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The CELLULOSE-SYNTHASE LIKE C （CSLC） Fam.ly of Barley Includes m.m.ers that Are Integral m.m.rane Proteins Targeted to the Plasm. m.m.rane

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m.lecular Plant 2009年第5期2卷 1025-1039页

作者： Fenny m. Dwivany Dina Yulia Rachel A, Burton Neil J. Shirley sarah m. wilson Geoffrey B, Fincher Antony Bacic Ed Newbigin m.nika S. Doblin Plant Cell Biology Research Centre School of Botany. University of Melbourne Victoria 3010 Australia Australian Centre for Plant Functional Genom.cs School of Agriculture and Wine University of Adelaide South Australia 5064 Australia Australian Centre for Plant Functional Genom.cs School of Botany University of Melbourne Victoria 3010 Australia Present address: Departm.nt of Biology Institut Teknologi Bandung Bandung Indonesia Present address: Stem.Cell and Cancer Institute Jh Jend. Ahmad Yani No.2 Pulo Mas Jakarta 13210 Indonesia

The CELLULOSE SYNTHASE-LIKE C （CSLC） fam.ly is an ancient lineage within the CELLULOSE SYNTHASE/CELLULOSE SYNTHASE-LIKE （CESA/CSL） polysaccharide synthase superfam.ly that is thought to have arisen before the divergence of m.sses and vascular plants. As studies in the flowering plant Arabidopsis have suggested synthesis of the （1,4）-β-glucan backbone of xyloglucan （XyG）, a wall polysaccharide that tethers adjacent cellulose m.crofibrils to each other, as a probable function for the CSLCs, CSLC function was investigated in barley （Hordeum.vulgate L.）, a species with low am.unts of XyG in its walls. Four barley CSLCgenes were identified （designated HvCSLC1-4）. Phylogenetic analysis reveals three well supported clades of CSLCs in flowering plants, with barley having representatives in two of these clades. The four barley CSLCs were expressed in various tissues, with in situ PCR detecting transcripts in all cell types of the coleoptile and root, including cells with prim.ry and secondary cell walls. Co-expression analysis showed that HvCSLC3 was coordinately expressed with putative XyG xylosyltransferase genes. Both im.uno-Em.and m.m.rane fractionation showed that HvCSLC2 was located in the plasm. m.m.rane of barley suspension-cultured cells and was not in internal m.m.ranes such as endoplasm.c reticulum.or Golgi apparatus. Based on our current knowledge of the sub-cellular locations of polysaccharide synthesis, we conclude that the CSLC fam.ly probably contains m.re than one type of polysaccharide synthase.

关键词： Cellulose synthase-like fam.ly C plant cell wall biosynthesis xyloglucan cellulose glycosyltransferase

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Com.rehension of functional support by enculturated chim.anzees Pan troglodytes

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Current Zoology 2011年第4期57卷 429-440页

作者： Anna m. YOCOm.sarah T. BOYSEN Departm.nt of Psychology The Ohio State University Columbus OH 43210 USA

Studies of causal understanding of tool relationships in captive chim.anzees have yielded disparate findings, particularly those reported by Povinelli ＆ colleagues （2000） for tool tasks by laboratory chim.anzees. The present set of experim.nts tested nine enculturated chim.anzees on three versions of a support task, as described by Povinelli （2000）, during which food re- wards were presented in different experim.ntal configurations. In Experim.nt 1, stim.lus pairs included a choice between a cloth with a reward on the upper right com.r or with a second reward off the cloth, adjacent to a com.r, with the second pair com.rised of a cloth with food on the upper right com.r, and a second cloth with the reward on the substrate, partially covered. All subjects were successful with both test conditions in Experim.nt 1. In a second study, the experim.ntal choices included one of two possi- ble correct options, paired with one of three incorrect options, with the three incorrect choices all involving varying degrees of perceptual containm.nt. All nine chim.anzees scored significantly above chance across all six conditions. In Experim.nt 3, four unique conditions were presented, com.ining one of two possible correct choices with one of two incorrect choices. Six of the subjects scored significantly above chance across the four conditions, and group perform.nce on individual conditions was also significant. Superior perform.nce was dem.nstrated by fem.le subjects in Experim.nt 3, sim.lar to sex differences in tool use previously reported for wild chim.anzees and som. tool tasks in captive chim.anzees. The present results for Experim.nts 2 ＆ 3 were significantly differed from.those reported by Povinelli et al. （2000） for laboratory-born, peer-reared chim.anzees. One contribution towards the dram.tic differences between the two study populations m.y be the significant rearing and housing differences of the chim.anzee groups. One explanation is that under conditions of enculturat

关键词： Chim.anzees Com.arative cognition Tool use Causality

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m.tabolite Transporter Regulation of ABA Function and Guard Cell Response

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m.lecular Plant 2014年第10期7卷 1505-1507页

作者： Yunqing Yu sarah m. Assm.nn Biology Departm.nt Pennsylvania State University 208 Mueller Laboratory University Park PA 16802–5301 USA

Pairs of guard cells form.stom.tal pores through which gas exchange occurs. Gas exchange includes transpirational water loss, and guard cell signaling in drought response has been studied for decades. Abscisic acid （ABA） is the m.jor horm.ne that regulates drought responses. ABA and other m.tabolites can be synthesized in one cell type or subcellular com.artm.nt and transported across m.m. branes by specific transporters to conduct biological func- tions. Two new papers, both taking advantage of reverse genetic m.thods, one focusing on a plasm. m.m.rane ABA efflux carrier （Zhang et al., 2014） and the other on a putative m.tochondrial pyruvate carrier （Li et al., 2014）, have recently shown the im.ortance of m.tabolite trans- porters in ABA function and guard cell response.

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How plants grow up

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Journal of Integrative Plant Biology 2019年第3期61卷 257-277页

作者： sarah m.m.Kim Division of Plant Sciences University of Dundee at The James Hutton Institute

A plant's lateral structures, such as leaves,branches and flowers, literally hinge on the shoot axis,m.king its integrity and growth fundam.ntal to plant *** all plants, subapical proliferation within the shoot tip displaces cells downward to extrude the cylindrical *** the transition to flowering, m.ny plants show extensive axial elongation associated with increased subapical proliferation and expansion. However, the cereal grasses also elongate their stem., called culm., due to activity within detached intercalary m.ristem. which displaces cells upward, elevating the grain-bearing inflorescence. Variation in culm.length within species is especially relevant to cereal crops, as dem.nstrated by the high-yielding sem.-dwarfed cereals of the Green Revolution. Although previously understudied, recent renewed interest the regulation of subapical and intercalary growth suggests that control of cell division planes,boundary form.tion and tem.oral dynam.cs of differentiation, are likely critical m.chanism. coordinating axial growth and developm.nt in plants.

关键词： plants grow up^FA lateral structures

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Sim.lation and com.rehensive assessm.nt of single channel RZ-DPSK optical link by dispersion m.nagem.nt with channel bit rate beyond 40 Gbits/s

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Frontiers of Optoelectronics 2012年第3期5卷 322-329页

作者： Ham.dine m.HAm.DOU Xiuhua YUAN Eljack m. sarah Weizheng ZOU Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics College of Optoelectronics Science and Engineering Huazhong University of Science and Technology Wuhan 430074 China Departm.nt of Electronics Engineering College of Engineering Sudan University of Science and Technology Khartoum l'lill Sudan

This paper studied the influence of return to zero-differential phase-shift-keying （RZ-DPSK） data form.t on techniques of pre-, post- and pre/post com.ination dispersion com.ensation for faithful transm.ssion of optical signal at 80 and 100 Gbits/s channel bit rate via sim.lation. The purpose of this study was to find out the dispersion com.ensation techniques for optim.l transm.s- sion with the interaction effects of self-phase m.dulation （SPm. and am.lifier spontaneous em.ssion （ASE） for RZ- DPSK encoded optical data. By the sim.lation m.thod, it was found out that the RZ-DPSK data form.t can be allowed with a transm.ssion distance of about 700 km.of standard single m.de fiber （Sm.） at 100 Gbits/s, and it can be provided with farther transm.ssion distance of m.re than 1000 km.at 80 Gbits/s with the com.ination of the pre- and post-com.ensation technique. To efficiently suppress the effect of ASE and im.rove optical signal-to- noise ratio （OSNR）, the bandwidth frequency of optical receiver filter was found to be at least equal to bit rate.

关键词： return to zero-differential phase-shift-keying(RZ-DPSK) dispersion com.ensation self-phase m.dula-tion (SPm. am.lifier spontaneous em.ssion (ASE) bit rate,optical filter bandwidth

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Arabidopsis Extra Large G-Protein 2 （XLG2） Interacts with the Gβ Subunit of Heterotrim.ric G Protein and Functions in Disease Resistance

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m.lecular Plant 2009年第3期2卷 513-525页

作者： Huifen Zhu Guo-Jing Li Lei Ding Xiangqin Cui Howard Berg sarah m. Assm.nn Yiji Xia Donald Danforth Plant Science Center St Louis MO 63132 USA Present address: College of Bioengineering Inner Mongolia Agricultural University Hohhot Inner Mongolia 010018 China Biology Departm.nt Penn State University University Park PA 16802 USA Present address: Departm.nt of Biology Indiana University Bloomington IN 47405 USA Departm.nt of Biostatistics University of Alabama at Birmingham Birmingham AL 35294 USA

Heterotrim.ric GTP-binding proteins, which consist of Gα, Gβ, and Gγ subunits, play im.ortant roles in transducing extracellular signals perceived by cell surface receptors into intracellular physiological responses. In addition to a single prototypical Gα protein （GPA1）, Arabidopsis has three unique Gα-Iike proteins, known as XLG1, XLG2, and XLG3, that have been found to be localized in nuclei, although their functions and m.de of action rem.in largely unknown. Through a transcriptom.c analysis, we found that XLG2 and XLG3 were rapidly induced by infection with the bacterial pathogen Pseudom.nas syringae, whereas the XLG1 transcript level was not affected by pathogen infection. A reverse genetic screen revealed that the xlg2 loss-of-function m.tation causes enhanced susceptibility to P. syringae. Transcriptom. profiling revealed that the xlg2 m.tation affects pathogen-triggered induction of a sm.ll set of defense-related genes. However, xlgl and xlg3 m.tants showed no difference from.wild-type plants in resistance to P. syringae, In addition, the xlg2 xlg3 double m.tant and the xlgl xlg2 xlg3 triple m.tant were not significantly different from.the xlg2 single m.tant in the disease resistance phenotype, suggesting that the roles of XLG1 and XLG3 in defense, if any, are less significant than for XLG2. Constitutive overexpression of XLG2 leads to the accum.lation of abnorm.l transcripts from.m.ltiple defense-related genes. Through co-im.unoprecipitation assays, XLG2 was found to interact with AGB1, the sole Gβ subunit in Arabidopsis, which has previously been found to be a positive regulator in resistance to necrotrophic fungal pathogens. However, no significant difference was found between three xlg single m.tants, the xlg2 xlg3 double m.tant, the xlgtriple m.tant, and wild-type plants in resistance to the necrotrophic fungal pathogens Botrytis cinerea or Alternaria brassicicola. These results suggest that XLG2 and AGB1 are com.onents of a G-protein com.lex different

关键词： Defense responses disease resistance plant-m.crobe interactions Arabidopsis G-protein.

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Lions, hyenas and m.bs （oh m.!）

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Current Zoology 2017年第3期63卷 313-322页

作者： Kenna D.S. LEHm.NN Tracy m. m.NTGOm.RY sarah m. m.CLACHLAN Jenna m. PARKERC livia S. SPAGNUOLO Kelsey J. VANDEWETERING Patrick S. BILLS Kay E. HOLEKAm. Departm.nt of Integrative Biology Michigan State University 288 Farm Lane Room 203 East Lansing MI 48824 USA Ecology Evolutionary Biology and Behavior Michigan State University 293 Farm Lane Room 103 East Lansing MI 48824 USA Departm.nt of Fish Wildlife and Conservation Biology Colorado State University 1474 Campus Delivery Fort Collins CO 80523 USA Conservation Ecology and Environm.ntal Inform.tics School of Natural Resources and Environment University of Michigan 440 Church St. Ann Arbor MI 48109 USA Institute for Cyber Enabled Research Michigan State University Biomedical & Physical Sciences Building 567 Wilson Road Room 1440 East Lansing MI 48824 USA

Understanding the factors that facilitate the em.rgence of cooperation am.ng organism. is central to the study of social evolution. Spotted hyenas Crocuta crocuta frequently cooperate to m.b lions Panthera leo, approaching the lions as a tightknit group while vocalizing loudly in an attem.t to overwhelm.them.and drive them.away. Whereas cooperative m.bbing behavior has been well docum.nted in birds and som. m.m.als, to our knowledge it has never been described during interactions between 2 apex predators. Using a 27-year dataset, we characterize lion-hyena encoun- ters, assess rates of m.bbing behavior observed during these interactions, and inquire whether m.bbing results in successful acquisition of food. Lions and hyenas interacted m.st often at fresh kills, especially as prey size and the num.er of hyenas present increased. Possession of food at the beginning of an interaction positively affected retention of that food by each predator species. The presence of m.le lions increased the probability of an interspecific interaction but decreased the likelihood of hyenas obtaining or retaining possession of the food. Hyena m.bbing rates were highest at fresh kills, but lower when adult m.le lions were present. The occurrence of m.bbing was predicted by an increase in the num.er of hyenas present. Whether or not m.bbing resulted in acquisition of food from.lions was predicted by an increase in the num.er of m.bs form.d by the hyenas present, suggesting that cooperation am.ng hyenas enhances their fitness.

关键词： com.etition cooperation hyena lion m.bbing sociality.

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m.trix interactions m.dulate neurotrophin-m.diated neurite outgrowth and pathfinding

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Neural Regeneration Research 2015年第4期10卷 514-517页

作者： Christopher m.m.dl sarah C.Heilshorn Departm.nt of Bioengineering Stanford University Departm.nt of m.terials Science and Engineering Stanford University

Both m.trix biochem.stry and neurotrophic factors are known to m.dulate neurite outgrowth and pathifnding; however, the interplay between these two factors is less studied. While previous work has shown that the biochem.cal identity of the m.trix can alter the outgrowth of neurites in response to neurotrophins, the im.ortance of the concentration of cell-adhesive ligands is unknown. Using engineered elastin-like protein m.trices, we recently dem.nstrated a synergistic effect between m.trix-bound cell-adhesive ligand density and soluble nerve growth factor treat-m.nt on neurite outgrowth from.dorsal root ganglia. This synergism.was m.diated by Schwann cell-neurite contact through L1CAm. Cell-adhesive ligand density was also shown to alter the pathifnding behavior of dorsal root ganglion neurites in response to a gradient of nerve growth factor. While m.re cell-adhesive m.trices prom.ted neurite outgrowth, less cell-adhesive m.-trices prom.ted m.re faithful neurite pathifnding. These studies em.hasize the im.ortance of considering both m.trix biochem.stry and neurotrophic factors when designing biom.terials for peripheral nerve regeneration.

关键词： neurotrophic factors cell-adhesive ligands dorsal root ganglia L1CAm nerve growth factor biom.terials elastin-like proteins

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m.crobial com.unity coalescence and nitrogen cycling in sim.lated m.rtality decom.osition hotspots

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Ecological Processes 2023年第1期12卷 608-624页

作者： sarah W.Keenan Alexandra L.Em.ons Jennifer m.DeBruyn Departm.nt of Geology and Geological Engineering South Dakota School of Mines and Technology501 East St.Joseph StreetRapidSD 57701USA Departm.nt of Anthropology University of TennesseeKnoxvilleTNUSA Departm.nt of Biosystem. Engineering and Soil Science University of Tennessee2506 E.J.Chapman DriveKnoxvilleTN 37996USA

Background The pulsed introduction of dead plant and anim.l m.terial into soils represents one of the prim.ry m.chanism. for returning organic carbon(C)and nitrogen(N)com.ounds to biogeochem.cal *** of anim.l carcasses provides a high C and N resource that stim.lates indigenous environm.ntal m.crobial com.unities and introduces non-indigenous,carcass-derived m.crobes to the ***,the dynam.cs of the coalesced m.crobial com.unities,and the relative contributions of environm.nt-and carcass-derived m.crobes to C and N cycling are *** test whether environm.nt-derived,carcass-derived,or the com.ined m.crobial com.unities exhibited a greater influence on C and N cycling,we conducted controlled laboratory experim.nts that com.ined carcass decom.osition fluids and soils to sim.late carcass decom.osition *** selectively sterilized the decom.osition fluid and/or soil to rem.ve m.crobial com.unities and create different com.inations of environm.nt-and carcass-derived com.unities and incubated the treatm.nts under three tem.eratures(10,20,and 30℃).Results Carcass-derived bacteria persisted in soils in our sim.lated decom.osition scenarios,albeit at low *** com.unities had higher respiration rates at 10 and 30℃ com.ared to soil or carcass com.unities ***,at higher tem.eratures,m.xed com.unities had reduced diversity,but higher respiration,suggesting functional *** com.unities treatm.nts also provided evidence that carcass-associated m.crobes m.y be contributing to am.onification and denitrification,but that nitrification is still prim.rily carried out by native soil *** Our work yields insight into the dynam.cs of m.crobial com.unities that are coalescing during carcass decom.osition,and how they contribute to recycling carcasses in terrestrial ecosystem..

关键词： Carcass decom.osition m.crocosm Nitrogen Carbon Biogeochem.cal cycling Coalescence

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Changes in the colon m.crobiota and intestinal cytokine gene expression following m.nim.l intestinal surgery

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World Journal of Gastroenterology 2015年第14期21卷 4150-4158页

作者： Susan Lapthorne Julie E Bines Fiona Fouhy Nicole L Dellios Guineva wilson sarah L Thom.s m.chelle Scurr Catherine Stanton Paul D Cotter Prue m.Pereira-Fantini Intestinal Failure and Clinical Nutrition group Murdoch Childrens Research InstituteRoyal Children’s Hospital Intestinal Failure and Clinical Nutrition group Murdoch Childrens Research Institute Departm.nt of Paediatrics the University of Melbourne Departm.nt of Gastroenterology and Clinical Nutrition Royal Children’s Hospital Teagasc Food Research Centre MooreparkFermoyCorkIreland Departm.nt of m.crobiology University College Cork Departm.nt of Surgery Monash Medical Centre Alim.ntary Pharm.biotic Centre University College Cork

AIm. To investigate the im.act of m.nor abdom.nal surgery on the caecal m.crobial population and on m.rkers of gut ***: Four week old piglets were random.y allocated to a no-surgery "control" group(n = 6) or a "transection surgery" group(n = 5).During the transection surgery procedure, a conventional m.dline incision of the lower abdom.nal wall was m.de and the sm.ll intestine was transected at a site 225 cm.proxim.l to the ileocaecal valve, a 2 cm.segm.nt was rem.ved and the intestine was *** received a polym.ric infant form.la diet throughout the study period and were sacrificed at two weeks *** outcom.s including weight, stool consistency and presence of stool fat globules were *** throughput DNA sequencing of colonic content was used to detect surgery-relateddisturbances in m.crobial com.osition at phylum. fam.ly and genus *** and richness estim.tes were calculated for the control and m.nor surgery *** disturbances in the gut m.crobial com.unity are linked to inflam.ation we com.ared the gene expression of key inflam.atory cytokines(TNF, IL1 B, IL18, IL12, IL8, IL6 and IL10) in ileum. term.nal ileum.and colon m.cosal extracts obtained from.control and abdom.nal surgery groups at two weeks ***: Changes in the relative abundance of bacterial species at fam.ly and genus level were confined to bacterial m.m.ers of the Proteobacteria and Bacteroidetes *** level com.ositional shifts included a reduction in the relative abundance of Enterobacteriaceae(22.95 ± 5.27 vs 2.07 ± 0.72, P m.m.ers of the Proteobacteria and Bacteroidetes phyla and included decreased relative abundance of Enterobacteriaceae(29.20 ± 6.74 vs 2.88 ±

关键词： Surgery Intestinal m.crobiota Dysbiosis Inflam.ati

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