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Distal locking in femoral intramedullary nailing system: Is one cross screw sufficient?

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j.urnal of Biomedical Science and Engineering 2012年第10期5卷 593-596页

作者： S. V. Karuppiah A. j. j.hnstone Orthopaedic Unit Woodend Hospital Aberdeen UK

Introduction: The indications for intramedullary nail fixation of fractures of the femoral shaft have been greatly expanded by techniques of interlocking nailing. However, distal locking screw fixation remains the most technically demanding and problematic portion of the procedure and maybe responsible for as much as one-half of the exposure of the surgeon’s hands to radiation during the procedure. Obj.ctive: This biomechanical study was undertaken to compare the stability of using one distal locking cross screw versus two cross screws in femoral fractures fixed with intramedullary nailing (IMN) system. Materials: A composite model made from a stainless steel IMN (12 mm × 1 mm) was connected to a load cell (Instron machine). Axial forces upto 2 kN (3 times body weight) was applied or until a maximum displacement of 1 mm was reached. The distal locking end of the intramedullary nail was secured with stainless steel cylinders of different dimensions 50 mm × 5 mm, 75 mm × 5 mm and 100 mm × 3 mm to represent the proximal femoral diaphysis, diaphyseo-metaphyseal j.nction and distal femoral metaphyseal respectively. The distal locking end of the intramedullary nail was attached to the cylinder with a dedicated single or two rods (5 mm diameter), made from stainless steel, to represent the distal locking cross screw. Results: In the 50 mm cylinder, the mean stiffness (±standard deviation) of the system using either single or two screws were similar i.e. 3298 ± 144 N/mm. But in the 75 mm and 100 mm cylinders, the mean stiffness of the fracture model with two distal locking cross screws fixation was 2.059 ± 96 N/mm and 0.816 ± 122 N/mm and with single distal locking cross screw fixation were 0.643 ± 142 N/mm and 0.289 ± 88 N/mm respectively. Conclusion: Single distal locking cross screw fixation provide poorer fracture stability compared to two distal locking cross screws when used to fix distal femoral metaphyseal fractures.

关键词： Femoral Nail Two Cross Screws Biomechanics Study Stability of Fracture

Trophic Interactions between Anadromous j.venile Alewife (<i>Alosa pseudoharengus</i>) and Cyanobacterial Populations in a Shallow Mesotrophic Pond

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Natural Resources 2020年第9期11卷 394-419页

作者： Nancy j. Leland Ryan A. Landon j.mes F. Haney Department of Zoology University of New Hampshire Durham NH USA Lim-Tex North Andover MA USA

Alosa pseudoharengus is an anadromous fish that migrates from marine to freshwaters to spawn. The early larval and j.venile forms are known to be planktivorous, where heavy feeding upon their preferred food source of ... 详细信息

Alosa pseudoharengus is an anadromous fish that migrates from marine to freshwaters to spawn. The early larval and juvenile forms are known to be planktivorous, where heavy feeding upon their preferred food source of large crustacean zooplankton often results in changes to composition and size structure within this trophic guild which in turn can result in shifts within the trophic spectrum and a classic trophic cascade. In this study of Lower Mill Pond, Brewster MA, we evaluated the feeding strategy of juvenile Alosa to determine whether juvenile alewife switches to feeding largely on cyanobacteria and whether cyanotoxins microcystin (MC) and β-methlyamino-L-alanine (BMAA) bioaccumulate in their muscle tissue. Within 15 - 30 days of their estimated spawning date, overexploitation of crustacean zooplankton resulted in a shift from planktivory to benthic detritivory for the majority of their life history, although this did not reduce their condition based on weight-length relationships (Log Wwt. = -5.503 + (3.101 × Log Length). Mean MC (0.003 μg

The Whole “Kitten”-Caboodle: Perceived Differences in Veterinary and General Population Opinions Regarding Cat Behavior and Health

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Open j.urnal of Veterinary Medicine 2016年第12期6卷 177-192页

作者： Courtney Bir Nicole j. Olynk Widmar Candace C. Croney Dept. of Agricultural Economics Purdue University West Lafayette USA Purdue University College of Veterinary Medicine West Lafayette USA

People’s attitudes towards animals are likely to impact their quality of care offered. Understanding perceptions of cats is important to identify potential cat welfare issues and to facilitate best care practices. An online survey was developed to gather information from 1172 U.S. residents on perceptions of cats and sources of cat welfare information. Demographic variables, information regarding respondents’ characterization, knowledge and beliefs of cats, their behavior, and welfare needs were collected. A subsample of cat owning households was surveyed regarding their opinions on cat behavior. Veterinarians were also surveyed to determine if they differed from general respondents in their views of and knowledge of cats and their care. The highest percentage of respondents in both groups identified veterinarians as the most accessible (52% veterinarian, 29% general public respondents) and most credible sources (veterinarians 76%, general public 29%) of information on cat behavior. In response to being asked about acceptable reasons to relinquish cats, more general respondents selected “convenience” (13% veterinarians, 3% general population). Several inconsistencies in perceptions and practices between and within members of the general public and veterinarians were observed. General respondents and veterinarians both indicated a lack of confidence in addressing behavioral issues in cats. Both groups disagreed that they (in the case of veterinarians) or their veterinarians provided useful resources on cat behavior or health. Opportunities exist for improvement in consistency between knowledge, attitudes and practices or services relative to cats. Improved competence and information transfer on both the behavioral and physical health aspects of cat welfare are also needed.

关键词： Cat Behavior Welfare Veterinarian Perceptions

Full Scale SBR Municipal Wastewater Treatment Facility Utilization of Simultaneous Nitrification/Denitrification Coupled with Traditional Nitrogen Removal to Meet Water Criterion

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Green and Sustainable Chemistry 2022年第2期12卷 41-56页

作者： Charlie L. Martin j.. Clayton j. Clark II City Engineer Graceville FL USA Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering Florida A&M University Tallahassee FL USA

Simultaneous nitrification denitrification (SND) is a well-established phenomenon in biological nutrient removal activated sludge systems. Study at a municipal wastewater treatment facility sought to determine nitrogen removal effectiveness within a full-scale sequential batch reactor (SBR) system utilizing SND in conj.nction with traditional nitrogen removal. In addition to characterizing extent of SND, the research examined the ability of SND to meet state-based effluent water quality standards. At the selected facility, the average SND efficiency during a two-month sampling period was 52.8%, paralleling results from similar SBR municipal wastewater systems. The observed SBR system had removal efficiencies > 99% for the influent to effluent -N concentrations. The SND process also resulted in average NO3-NO2-N concentration that was 82% lower than the theoretical concentration under comparable circumstances. Overall, nitrogen removal for this SBR system was >99% which typified results in other SND systems, but at a higher Total Nitrogen removal rate.

关键词： Nitrification Denitrification Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD) Sequential Batch Reactor Municipal Wastewater

New Discovery of Coral Rubbings in the North-Western Gulf of Kachchh, Guj.rat, Western India-GIS Based Evaluation

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j.urnal of Ocean University of China 2011年第2期10卷 153-156页

作者： j. Sesh Serebiah M. Raj.umar SUN j.n B. A. Venmathi Maran A. Saravanakumar G. A. Thivakaran Marine Studies and Coastal Resource Management Madras Christian College Tambaram Chennai 600-059 Tamil Nadu India Centre of Advanced Study in Marine Biology Annamalai University Parangipettai 608-502 Tamil Nadu India Institute of Oceanology Chinese Academy of Sciences Qingdao 266071 P. R. China Takehara Marine Science Station Graduate School of Biosphere Science Hiroshima University Minato machi 5-8-1 Takehara 725-0024 Hiroshima Japan Guj.rat Institute of Desert Ecology Bhuj - 370-001 Gujarat India

The Gulf of Kachchh in western India, with its arid climate, large semi-diurnal tidal amplitudes, negative water balance and near-pristine water quality, is being extensively developed as oil importing bases for economic reasons in connection with its proximity to the oil exporting countries of the Middle East. Besides, new coral rubbings were sighted in j.khau, north-western Gulf of Kachchh. Dredging in Mandvi of the north Gulf covering 3.5 km2 revealed a similar assortment of live corals with their associated flora and fauna. These pioneering observations demonstrate that there exist live corals of young polyps-colony of Favia sp. belonging to the family Faviidae in the north-western Gulf of Kachchh. The environmental parameters there were carefully recorded as: surface water temperature (℃) varying from 29 to 31.8, salinity (ppt), pH, dissolved oxygen (mgL-1) and total suspended solids (mgL-1) in the ranges of 37- 43.5, 7.7- 8.45, 5.4 - 6.8 and 11- 31, respectively.

关键词： corals Gulf of Kachchh water quality contour map

CORROSION MECHANISM OF SnO2-BASED INERT ANODES

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Transactions of Nonferrous Metals Society of China 1992年第4期2卷 8-13,20页

作者： Wang Huazhang Yang j.anhong Liu Yexiang Thonstad j. Central South University of Technology Changsha 410083China Norwegian Institute of Technology TrondheimNorway

According to the extent of their damage in cryolite melts,the corrosion of SnO_(2)-based inert anodes can be divided into three types,slight corrosion,m&rked corrosion and catastrophic *** conditions under which these three types take place and their mechanisms are *** work shows that depletion of oxygen containing ions in melts,high density,electrolyte penetration into the electrode and intergranular corrosion contribute greatly to marked corrosion and catastrophic corrosion and that the reduction reaction by aluminium only attacks the electrode slightly.

关键词： SnOy-based inert anodes corrosion corrosion mechanism aluminium eletrolysis

Physiopathology of parotid cell energetics

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Advances in Biological Chemistry 2013年第2期3卷 159-163页

作者： Cédric j.rysta Abdullah Sener Willy j. Malaisse Laboratory of Experimental Hormonology Université Libre de Bruxelles Brussels Belgium

Attention was recently drawn to the production of D-glucose by salivary glands and its concentration in the saliva of both normal and diabetic subj.cts. Likewise, the identity and expression of selected transporters involved in the handling of the hexose by salivary glands were recently investigated in both normal and diabetic rats. In consideration of this information, the present report aims at providing an integrated review on the physiopathology of parotid cell energetics.

关键词： D-Glucose Metabolism Rat Parotid Cells

Evaluation of Stable Isotopes of Water to Determine Rainwater Infiltration in Soils under Conservation Reserve Program

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j.urnal of Agricultural Chemistry and Environment 2016年第4期5卷 179-190页

作者： Timothy S. Goebel Robert j. Lascano Veronica Acosta-Martinez USDA-ARS Wind Erosion and Water Conservation Unit Lubbock TX USA

The Conservation Reserve Program (CRP) is a USDA program introduced in 1985 to reduce soil erosion by increasing vegetative cover of highly erodible land. Participation in the CRP is done via contracts (10 - 15 years in length) and currently the total area of land under contract is set to decline as per the 2014 Farm Bill. The Texas High Plains (THP) leads the US with >900,000 ha enrolled in CRP. A potential long- term benefit of CRP is to increase soil organic matter and to improve soil structure leading to increased water infiltration. Our obj.ctive was to evaluate the feasibility of using stable isotopes of water to measure and compare infiltration of rain in land under CRP management to land under continuous dryland cotton in the THP. For this purpose we selected two sites, with soils in the Amarillo series, enrolled in CRP, one for 25 years and the second site for 22 years. Results from several rain events showed that stable isotopes of water are a method that can be used to evaluate the depth of rainwater infiltration for soils under CRP and dryland management.

关键词： Conservation Reserve Program Rain Infiltration Stable Isotopes Dryland Cotton

Phosphate Sorption in Water by Several Cationic Polymer Flocculants

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j.urnal of Agricultural Chemistry and Environment 2016年第1期5卷 45-51页

作者： Timothy S. Goebel Robert j. Lascano Todd A. Davis Cropping Systems Research Laboratory USDA-ARS Lubbock TX USA Department of Chemistry United States Air Force Academy Colorado Springs CO USA

Although inorganic phosphate is an essential plant nutrient, elevated levels in surface waters lead to adverse effects in the environment. These effects are attributed to runoff from rain or irrigation events that may cause the sorbed phosphate to be transported from the application sites and to move into neighboring watersheds. Increased phosphate concentration in watersheds may lead to a variety of environmental problems including increased algal blooms, bacterial contamination, and in some cases eutrophication. To overcome these effects, polymer flocculants have been shown to reduce the phosphate concentration in water by removing suspended solids and thereby removing the phosphate sorbed to the solids. The purpose of this study is to determine the amount, if any, of phosphate removed by several commercial polymers. The polymers chosen include the polyacrylamides Magnifloc 494C, Magnifloc 985N and Poly (diallyldimethyl ammonium chloride) (Poly (DADMAC)). Using these polymers, it is discovered that the positive charge density of the polymers affects the amount of phosphate removed from solution with Poly (DADMAC) (having 100% positive charge density) removing 40% of the phosphate from a solution containing 10 ppm phosphate.

关键词： Polymer Flocculants Phosphate Sorption Polyacrylamides Poly (DADMAC) Smectite