass flow *** the surface,taking greater account of the input and output balance at the tundish has reduced the productivity of the continuous caster;however,one can argue that the lessened yield is compensated by a diminished risk of eventual slab *** the perspective of this trade-off,we establish a visualization technique that enables us to pinpoint the boundary beyond which one strategic regime becomes economically more advantageous than the other.

关键词： Continuous casting Casting speed Slab width Slab thickness Mass flow constraint Machine length constraint

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A new classification for the family Graphidaceae(Ascomycota:Lecanoromycetes:Ostropales)

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Fungal Diversity 2012年第1期52卷 107-121页

作者： Eimy Rivas Plata Robert Lücking h.thorsten lumbsch Department of Biological Sciences University of Illinois-Chicago845 West Taylor Street(MC 066)ChicagoIL 60607USA Department of Botany The Field Museum1400 South Lake Shore DriveChicagoIL 60605-2496USA

A revised classification for the emended family Graphidaceae is proposed,based on recent phylogenetic studies,including the finding that three previously separated families(Asterothyriaceae,Gomphillaceae,Thelotremataceae)are nested within Graphidaceae and in part *** family comprises three major clades which are here delimited as subfamilies Fissurinoideae,Gomphilloideae,and *** latter is composed of three major clades which are formally delimited as tribes Graphideae,Ocellularieae,and *** addition,three new genera are described to accommodate the Ocellularia clandestina(Clandestinotrema)group,the Ocellularia cruentata group(Cruentotrema)and Myriotrema pycnoporellum(Pycnotrema).

关键词： Asterothyriaceae Classification Gomphillaceae Thelotremataceae

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Successful treatment of life-threatening bleeding from a duodenal posterior bulb peptic ulcer by an over-the-scope-clip

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World Journal of Gastroenterology 2015年第5期21卷 1666-1669页

作者： thorsten Brechmann Wolff schmiegel Department of Gastroenterology and hepatology Berufsgenossenschaftliches Universit?tsklinikum Bergmannsheil Gmb HRuhr-University Bochum44789 BochumGermany

Bleeding of peptic ulcer at the posterior duodenal bulb still is a particular endoscopic challenge with increased risk of treatment failure and worse *** this article,we report successful treatment of an actively bleeding peptic ulcer located at the posterior duodenal wall,using an over-the-scope-clip in the case of a 54-year-old male patient with hemorrhagic *** primary hemostasis was achieved and no adverse events occurred during a follow-up of 60 d.

关键词： Over-the-scope-clip Duodenal ulcer Upper gastroint

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Effect of surface roughness on sliding friction of micron-sized glass beads

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Friction 2014年第3期2卷 255-263页

作者： Jan MEYER Regina FUChS thorsten STAEDLER Xin JIANG Chair of Surface and Materials Technology University of Siegen57068 SiegenGermany

In order to understand the contact phenomena of micron‐sized particles,which have a tremendous impact on a variety of applications in industry and technology,direct access to the loads as well as the displacements accompanying such contacts are *** particle ensembles show a size variation ranging from the nanometer to the tenths of micron *** the contact behavior of particles featuring radii of several up to several tenths of microns is scarcely studied as these particles are typically too large for atomic force microscopy(AFM)based approaches and too small for conventional macroscopic testing *** this work a nanoindenter based approach is introduced to gain insight into the contact mechanics of micron‐sized glass beads sliding on rough silicon surfaces at various constant low normal *** results are analyzed by a simple modified Coulomb friction law,as well as hertz,JKR,and DMT contact theory.

关键词： sliding friction roughness colloid probe technique particle technology nanoindentation

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In situ Raman imaging of high-temperature solid-state reactions in the CaSO4-SiO2 system

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International Journal of Coal Science & Technology 2019年第2期6卷 247-259页

作者： Nadine Bohme Kerstin hauke Manuela Neuroth thorsten Geisler Institut fiir Geowissenschaften und Meteorologie Universitat Bonn Poppelsdorfer Schloss Meckenheimer Allee 169 53115 Bonn Germany RWE Power AG F und E Kraftwerk NiederauBem Bergheim Germany

The deposition of mineral phases on the heat transfer surfaces of brown coal power plants may have a negative effect on power plant boilers. The paragenesis of these deposits contains information about the actual temperature prevailed during the combustion of lignite, if the temperature-dependences of distinct mineral transformations or reactions are known. here, we report results of a sintering study (to ?1100℃) with samples containing anhydrite, quartz, and gehlenite, which are typical components of Rhenish lignite ashes. Thermal decompositions and solid-state reactions were analyzed (1) in situ and (2) both in situ and after quenching using confocal hyperspectral Raman imaging. This novel application of confocal Raman spectroscopy provides temperature-and time-resolved, 2-dimensional information about sintering processes with a micrometer-scale resolution. In the course of the sintering experiments with anhydrite and quartz with a weight ratio of 2:1 both polymorphs wollastonite and pseudowollastonite were identified in situ at about 920 and 1000℃, respectively. The formation of pseudowollastonite was thus observed about 120℃ below the phase transition temperature, demonstrating that it can form metastably. In addition,α′L-Ca2SiO4 was identified at about 1100℃. In samples containing equal weight fractions of anhydrite and quartz that were quenched after firing for 9h at about 1100℃,β-Ca2SiO4 (larnite) crystallized as rims around anhydrite grains and in direct contact to wollastonite. We furthermore observed that, depending on the ratio between quartz and anhydrite, wollastonite replaced quartz grains between 920 and 1100℃., i.e., the higher the quartz content, the lower the formation temperature of wollastonite.

关键词： Ash deposition Calcium silicate Calcium sulfate high-temperature Raman imaging

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Using a temporal phylogenetic method to harmonize familyand genus-level classification in the largest clade of lichen-forming fungi

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Fungal Diversity 2017年第3期84卷 101-117页

作者： Pradeep K.Divakar Ana Crespo Ekaphan Kraichak Steven D.Leavitt Garima Singh Imke schmitt h.thorsten lumbsch Departamento de Biología Vegetal II Facultad de FarmaciaUniversidad Complutense de Madrid28040 MadridSpain Department of Botany Faculty of ScienceKasetsart UniversityBangkokThailand Department of Biology and M.L.Bean Life Science Museum Brigham Young University4102 Life Science BuildingProvoUT 84602USA Department of Biological Sciences Institute of EcologyEvolution and DiversityGoethe Universitat and Senckenberg Biodiversity and Climate Research Centre(BiK-F)Frankfurt am MainGermany Science&Education The Field MuseumChicagoILUSA

Although classification at supra-specific ranks is inherently arbitrary,comparable taxonomic ranks within clades can facilitate more consistent classifications and objective comparisons among *** circumscriptions of the hyper-diverse lichen-forming fungal family Parmeliaceae and widely different generic circumscriptions among authors have been *** this study,we use a recently developed temporal approach that uses timecalibrated chronograms to identify temporal bands for specific ranks in Parmeliaceae and allied groups with the overarching goal of establishing a consistent,stable classification.A data set of 330 species,representing 73 genera in the family and 52 species of related families was used to address the circumscription of Parmeliaceae and its genera following the proposed temporal *** on the results of this study,we propose a revised,temporal-based classification for Parmeliaceae,including all clades that share a common ancestor 102.13–112.88 Ma for families and a time window of 29.45–32.55 Ma for *** of the currently accepted genera in Parmeliaceae were supported in their current *** subfamilies are accepted within Parmeliaceae:Protoparmelioideae Divakar et ***.,including Protoparmelia and the resurrected genus Maronina,and Parmelioideae,including the bulk of genera in the *** new genus Austromelanelixia Divakar et *** proposed to accommodate a clade of southern hemisphere species previously included in *** and tentatively Dolichousnea are resurrected as genera separate from *** following genera are reduced to synonymy:Allocetraria,Cetrariella,Usnocetraria,and Vulpicida with Cetraria;Arctocetraria,Cetreliopsis,Flavocetraria,Kaernefeltia,Masonhalea,Tuckermanella,and Tuckermannopsis with Nephromopsis;and the lichenicolous genera Nesolechia and Raesaenenia with the lichen-forming genera Punctelia and Protousnea,respectively.A total of 47 new combinations and

关键词： Ascomycota Gypsoplacaceae Lecanorales Lichenized fungi Parmeliaceae Phylogeny Protoparmelia Taxonomy Taxonomicranks

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Outline of Ascomycota: 2017

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Fungal Diversity 2018年第1期88卷 167-263页

作者： Nalin N.Wijayawardene Kevin D.hyde h.thorsten lumbsch Jian Kui Liu Sajeewa S.N.Maharachchikumbura Anusha h.Ekanayaka Qing Tian Rungtiwa Phookamsak Key Laboratory for Plant Diversity and Biogeography of East Asia Kunming Institute of BotanyChinese Academy of ScienceKunming 650201YunnanPeople’s Republic of China Science&Education The Field Museum1400 S.Lake Shore DriveChicagoIL 60605USA Guizhou Institute of Biotechnology Guizhou Academy of Agricultural SciencesGuiyang 550006People’s Republic of China Department of Crop Sciences College of Agricultural and Marine SciencesSultan Qaboos UniversityPO Box 34123 AlkhoudOman Center of Excellence in Fungal Research Mae Fah Luang UniversityChiang Rai 57100Thailand

Taxonomic placement of genera have been changing rapidly as taxonomists widely use DNA sequence data in phylogenetic and evolutionary studies. It is essential to update existing databases/outlines based on recent studies, since thesesources are widely used as a foundation for other research. In this outline, we merge both asexual and sexual genera intoone outline. The phylum Ascomycota comprises of three subphyla viz. Pezizomycotina (including 13 classes, 124 ordersand 507 families), Saccharomycotina (including one class, one order and 13 families) and Taphrinomycotina (five classes,five orders and six families). Approximately, 6600 genera have been listed under different taxonomic ranks includingauxiliary (intermediate) taxonomic ranks.

关键词： Asexual genera Classification Sexual genera Systematic Taxonomic ranks

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Differentiation of periapical granulomas and cysts by using dental MRI: a pilot study

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International Journal of Oral Science 2018年第3期10卷 152-159页

作者： Alexander Juerchott thorsten Pfefferle Christa Flechtenmacher Johannes Mente Martin Bendszus Sabine heiland Tim hilgenfeld Department of Neuroradiology Heidelberg University Hospital Division of Endodontics and Dental Traumatology Department of Conservative Dentistry Heidelberg University Hospital Institute of Pathology Heidelberg University Hospital Division of Experimental Radiology Department of Neuroradiology Heidelberg University Hospital

The purpose of this pilot study was to evaluate whether periapical granulomas can be differentiated from periapical cysts in vivo by using dental magnetic resonance imaging(MRI). Prior to apicoectomy, 11 patients with radiographically confirmed periapical lesions underwent dental MRI, including fat-saturated T2-weighted(T2 wFS) images, non-contrast-enhanced T1-weighted images with and without fat saturation(T1 w/T1 wFS), and contrast-enhanced fat-saturated T1-weighted(T1 wFS+C) images. Two independent observers performed structured image analysis of MRI datasets twice. A total of 15 diagnostic MRI criteria were evaluated, and histopathological results(6 granulomas and 5 cysts) were compared with MRI characteristics. Statistical analysis was performed using intraclass correlation coefficient(ICC), Cohen’s kappa(κ), Mann–Whitney U-test and Fisher’s exact test. Lesion identification and consecutive structured image analysis was possible on T2 wFS and T1 wFS+C MRI images. A high reproducibility was shown for MRI measurements of the maximum lesion diameter(intraobserver ICC = 0.996/0.998; interobserver ICC = 0.997), for the "peripheral rim" thickness(intraobserver ICC = 0.988/0.984; interobserver ICC = 0.970), and for all non-quantitative MRI criteria(intraobserver-κ = 0.990/0.995; interobserver-κ = 0.988). In accordance with histopathological results, six MRI criteria allowed for a clear differentiation between cysts and granulomas:(1) outer margin of lesion,(2) texture of "peripheral rim" in T1 wFS+C,(3)texture of "lesion center" in T2 wFS,(4) surrounding tissue involvement in T2 wFS,(5) surrounding tissue involvement in T1 wFS+C and(6) maximum "peripheral rim" thickness(all: P his pilot study indicates that radiation-free dental MRI enables a reliable differentiation between periapical cysts and granulomas in vivo. Thus, MRI may substantially improve treatment strategies and help to avoid unnecessary surgery in apical periodontitis.

关键词： Differentiation of periapical granulomas and cysts by using dental MRI a pilot study

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Phylogenomic reconstruction addressing the Peltigeralean backbone(Lecanoromycetes,Ascomycota)

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Fungal Diversity 2021年第5期110卷 59-73页

作者： Todd J.Widhelm Felix Grewe Bernard Goffinet Mats Wedin Trevor Goward Luis F.Coca Isabel Distefano Alica Košuthová· h.thorsten lumbsch Science&Education The Grainger Bioinformatics CenterNegaunee Integrative Research CenterGantz Family Collections Centerand Pritzker Laboratory for Molecular SystematicsThe Field Museum1400 S.Lake Shore DriveChicagoIL 60605USA Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology University of Connecticut75 North Eagleville RoadStorrsCT 06269-3043USA Department of Botany Swedish Museum of Natural HistoryP.O.Box 5000710405 StockholmSweden herbarium Beaty MuseumUniversity of British ColumbiaVancouverBC V6T 1Z4Canada herbario Univ Caldas FAUC Edificio BicentenarioCalle 6526-10275 ManizalesColombia

Rapid radiations in Fungi are only beginning to be studied with phylogenomic *** evolutionary history of the lichenized fungal order Peltigerales has not been well resolved,particularly for the ***,we used concatenation and coalescent-based species tree methods to reconstruct the phylogeny of the Peltigerales based on sequences of 125 nuclear single-copy exon sequences among 60 samples,representing 58 *** uneven,lineage-specific missing data and significant topological incongruence of individual exon trees,the resulting phylogenies were concordant and successfully resolved the phylogenetic relationships of the *** in the Collematineae were defined by short branches and lower nodal support than in other parts of the tree,due in part to conflicting signal in exon trees,suggesting rapid diversification events in the early evolution of the *** tree distance measures,we were able to identify a minimum subset of exons that could reconstruct phylogenetic relationships in Peltigerales with higher support than the 125-exon *** between the minimum and complete datasets in species tree inferences,bipartition analyses,and divergence time estimations displayed similar results,although the minimum dataset was characterized by higher levels of error in estimations of divergence *** our inferences from the complete and minimum datasets to those derived from few nuclear and mitochondrial loci reveal that our topology is concordant with topologies reconstructed using the nuclear large subunit and mitochondrial small subunit ribosomal DNA markers,but the target capture datasets had much higher support *** demonstrated how target capture approaches can effectively decipher ancient rapid radiations in cases where well resolved individual exon trees are sufficiently sampled and how to identify subsets of loci that are appropriate for fungal order-level phylogenetics.

关键词： Lichenized fungi Phylogenomics Rapid radiations high-throughput sequencing

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