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Technical and conceptual considerations forusing animated stimuli in studies of animalbehavior

Current Zoology 2017年第1期63卷 5-19页

作者： Laura CHOUINARD-THULY Stefanie GIERSZEWSKI Gil G. ROSENTHAL Simon M. READER Guillaume RIEUCAU Kevin L. Woo Robert GERLAI Cynthia TEDORE spencer j. ingley j.hn R. STOWERS j.achim G.FROMMENI Francine L. DOLINS Klaudia WITTE Department of Biologv McGill University 1205 Docteur Penfield Montreal Quebec Canada H3A 1B1 Research Group of Ecology and Behavioral Biology Institute of Biology University of Siegen Adolf-Reichwein Str. 2 Siegen 57068 Germany Ecology & Evolutionary Biology Texas A&M University 3258 TAMU College Station TX 77843 USA Centro de Investigaciones Cientfficas de las Huastecas "Aguazarca" Calnali Hidalgo Mexico Departmentof Biological Sciences Florida International University 3000 Northeast 151 Street North Miami FL 33181 USA SUNY Empire State College Metropolitan Center 325 Hudson Street New York NY 10013-1005 USA Departmentof Psychology University of Toronto Mississauga 3359 Mississauga Road Mississauga Ontario Canada L5L 1C6 Lund Vision Group Department of Biology Lund University SSIvegatan 35 Lund 22362 Sweden Department of Biology University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill CB#3280 Coker Hall Chapel Hill NC 27599 USA Research Institute of Molecular Pathology IMP Vienna Biocenter VBC Dr. Bohr-Gasse 7 Vienna 1030 Austria loopbiogmbh Hauptstrasse 93 Kritzendorf 3420 Austria Department of Behavioural Ecology Institute of Ecology and Evolution University of Bern Wohlenstrasse 50a Hinterkappelen 3032 Switzerland Department of Behavioral Sciences University of Michigan-Dearborn 4901 Evergreen Road Dearborn MI 48128 USA

Rapid technical advances in the field of computeropened new avenues in animal behavior *** （CA） and virtual reality （VR） haveAnimated stimuli are powerful tools as theyoffer standardization, repeatability, and complete control over the stimulus presented, thereby＂reducing＂ and ＂replacing＂ the animals used, and ＂refining＂ the experimental design in line withthe 3Rs. However, appropriate use of these technologies raises conceptual and technical *** this review, we offer guidelines for common technical and conceptual considerations related tothe use of animated stimuli in animal behavior research. Following the steps required to create ananimated stimulus, we discuss （I） the creation, （11） the presentation, and （111） the validation of CAsand VRs. Although our review is geared toward computer-graphically designed stimuli, consider-ations on presentation and validation also apply to video playbacks. CA and VR allow both new be-havioral questions to be addressed and existing questions to be addressed in new ways, thus weexpect a rich future for these methods in both ultimate and proximate studies of animal behavior.

关键词： animal behavior, animated stimulus, computer animation, experimental design, virtual reality, visual communication.

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Regional trends and petrologic factors inhibit global interpretations of zircon trace element compositions

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Geoscience Frontiers 2024年第5期15卷 300-307页

作者： Nick M.W.Roberts Christopher j.spencer Stephen Puetz C.Brenhin Keller Simon Tapster Geochronology and Tracers Facility British Geological SurveyNottingham NG125GGUK Department of Geological Sciences and Geological Engineering Queen’s UniversityKingstonOntarioCanada Atkinson Dr Suite 704HonoluluHI 96814USA Department of Earth Sciences Dartmouth CollegeHanoverNew HamphireUSA

The trace element composition of zircon reveals information about the melt that they are derived from,as such,detrital zircon trace element compositions can be used to interrogate melt compositions,and thus the evolution of the continental crust in time and ***,we present a global database of detrital zircon compositions and use it to test whether average global trends for five common petrogenetic proxies truly represent secular changes in continental *** demonstrate that the secular trend is broadly comparable across continental regions for Ti-in-zircon temperatures,but for other trace element ratios interrogated,secular trends are highly variable between continental *** trace element ratios result from multiple petrologic variables,we argue that these petrogenetic proxies can be overinterpreted if proj.cted to global geologic *** particular,we caution against the interpretation of crustal thickness from trace elements in zircon,and we argue that our results negate current hypotheses concerning secular changes in crustal thickness.

关键词： Detrital zircon Trace elements Secular change Eu anomaly Crustal thickness

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The replication crisis and its relevance to Earth Science studies:Case studies and recommendations

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Geoscience Frontiers 2024年第4期15卷 304-314页

作者： Stephen j.Puetz Kent C.Condie Kurt Sundell Nick M.W.Roberts Christopher j.spencer Slah Boulila Qiuming Cheng 475 Atkinson Dr Suite 704HonoluluHI 96814USA New Mexico Institute of Mining and Technology SocorroNM 87801USA Idaho State University PocatelloID 83209USA Geochronology and Tracers Facility British Geological SurveyKeyworthNottingham NG125GGUK Queen’s University Department of Geological Sciences and Geological EngineeringKingstonOntario K7L 3N6Canada Sorbonne Université CNRSInstitut des Sciences de la Terre ParisParisFrance State Key Laboratory of Geological Processes and Mineral Resources China University of GeosciencesWuhan 430074China

Numerous scientific fields are facing a replication crisis,where the results of a study often cannot be replicated when a new study uses independent *** issue has been particularly emphasized in psychology,health,and medicine,as incorrect results in these fields could have serious consequences,where lives might be at *** other fields have also highlighted significant replication problems,the Earth Sciences seem to be an *** paucity of Earth Science research aimed at understanding the replication crisis prompted this ***,this work aims to fill that gap by seeking to replicate geological results involving various types of *** identify and discuss 11 key variables for replicating U-Pb age distributions:independent data,global sampling,proxy data,data quality,disproportionate non-random sampling,stratigraphic bias,potential filtering bias,accuracy and precision,correlating time-series segments,testing assumptions and divergent analytical methods,and analytical *** while this work primarily focuses on U-Pb age distributions,most of these factors(or variations of them)also apply to other geoscience ***,some of the discussions involve time-series consisting ofεHf,δ18O-zircon,14C,10Be,marineδ13C,and marineδ*** then provide specific recommendations for minimizing adverse effects related to these factors,and in the process enhancing prospects for replicating geological results.

关键词： Replication crisis Replicability Independent data Global time-series Globality index Filtered data

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Himalayan Tectonics:Preface

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Geoscience Frontiers 2019年第3期10卷 791-792页

作者： Kyle Larson Christopher j. spencer Tectonics and Geodynamics Earth Environmental and Geographical Sciences IKBSAS University of British Columbia Earth Dynamics Research Group The Institute for Geoscience Research (TIGeR) Department of Applied Geology Curtin University

The Himalayan-Tibetan orogen system serves as the modern paradigm for understanding convergence-related processes in orogenic belts. The advancements made studying the region have been applied to other ancient orogenic belts leading not only to a better understanding of their development, but also of secular changes in collisional processes. As more advanced methodologies are introduced and utilized in geological research, the type, scale, and quality of data available enable quantification of geological processes not previously possible. These complex and robust datasets now form the core of many of the research proj.cts undertaken across the Himalaya and continue to provide unprecedented insight into the myriad different aspects of the evolution of the collisional system.

关键词： Himalayan-Tibetan system evolution

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Associations between health-related fitness and patient-reported symptoms in newly diagnosed breast cancer patients

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j.urnal of Sport and Health Science 2024年第6期13卷 851-862页

作者： Ki-Yong An Fernanda Z.Arthuso Myriam Filion spencer j.Allen Stephanie M.Ntoukas Gordon j.Bell j.ssica McNeil Qinggang Wang Margaret L.McNeely j.ff K.Vallance Lin Yang S.Nicole Culos-Reed Leanne Dickau j.hn R.Mackey Christine M.Friedenreich Kerry S.Courneya Faculty of Kinesiology Sportand RecreationCollege of Health SciencesUniversity of AlbertaEdmonton T6G 2H9Canada Department of Kinesiology School of Health and Human SciencesUniversity of North Carolina at GreensboroGreensboroNC 27412USA Department of Cancer Epidemiology and Prevention Research Cancer Care AlbertaAlberta Health ServicesCalgary T2S 3C3Canada Faculty of Rehabilitation Medicine University of AlbertaEdmonton T6G 2H9Canada Faculty of Health Disciplines Athabasca UniversityAthabasca T9S 3A3Canada Department of Oncology Cumming School of MedicineUniversity of CalgaryCalgary T2N 4N1Canada Faculty of Kinesiology University of CalgaryCalgary T2N 1N4Canada Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry University of AlbertaEdmonton T6G 2H9Canada

Background:Newly diagnosed breast cancer patients experience symptoms that may affect their quality of life,treatment outcomes,and *** and managing breast cancer-related symptoms soon after diagnosis is *** purpose of this study was to investigate the associations between health-related fitness(HRF)and patient-reported symptoms in newly diagnosed breast cancer ***:This study utilized baseline data from the Alberta Moving Beyond Breast Cancer Cohort Study that were collected within 90 days of *** measures included peak cardiopulmonary fitness(peak volume of oxygen consumption(VO_(2peak))),maximal muscular strength and endurance,flexibility,and body *** measures included depression,sleep quality,and *** multivariable logistic regression was performed for ***:Of 1458 participants,51.5%reported poor sleep quality,26.5%reported significant fatigue,and 10.4%reported moderate *** multivariable-adj.sted models,lower relative VO_(2peak)was independently associated with a greater likelihood of all symptom measures,including moderate depression(p<0.001),poor sleep quality(p=0.009),significant fatigue(p=0.008),any symptom(p<0.001),and multiple symptoms(p<0.001).VO_(2peak)demonstrated threshold associations with all symptom measures such that all 3 lower quartiles exhibited similar elevated risk compared to the highest *** strength of the threshold associations varied by the symptom measure with odds ratios ranging from-1.5 for poor sleep quality to-3.0 for moderate depression and multiple ***,lower relative upper body muscular endurance was also independently associated with fatigue in a dose-response manner(p=0.001),and higher body weight was independently associated with poor sleep quality in an inverted U pattern(p=0.021).Conclusion:Relative VO_(2peak)appears to be a critical HRF component associated with multiple patient-reported symptoms in newly diag

关键词： Breast cancer Fatigue Depression Sleep quality Cardiorespiratory fitness

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Transforming bilayer MoS2 into single-layer with strong photoluminescence using UV-ozone oxidation

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Nano Research 2015年第12期8卷 3878-3886页

作者： Weitao Su Naresh Komar Steve j. spencer Ning Dai Debdulal Roy Institute of Materials Physics Hangzhou Dianzi University Hangzhou 310018 China Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology & Engineering Chinese Academy of Sciences Ningbo 315201 China National Physical Laboratory Hampton Road Teddington Middlesex TWI 10LW UK

The use of single-layer MoS2 in light emitting devices requires innovative methods to enhance its low photoluminescence （PL） quantum yield. In this work, we report that single-layer MoS2 with a strong PL can be prepared by oxidizing bilayer MoS2 using W-ozone oxidation. We show that as compared to mechanically-exfoliated single-layer MoS2, the PL intensity of the single-layer MoS2 prepared by W-ozone oxidation is enhanced by 20-30 times. We demonstrate that the PL intensity of both neutral excitons and trions （charged excitons） can be greatly enhanced in the oxidized MoS2 samples. These results provide novel insights into the PL enhancement of single-layer MoS2.

关键词： single-layer MoS2 W-ozone oxidation photoluminescence enhancement tip-enhanced Raman spectroscopy

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"Miles wide and miles deep"-Exploring the depth and breadth of geoscience during the first ten years of Geoscience Frontiers

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Geoscience Frontiers 2019年第3期10卷 1219-1221页

作者： Christopher j. spencer Nick M.W.Roberts Damian Nance The Institute of Geoscience Research (TIGeR) School of Earth and Planetary Sciences Curtin University NERC Isotope Geosciences Laboratory British Geological Survey Department of Geological Sciences Ohio University Department of Geology and Geophysics Yale University

When early explorers first crossed the Platte River in what is now Nebraska (USA), it was said the river was “a mile wide and an inch deep”(Mokler, 1923;Smith, 1971). This phrase was used to describe not only the difficulty in crossing the river but also in navigating its length. The trouble with a river being too wide is the risk that it won’t provide the depth necessary to be useful. The same thing can be said of multidisciplinary scientific j.urnals. While a j.urnal can claim to be multidisciplinary, there is a risk of it being so broad that its articles can only engage the reader at a superficial level. Nothing could be further from the truth with Geoscience Frontiers. Over the past ten years, this j.urnal has successfully navigated the wide breadth of geoscience while providing a level of depth and detail that rivals discipline-specific j.urnals.

关键词： engage its was can past be is now

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Visualising data distributions with kernel density estimation and reduced chi-squared statistic

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Geoscience Frontiers 2017年第6期8卷 1247-1252页

作者： C.j.spencer C.Yakymchuk M.Ghaznavi Earth Dynamics Research Group The Institute of Geoscience ResearchDepartment of Applied GeologyCurtin UniversityPerthAustralia Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences University of WaterlooWaterlooCanada David R.Cheriton School of Computer Science University of WaterlooWaterlooCanada

The application of frequency distribution statistics to data provides obj.ctive means to assess the nature of the data distribution and viability of numerical models that are used to visualize and interpret *** commonly used tools are the kernel density estimation and reduced chi-squared statistic used in combination with a weighted *** to the wide applicability of these tools,we present a j.va-based computer application called KDX to facilitate the visualization of data and the utilization of these numerical tools.

关键词： Data visualisation Kernel density estimation Reduced chi-squared statistic Mean square weighted deviation Geostatistics

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Strategies towards statistically robust interpretations of in situ U-Pb zircon geochronology

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Geoscience Frontiers 2016年第4期7卷 581-589页

作者： Christopher j.spencer Christopher L.Kirkland Richard j.M.Taylor The Institute of Geoscience Research(TIGeR) Department of Applied GeologyWestern Australian School of MinesCurtin UniversityWA 6102Australia Centre for Exploration Targeting-Curtin Node Department of Applied GeologyWestern Australian School of MinesCurtin UniversityWA 6102Australia Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Core to Crust Fluid SystemsPerthWA 6102Australia

Zircon U-Pb geochronology has become a keystone tool across Earth science, arguably providing the gold standard in resolving deep geological time. The development of rapid in situ analysis of zircon （via laser ablation and secondary ionization mass spectrometry） has allowed for large amounts of data to be generated in a relatively short amount of time and such large volume datasets offer the ability to address a range of geological questions that would otherwise remain intractable （e.g. detrital zircons as a sedi- ment fingerprinting method）. The ease of acquisition, while bringing benefit to the Earth science com- munity, has also led to diverse interpretations of geochronological data. In this work we seek to refocus U -Pb zircon geochronology toward best practice by providing a robust statistically coherent workflow. We discuss a range of data filtering approaches and their inherent limitations （e.g. discordance and the reduced chi-squared; MSWD）. We evaluate appropriate mechanisms to calculate the most geologically appropriate age from both 238U/206pb and 207pb/206pb ratios and demonstrate the cross over position when chronometric power swaps between these ratios. As our in situ analytical techniques become progressively more precise, appropriate statistical handing of U-Pb datasets will become increasingly pertinent.

关键词： Zircon Geochronology U-Pb Geostatistics MSWD

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Timescales of geological processes: Preface

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Geoscience Frontiers 2019年第1期10卷 1-3页

作者： Andrew Putnis Christopher j.spencer Tom Raimondo The Institute for Geoscience Research School of Earth and Planetary Science Curtin University School of Natural and Built Environments University of South Australia

*** One of the maj.r challenges in Geoscience is to understand how the formation and evolution of the Earth System are governed by timescales-that is,how the various geological processes that continue to contribute to its present-day structure and composition operated in the deep *** traditional view of such processes refers to events that occur at immense spatial scales and over hundreds of millions of years,constrained in most cases by the ages of rocks determined using isotopic dating methods or the fossil ***,the modern view of geological processes has increasingly acknowledged that their durations can be significantly shorter than previously thought possible,or indeed detectable without recent analytical *** are a prime example of rapid,high energy and episodic events that have a profound effect on subsequent processes such as metamorphism,fluid transport,and ore formation e the evidence of which is written in microstructures,compositional zoning,and P-T *** studies have also revealed that the reaction rates between fluids and rocks can be extremely rapid relative to geological *** has led to the notion that geological processes are not necessarily continuous over millions of years but may,in fact,be sporadic,with long periods where essentially no reactions take place punctuated by periods of intense activity.

关键词： In Preface Timescales of geological processes

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