检索结果-南通市图书馆

Treatment of inflammatory bowel disease:A review of medical therapy

在线全文

维普期刊数据库

学校读者我要写书评

暂无评论

World Journal of Gastroenterology 2008年第3期14卷 354-377页

作者： Patricia L Kozuch Stephen b hanauer Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology Department of Medicine Thomas Jefferson University Hospital Philadelphia PA United States University of Chicago Hospitals Department of Medicine Section of Gastroenterology and Nutrition Chicago IL 60637 United States

Crohn’s disease (CD) and ulcerative colitis (UC) are chronic inflammatory diseases of the gastrointestinal tract. While a cure remains elusive, both can be treated with medications that induce and maintain remission. With the recent advent of therapies that inhibit tumor necrosis factor (TNF) alpha the overlap in medical therapies for UC and CD has become greater. Although 5-ASA agents have been a mainstay in the treatment of both CD and UC, the data for their efficacy in patients with CD, particularly as maintenance therapy, are equivocal. Antibiotics may have a limited role in the treatment of colonic CD. Steroids continue to be the first choice to treat active disease not responsive to other more conservative therapy; non- systemic steroids such as oral and rectal budesonide for ileal and right-sided CD and distal UC respectively are also effective in mild-moderate disease. 6-mercaptopurine (6-MP) and its prodrug azathioprine are steroid-sparing immunomodulators effective in the maintenance of remission of both CD and UC, while methotrexate may be used in both induction and maintenance of CD. Infliximab and adalimumab are anti-TNF agents approved in the US and Europe for the treatment of Crohn's disease, and infliximab is also approved for the treatment of UC.

关键词： Inflammatory bowel disease Crohn's disease Ulcerative colitis Medical therapy

One man’s trash-another man’s treasure: fecal transplantation

在线全文

维普期刊数据库

学校读者我要写书评

暂无评论

Hepatobiliary Surgery and Nutrition 2019年第6期8卷 623-625页

作者： Nancy Gupta Stephen b.hanauer Digestive Health Center University of Iowa Hospitals and ClinicsIowa CityIAUSA Digestive Health Center Northwestern University Feinberg School of MedicineChicagoILUSA

Discovery of immune checkpoint inhibitors has revolutionized the field of *** checkpoints play a key role in maintaining immune homeostasis and preventing *** normal situation,immune responses are regulated by a balance between co-stimulatory and inhibitory signals referred to as"immune checkpoints".Activated T cells express multiple co-inhibitory receptors such as lymphocyte-activation gene 3(LAG-3),programmed cell death protein 1(PD-1)and cytotoxic T-lymphocyte-associated protein 4(CTLA-4)that are primary mediators of immune effector responses to self-proteins,chronic infections and tumor *** tumors these immune checkpoints allow the tumor cells to dodge anti-tumor response(1).Checkpoint inhibitors(CPI)block these immune checkpoints allowing the immune system to attack tumor cells(2).Although the immune system has the inherent ability to distinguish self from non-self and thus typically mount an attack on the non-self-cancer cells;over-activation of the immune response can lead to serious adverse events collectively called immune-related adverse events(irAEs)(3).While activation of the immune system and development of irAEs has been associated with better outcomes for underlying cancer(4),the associated side effects increase morbidity and mortality in addition to having a negative impact on patient’s quality of *** associated with CPI therapy can have delayed manifestation and present after the CPI have been discontinued(5).

关键词： homeostasis mortality collective

Pelage color of red bats Lasiurus borealis varies with body size:An image analysis of museum specimens

在线全文

维普期刊数据库

学校读者我要写书评

暂无评论

Current Zoology 2010年第4期56卷 401-405页

作者： Andrew K.DAVIS steven b.CASTLEbERRY D.b. Warnell School of Forestry and Natural Resources The University of Georgia

Mammalian pelage color can vary among individuals of many species, although this intraspecific variation is oftenoverlooked by researchers, perhaps because of its sometimes subtle nature and difficulty in assessing it quantitatively. Thus, suchvariation is rarely studied in mammals, and this is especially true within the order Chiroptera, where there has been very little empiricalresearch. We examined museum specimens of red bats (Lasiurus borealis, family Vespertilionidae) from Georgia, USA, todetermine the extent of sexual dimorphism in pelage color and to explore possible associations between body size and pelagecolor. We photographed 54 specimens under uniform lighting, and used an image analysis program to measure pelage hue on theuropatagium region, which is fully furred in members of the genus Lasiurus. Statistical analyses of pelage hue scores showedmales had significantly redder pelage than females when considered alone, but when examined together with effects of body sizeand collection year, sex was not significant, and collection year and body size were. More recent specimens tended to be less redthan older specimens, which might indicate a wearing of the buffy tips of hairs from older specimens, and smaller bats of bothsexes tended to be more red. These interesting findings are encouraging and we suggest that future explorations into intraspecificvariation in pelage color of bats using this or similar approaches are warranted to clarify the significance of the patterns. Thisstudy also demonstrated that care must be taken in analyses of mammalian pelage color from older museum skins, or at least thatresearchers must take into account the age of the specimens .

关键词： Pelage color Sexual dimorphism Red bats Lasiurus borealis Image analysis

The Upriver Reach of a Delta Town： Jiujiang Migrants in the West River basin, Sixteenth--Nineteenth Centuries

在线全文

学校读者我要写书评

暂无评论

Frontiers of History in China 2013年第2期8卷 153-175页

作者： steven b. Miles Department of History Washington University in St. Louis St. Louis MO 63130-4899 USA

This article situates the Pearl River delta market town of Jiujiang within a system of market towns and cities along the West River and its tributaries in southern China. Exploring the history of this town as an emigrant community, this article follows the upstream movement of officials, civil service examinees, merchants, and permanent settlers along the West River basin between the sixteenth century and the nineteenth century. The trajectory of migration from this market town was shaped by the geographical factors of the West River system. At the same time, migration, which was related both to strategies that Jiujiang families embraced for socioeconomic advancement and to policies that the Ming and Qing states adopted for controlling the southwestern frontier, played an important role in the historical construction of a unified region linked by economic ties and personal networks.

关键词： market town migration region Ming Qing West River Pearl Riverdelta

The Nature and Impact of Late Imperial Chinese Academies:A Review of Some Recent Publications in China

在线全文

维普期刊数据库

学校读者我要写书评

暂无评论

Frontiers of Education in China 2015年第4期10卷 634-656页

作者： steven b.MILES Department of History Washington University in St.LouisSt.LouisMO 63130-4899USA

This review essay analyzes the historiography of Confucian academies(shuyuan)in imperial China,focusing on five representative books published in China between 2008 and 2014,including two new editions of books originally published in 1995 and *** five authors share a deep concern about the nature of academies,particularly their relationship with the state.A secondary theme that these books address is the impact that academies had on late imperial Chinese culture and *** together,these five works show how research on academies in imperial China has evolved over the past two decades.

关键词： academies shuyuan historiography imperial China

The Discrete Orthogonal Polynomial Least Squares Method for Approximation and Solving Partial Differential Equations

在线全文

维普期刊数据库

学校读者我要写书评

暂无评论

Communications in Computational Physics 2008年第3期3卷 734-758页

作者： Anne Gelb Rodrigo b.Platte W.steven Rosenthal Department of Mathematics and Statistics Arizona State UniversityTempeArizona 85287USA

We investigate numerical approximations based on polynomials that are orthogonal with respect to a weighted discrete inner product and develop an algorithm for solving time dependent differential *** focus on the family of super Gaussian weight functions and derive a criterion for the choice of parameters that provides good accuracy and stability for the time evolution of partial differential *** results show that this approach circumvents the problems related to the Runge phenomenon on equally spaced nodes and provides high accuracy in *** time stability,small corrections near the ends of the interval are computed using local polynomial *** numerical experiments illustrate the performance of the method.

关键词： Discrete least-squares orthogonal polynomials spectralmethods high order numerical methods uniform grid.

History and evaluation of national-scale geochemical data sets for the United States

在线全文

维普期刊数据库

学校读者我要写书评

暂无评论

Geoscience Frontiers 2013年第2期4卷 167-183页

作者： David b.Smith steven M.Smith John D.Horton U.S.Geological Survey.Denver Federal Center MS 973.DenverCO 80225USA

Six national-scale,or near national-scale,geochemical data sets for soils or stream sediments exist for the United *** earliest of these,here termed the ＇Shacklette＇ data set,was generated by a U.S. Geological Survey（USGS） project conducted from 1961 to *** project used soil collected from a depth of about 20 cm as the sampling medium at 1323 sites throughout the conterminous *** National Uranium Resource Evaluation Hydrogeochemical and Stream Sediment Reconnaissance（NUREHSSR） Program of the *** of Energy was conducted from 1975 to 1984 and collected either stream sediments,lake sediments,or soils at more than 378,000 sites in both the conterminous *** *** sampled area represented about 65%of the *** Natural Resources Conservation Service（NRCS）,from 1978 to 1982,collected samples from multiple soil horizons at sites within the major crop-growing regions of the conterminous *** data set contains analyses of more than 3000 *** National Geochemical Survey,a USGS project conducted from 1997 to 2009,used a subset of the NURE-HSSR archival samples as its starting point and then collected primarily stream sediments, with occasional soils,in the parts of the *** covered by the NURE-HSSR *** data set contains chemical analyses for more than 70,000 *** USGS,in collaboration with the Mexican Geological Survey and the Geological Survey of Canada,initiated soil sampling for the North American Soil Geochemical Landscapes Project in *** of three horizons or depths at more than 4800 sites in the *** completed in 2010,and chemical analyses are currently *** NRCS initiated a project in the 1990s to analyze the various soil horizons from selected pedons throughout the *** data set currently contains data from more than 1400 *** paper（1） discusses each data set in terms of its purpose,sample collection protocols,and analytical methods;and（2） evaluates each data set in terms

关键词： Geochemical mapping National-scale geochemical data Geochemical baselines United States

VARIAbLE STEP-SIZE IMPLICIT-EXPLICIT LINEAR MULTISTEP METHODS FOR TIME-DEPENDENT PARTIAL DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS

在线全文

学校读者我要写书评

暂无评论

Journal of Computational Mathematics 2008年第6期26卷 838-855页

作者： DongWang steven J. Ruuth Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign B231 Newmark Civil Engineering Laboratory Urbana IL 61801 USA Department of Mathematics Simon Fraser University Burnaby BC Canada V5A 1S6

Implicit-explicit （IMEX） linear multistep methods are popular techniques for solving partial differential equations （PDEs） with terms of different types. While fixed timestep versions of such schemes have been developed and studied, implicit-explicit schemes also naturally arise in general situations where the temporal smoothness of the solution changes. In this paper we consider easily implementable variable step-size implicit-explicit （VSIMEX） linear multistep methods for time-dependent PDEs. Families of order-p, pstep VSIMEX schemes are constructed and analyzed, where p ranges from 1 to 4. The corresponding schemes are simple to implement and have the property that they reduce to the classical IMEX schemes whenever constant time step-sizes are imposed. The methods are validated on the burgers＇ equation. These results demonstrate that by varying the time step-size, VSIMEX methods can outperform their fixed time step counterparts while still maintaining good numerical behavior.

关键词： Implicit-explicit (IMEX) linear multistep methods Variable step-size Zero-stability burgers' equation.

Mitogen-activated protein kinases mediate the oxidative burst and saponin synthesis induced by chitosan in cell cultures of Panax ginseng

在线全文

学校读者我要写书评

暂无评论

Science China(Life Sciences) 2004年第4期47卷 303-312页

作者： steven J. NEILL Centre for Research in Plant Science University of the West of England Bristol Coldharbour Lane Bristol BS16 1QY United Kingdom

Chitosan (CHN) specially induced the activities of 39 kD and 42 kD protein kinases in ginseng cells, which could be suppressed by an inhibitor of mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathway, PD98059. The immunoprecipitation (IP) using MAPK antibody or kinase assay in vitro also showed that CHN-induced 42 kD and 39 kD protein kinases belonged to the MAPK family. PD98059 suppressed CHN-induced transcriptions of ginseng squalene synthase and ginseng squalene epoxidase genes (gss and gse), CHN-induced accumulation of β-Amyrin synthase (β-AS) and synthesis of saponin. These results showed that CHN-induced activities of MAPKs were necessary for the CHN-induced saponin synthesis. EGTA and LaCl3 suppressed CHN-induced 39 kD and 42 kD MAPK activities. Ruthenium red (RR) could suppress CHN-induced 39 kD activity. All of them suppressed CHN-induced saponin synthesis. These results indicated that CHN-induced increment of cytosolic calcium was necessary for CHN-induced saponin synthesis. PD98059 also suppressed CHN-induced oxidative burst (including the increment of activity of plasma membrane NADPH oxidase and production of H2O2), but diphenylene iodonium (DPI), dimethylthiourea (DMTU) and 2,5-dihydroxycinnamic acid methyl ester (DHC) could not suppress CHN-induced MAPK activities, which indicated that MAPK was possibly function upstream of CHN-induced oxidative burst. Keywords mitogen-activated protein kinase - chitosan - saponin

关键词： mitogen-activated protein kinase,chitosan,saponin.