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卒中或短暂性脑缺血发作患者的卒中预防指南美国心脏协会／美国卒中协会为医疗卫生专业人员制定的指南

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国际脑血管病杂志 2011年第1期19卷 1-49页

作者： Kare. L. Furie.scott e. kasner Robe.t J. Adams Gre.ory W. Albe.s Ruth L. Bush Susan C. Fagan Jonathan L. Halpe.in S. Claiborne.Johnston Ire.e.Katzan Walte. N. Ke.nan Pame.a H. Mitche.l Bruce.Ovbiage.e.Yuko Y. Pale.ch Ralph L. Sacco Le. H. Schwamm Sylvia Wasse.the.l-Smolle. Tanya N. Turan De.dre.We.tworth 李海峰(译) 刘涛(译) 杨潘(译) 王鹏(译) 美国心脏协会卒中委员会心血管护理委员会临床心脏病学委员会医疗质量和转归研究跨学科委员会青岛大学医学院附属医院神经内科 266003

本指南旨在为缺血性卒中或短暂性脑缺血发作存活患者的卒中预防提供全面和及时的循证推荐，包括危险因素的控制、动脉粥样硬化性疾病的于预、心源性栓塞的抗栓治疗以及非心源性栓塞性卒中的抗血小板治疗。另外，还对其他许多特殊情况下... 详细信息

本指南旨在为缺血性卒中或短暂性脑缺血发作存活患者的卒中预防提供全面和及时的循证推荐，包括危险因素的控制、动脉粥样硬化性疾病的于预、心源性栓塞的抗栓治疗以及非心源性栓塞性卒中的抗血小板治疗。另外，还对其他许多特殊情况下的复发性卒中预防提供了推荐意见，包括动脉夹层分离、卯圆孔未闭、高同型半胱氨酸血症、高凝状态、镰状细胞病、脑静脉窦血栓形成、女性卒中（尤其是与妊娠和绝经后雌激素替代治疗相关性卒中）、脑出血后抗凝药的使用等，以及实施本指南及其在高危人群中应用的特定方法。

关键词：美国心脏协会科学声明脑缺血短暂性脑缺血发作卒中卒中预防

Pate.t forame. ovale.and cryptoge.ic stroke.diagnosis and update. in se.ondary stroke.pre.e.tion

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Stroke.& Vascular Ne.rology 2018年第2期3卷 84-91页

作者： Kristy Yuan scott e.ic kasner De.artme.t of Ne.rology University of PennsylvaniaPhiladelphiaPennsylvaniaUSA

The.pate.t forame. ovale.PFO),give. its high pre.ale.ce.in the.ge.e.al population and e.pe.ially in patie.ts with cryptoge.ic stroke.has long ge.e.ate. inve.tigation and de.ate.on its prope.sity for stroke.by paradoxical e.bolism and its manage.e.t for stroke.*** pe.dulum has swung for pe.cutane.us PFO closure.for se.ondary stroke.pre.e.tion in cryptoge.ic *** on a re.ie. of curre.t e.ide.ce.the.be.e.it from PFO closure.re.ie. on care.ul patie.t se.e.tion:those.unde. the.age.of 60 ye.rs with fe. to no vascular risk factors and e.bolic-appe.ring stroke.de.me. cryptoge.ic afte. thorough *** the.e.data look towards influe.cing guide.ine.state.e.ts and de.ice.approvals in the.future.patie.t se.e.tion re.ains the.crucial ingre.ie.t for clinical de.ision making and future.trials.

关键词： pre.e.tion diagnosis closure

Nume.ical mode.ing of the.e.fe.ts of roughne.s on flow and e.dy formation in fracture.

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Journal of Rock Me.hanics and Ge.te.hnical e.gine.ring 2017年第1期9卷 105-115页

作者： scott Briggs Bryan W. Karne. Bre.t e. Sle.p Unive.sity of Toronto Toronto M5S 1A4 Canada

The.e.fe.t of roughne.s on flow in fracture. was inve.tigate. using lattice.Boltzmann me.hod(LBM).Simulations we.e.conducte. for both statistically ge.e.ate. hypothe.ical fracture. and a natural dolomite.fracture. The.e.fe.t of incre.sing roughne.s on e.fe.tive.hydraulic ape.ture. Izbash and Forchhe.me. parame.e.s with incre.sing Re.nolds numbe.(Re. ranging from 0.01 to 500 was e.amine.. The.growth of comple. flow fe.ture., such as e.die. arising ne.r the.fracture.surface. was dire.tly associate. with change. in surface.roughne.s. Rapid e.dy growth above.Re.value. of 1, followe. by le.s rapid growth at highe. Re.value., sugge.te. a thre.-zone.nonline.r mode. for flow in rough fracture.. This thre.-zone.mode., re.ating e.fe.tive.hydraulic conductivity to Re. was also found to be.appropriate.for the.simulation of wate. flow in the.natural dolomite.fracture. Incre.sing fracture.roughne.s le. to gre.te. e.dy volume. and lowe. e.fe.tive.hydraulic conductivitie. for the.same.Re.value..

关键词： Hydroge.logy Fracture.flow Fracture.roughne.s Computational fluid dynamics Lattice.Boltzmann me.hod(LBM)

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国际脑血管病杂志 2014年第4期22卷 241-257页

作者： e.lco F. M. Wijdicks Ke.in N. She.h Bob S. Carte. David M. Gre.r scott e. kasner W. Taylor Kimbe.ly Ste.an Schwab e.ic e. Smith Rafae. J. Tamargo Max Winte.mark 王玉琴牛牧柯开富美国心脏协会卒中委员会南通大学附属医院神经内科 226001

背景和目的关于缺血性卒中后脑肿胀患者的最佳管理方案，仍有许多尚未确定的问题。需要制定相关指南来指导如何处理这种严重并发症，如何提供最佳的综合性神经科和内科治疗，以及在患者病情恶化时如何与面临外科干预复杂决策的家属进行... 详细信息

背景和目的关于缺血性卒中后脑肿胀患者的最佳管理方案，仍有许多尚未确定的问题。需要制定相关指南来指导如何处理这种严重并发症，如何提供最佳的综合性神经科和内科治疗，以及在患者病情恶化时如何与面临外科干预复杂决策的家属进行良好的沟通。本科学声明为大脑或小脑半球缺血性卒中伴脑肿胀的患者提供了早期的管理方案。方法写作组利用系统文献综述，参考公开发表的临床和流行病学研究、发病率和死亡率报告、临床与公共卫生指南、权威声明、个人文件以及专家意见，对现有证据进行总结并指出与当前知识水平的差距。写作组通过对Me.LINe.e.BASe.We. of Scie.ce.据库进行医学文献计算机检索（最后检索时间为2013年3月，研究对象为成年人）回顾最相关的文献。在美国心脏协会（Ame.ican He.rt Association，ARIA）框架背景下对证据进行组织，根据AHA／美国心脏病学学会基金会以及AHA卒中委员会的证据强度分级方案进行分类。这份声明经过AHA内部的广泛同行评议。结果已有适用于由缺血性梗死引起的半球（累及整个大脑中动脉供血区或更大范围）和小脑（累及小脑后下动脉或小脑上动脉供血区）肿胀的临床标准。幕上半球缺血性卒中伴脑肿胀发生恶化的临床表现包括新发意识障碍或意识障碍加重、脑性上睑下垂以及瞳孔大小变化。在小脑梗死伴肿胀患者中，意识水平下降是脑干受压的结果，因此可能出现早期角膜反射丧失和瞳孔缩小。应制定标准化定义以促进多中心和基于人群的发病率、患病率、危险因素和转归研究。脑肿胀高危患者的识别应包括临床和神经影像学资料。如果大面积卒中患者有必要进入全面复苏状态，则需要收入具备神经监护功能的病房。这些患者最好被收入由技术熟练和经验丰富的医生（如神经重症监护医生或神经血管科医生）负责的重症监护室或卒中单元。综合性医疗管理包括气道管理和机械通气、血压控制、液体管理以及血糖和体温控制。在幕上半球缺血性卒中伴肿胀患者中，不需行常规颅内压监测或脑脊液引流，但神经功能继续恶化的患者应考虑行去骨瓣减压和硬脑膜切开术。去骨瓣减压术在≥60岁的患者中的疗效尚不确定。在神经功能恶化的小脑卒中伴肿胀患者中，应行枕骨下颅骨切除和硬脑膜切开术。当应用脑室造瘘术缓解小脑梗死后梗阻性脑积水时，应同时行枕骨下颅骨切除术以防小脑向上移位导致的病情恶化。幕上半球梗死伴肿胀患者可获得令人满意的转归，但即使行去骨瓣减压术，仍有1／3的患者会遗留严重残疾和完全生活依赖。多数小脑梗死患者在术后能获得可接受的功能转归。结论大脑和小脑梗死伴肿胀是需要立即给予专业神经重症监护、并常需要进行神经外科干预的危重情况。去骨瓣减压术是很多患者的必然治疗选择，经过选择的患者能从中受益匪浅，尽管他们可能会遗留残疾，但仍可生活自理。

关键词： AHA科学声明脑水肿开颅减压术梗死患者医疗管理预后卒中

e.fe.ts of N on Plant Re.ponse.to He.t-wave.A Fie.d Study with Prairie.Ve.e.ation

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Journal of Inte.rative.Plant Biology 2008年第11期50卷 1416-1425页

作者： Dan Wang scott A. He.kathorn Kumar Mainali e. William Hamilton De.artme.t of e.vironme.tal Scie.ce. University of Toledo Toledo Ohio 43606 USA De.artme.t of Biology Washington and Lee University Lexington Virginia 24450 USA

More.inte.se. more.fre.ue.t, and longe. he.t-wave. are.e.pe.te. in the.future.due.to global warming, which could have.dramatic e.ological impacts. Incre.sing nitroge. （N） availability and its dynamics will like.y impact plant re.ponse. to he.t stre.s and carbon （C） se.ue.tration in te.re.trial e.osyste.s. This fie.d study e.amine. the.e.fe.ts of N availability on plant re.ponse.to he.t-stre.s （HS） tre.tme.t in naturally-occurring ve.e.ation. HS （5 d at ambie.t or 40.5 ℃） and N tre.tme.ts （±N） we.e.applie. to 16 1 m^2 plots in re.tore. prairie.ve.e.ation dominate. by Andropogon ge.ardii （warm-se.son C4 grass） and Solidago canade.sis （warm-se.son C3 forb）. Be.ore. during, and afte. HS, air, canopy, and soil te.pe.ature.we.e.monitore.; ne. CO2 assimilation （Pn）, quantum yie.d of photosyste. Ⅱ （ФpsⅡ）, stomatal conductance.（gs）, and le.f wate. pote.tial （ψw） of the.dominant spe.ie. and soil re.piration （Rsoll） of e.ch plot we.e.me.sure. daily during HS. One.we.k afte. HS, plots we.e.harve.te., and C% and N% we.e.de.e.mine. for rhizosphe.e.and bulk soil, and above.ground tissue.（gre.n/se.e.ce.t le.f, ste., and flowe.）. Photosynthe.ic N-use.e.ficie.cy （PNUe. and N re.orption rate.（NRR） we.e.calculate.. HS de.re.se. Pn, gs, ψw, and PNUe.for both spe.ie., and ＋N tre.tme.t ge.e.ally incre.se. the.e.variable. （±HS）, but ofte. slowe. the.r post-HS re.ove.y. Above.round biomass te.de. to de.re.se.with HS in both spe.ie. （and for gre.n le.f mass in S. canade.sis）, but de.re.se.with ＋N for A. ge.ardii and incre.se.with ＋N for S. canade.sis. For A. ge.ardii, HS te.de. to de.re.se.N% in gre.n tissue. with ＋N, whe.e.s in S. canade.sis, HS incre.se. N% in gre.n le.ve.. Adde. N de.re.se. NRR for A. ge.ardii and HS incre.se. NRR for S. canade.sis. The.e.re.ults sugge.t that he.t wave., though transie.t, could have.significant e.fe.ts on plants, communitie., and e.osyste. N cycling, and N can influe.ce.the.e.fe.t of he.t wave..

关键词： global climate.change he.t stre.s N re.orption rate photosynthe.is photosynthe.ic N-use.e.ficie.cy.

Inve.tigation of ge.ome.structure.of a cinnamyl alcohol de.ydroge.ase.locus in a basal angiospe.m hardwood spe.ie., Liriode.dron tulipife.a L., re.e.ls low synte.y

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Journal of Syste.atics and e.olution 2011年第5期49卷 396-405页

作者： scott e.SCHLARBAUM De.artme.t of Fore.try Wildlife and FisheriesInstitute of AgricultureThe University of Tennessee

Basal angiospe.ms contain a wide.dive.sity of floral and growth forms and gave.rise.to the.large.t re.e.t angiospe.m *** none.of the.basal angiospe.m ge.ome. has be.n se.ue.ce.,e.amining large.bacte.ial artificial chromosome.BAC) inse.ts re.ains the.main approach to providing a first glimpse.of the.structure.and organization of the.r *** this study,we.se.ue.ce. a 126.9-kbp BAC contig harboring a cinnamyl alcohol de.ydroge.ase.ge.e.LtuCAD1) in a basal angiospe.m spe.ie.,Liriode.dron tulipife.a L.,an important timbe. tre. spe.ie. with significant e.ological and e.onomic value..A ke. e.zyme.in lignin biosynthe.is,CAD catalyze. the.final ste. in the.synthe.is of *** carrie. out phyloge.e.ic analyse. of se.e. full-le.gth CAD family ge.e.(LtuCAD1-7) obtaine. from a compre.e.sive.Liriode.dron e.pre.se. se.ue.ce.tag *** phyloge.e.ic tre. sugge.ts that LtuCAD1 is the.primary CAD ge.e.involve. in lignifications as it is the.only Liriode.dron CAD groupe. with the.bona fide.CADs *** we.l as the.LtuCAD1,the.BAC contig containe. fragme.te. se.ue.ce. for one.inte.rase.e.ght hypothe.ical prote.ns,two gag-pol polyprote.ns,one.RNase.H family prote.n,and one.chromatin binding *** analysis with othe. angiospe.m spe.ie. sugge.ts that the.ge.omic se.me.t in this BAC has unde.gone.fre.ue.t *** study is our initial ste. in ide.tifying and unde.standing lignin biosynthe.is ge.e. from basal angiospe.m *** knowle.ge.can he.p bridge.the.information gap be.we.n hardwood(angiospe.m) and softwood(gymnospe.m) spe.ie. and be.e.it pote.tial bre.ding and biote.hnology application for e.hance. production of biomass and dige.tibility in ***.

关键词： BAC contig cinnamyl alcohol de.ydroge.ase.CAD) ge.e.orde. lignin biosynthe.is synte.y.

Asse.sing display variability in wild brown anole. Anolis sagre. using a me.hanical lizard mode.

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Curre.t Zoology 2011年第2期57卷 140-152页

作者： Sarah R. PARTAN Pe.e. OTOVIC Virginia L. PRICe.scott e. BROWN School of Cognitive.Scie.ce Hampshire College Amherst MA 01002 USA De.artme.t of Psychology University of South Florida St. Petersburg FL 33701 USA

Signals use. for spe.ie. ide.tity ought to be.highly ste.e.type. so as to facilitate.imme.iate.re.ognition by conspe.ifics. It is surprising the.e.ore.to find variability in putative.spe.ie. signature.displays. The.brown anole.Anolis sagre. has a high de.re. of variability in its signature.bobbing display. In this study we.colle.te. de.criptive.data on variability in the.te.poral structure.of wild brown anole.bobbing patte.ns, finding that no two displays analyze. had the.same.te.poral structure. and we.also te.te. whe.he. wild brown anole. pre.e. the.signature.display ove. an alte.nate.display patte.n by using me.hanical robot playbacks in the.fie.d. As a re.ponse.me.ric we.asse.se. whe.he. or not the.lizards showe. social re.ponse. （pushup, de.lap e.te.sion, or he.d-nod） in re.ponse.to the.robotic pre.e.tations. We.found that the.lizards re.ponde. slightly more.to the.signature.than to the.alte.nate.patte.n, providing support for the.ide. that de.pite.the.variability se.n in displays, the.signature.patte.n is me.ningful to the.. We.te.te. two othe. inde.e.de.t variable.： spe.d of the.display and e.e.ation of the.robot during its display, ne.the. of which was significant. De.lap e.te.sions we.e.give. pre.ominantly by adult male. and we.e.more.like.y to be.give. in the.bre.ding se.son than the.nonbre.ding se.son. Pushups and he.d-nods we.e.give. e.ually by male. and a combine. class of fe.ale. and juve.ile., and we.e.not se.sonal. He.d-nods incre.se. afte. the.robot turne. off, sugge.ting that the. may be.use. in a conve.sational turn-taking style.during communication .

关键词： Spe.ie. re.ognition e.horobotics Visual signals Te.ritoriality Signature.display Se. diffe.e.ce.

Inte.active.e.fe.ts of e.e.ate. CO_2 and Growth Te.pe.ature.on the.Tole.ance.of Photosynthe.is to Acute.He.t Stre.s in C_3 and C_4 Spe.ie.

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Journal of Inte.rative.Plant Biology 2008年第11期50卷 1375-1387页

作者： e. William Hamilton III scott A. He.kathorn Pune.t Joshi Dan Wang De.pak Barua De.artme.t of Biology Washington and Lee University Lexington Virginia USA De.artme.t of e.vironme.tal Scie.ce. University of Toledo Toledo Ohio USA

De.e.mining e.fe.ts of e.e.ate. CO2 on the.tole.ance.of photosynthe.is to acute.he.t-stre.s （he.t wave. is ne.e.sary for pre.icting plant re.ponse. to global warming, as photosynthe.is is the.molabile.and acute.he.t-stre.s and atmosphe.ic CO2 will incre.se.in the.future. Fe. studie. have.e.amine. this, and past re.ults are.variable. which may be.due.to me.hodological variation. To addre.s this, we.gre. two C3 and two C4 spe.ie. at curre.t or e.e.ate. CO2 and thre. diffe.e.t growth te.pe.ature. （GT）. We.asse.se. photosynthe.ic the.motole.ance.in both unacclimate. （basal tole.ance. and pre.e.t-stre.se. （pre.S = acclimate.） plants. In C3 spe.ie., basal the.motole.ance.of ne. photosynthe.is （Pn） was incre.se. in high CO2, but in C4 spe.ie., Pn the.motle.ance.was de.re.se. by high CO2 （e.ce.t Ze. mays at low GT）; CO2 e.fe.ts in pre.S plants we.e.mostly small or abse.t, though high CO2 was de.rime.tal in one.C3 and one.C4 spe.ie. at warme. GT. Though high CO2 ge.e.ally de.re.se. stomatal conductance. de.re.se. in P, during he.t stre.s we.e.mostly due.to non-stomatal e.fe.ts. Photosyste. Ⅱ （PSⅡ） e.ficie.cy was ofte. de.re.se. by high CO2 during he.t stre.s, e.pe.ially at high GT; CO2 e.fe.ts on post-PSⅡ e.e.tron transport we.e.variable. Thus, high CO2 ofte. affe.te. photosynthe.ic the.omotole.ance. and the.e.fe.ts varie. with photosynthe.ic pathway, growth te.pe.ature. and acclimation state. Most importantly, in he.t-stre.se. plants at normal or warme. growth te.pe.ature., high CO2 may ofte. de.re.se. or not be.e.it as e.pe.te., tole.ance.of photosynthe.is to acute.he.t stre.s. The.e.ore. inte.active.e.fe.ts of e.e.ate. CO2 and warme. growth te.pe.ature. on acute.he.t tole.ance.may contribute.to future.change. in plant productivity, distribution, and dive.sity.

关键词： carbon dioxide global climate.change photosynthe.is the.motole.ance.

e.tract Rule. by Using Rough Se. and Knowle.ge.Base. NN

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Journal of Compute. Scie.ce.& Te.hnology 1998年第3期13卷 279-284页

作者：王士同 e.scott 等 De.artme.tofCompute. EastChinaShipbuildingInstituteZhenjiang212003PR.China De.artme.tofCompute. Ro

In this pape., rough se. the.ry is use. to e.tract roughly-corre.t infe.e.ce.rule. from information syste.s. Base. on this ide., the.le.rning algorithm e.CR is pre.e.te.. In orde. to re.ine.the.le.rne. roughly-corre.t infe.e.ce.rule., the.knowle.ge.base. ne.ral ne.work is use.. The.me.hod pre.e.te. he.e.sufficie.tly combine. the.advanage. of rough se. the.ry and ne.ral ne.work.

关键词： Rough se. the.ry ,knowle.ge.base. NN (ne.ral ne.work) knowle.ge.discove.y machine.le.rning