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A history of high-power laser research and development in the United Kingdom

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High Power Laser science and Engineering 2021年第2期9卷 41-126页

作者： Colin N.Danson Malcolm White John R.M.Barr Thomas Bett Peter Blyth David Bowley Ceri Brenner Robert J.Collins Neal Croxford A.E.Bucker Dangor Laurence Devereux Peter E.Dyer Anthony Dymoke-Bradshaw Christopher B.Edwards Paul Ewart Allister I.Ferguson John M.Girkin Denis R.Hall David C.Hanna Wayne Harris David I.Hillier Christopher J.Hooker simon M.Hooker Nicholas Hopps Janet Hull David Hunt Dino A.Jaroszynski mark Kempenaars Helmut Kessler sir Peter L.Knight steve Knight Adrian Knowles Ciaran L.s.Lewis Ken s.Lipton Abby Littlechild John Littlechild Peter Maggs Graeme P.A.Malcolm OBE stuart P.D.Mangles William Martin Paul McKenna Richard O.Moore Clive Morrison Zulfikar Najmudin David Neely Geoff H.C.New Michael J.Norman Ted Paine Anthony W.Parker Rory R.Penman Geoff J.Pert Chris Pietraszewski Andrew Randewich Nadeem H.Rizvi Nigel seddon MBE Zheng-Ming sheng David slater Roland A.smith Christopher spindloe Roy Taylor Gary Thomas John W.G.Tisch Justin s.Wark Colin Webb s.mark wiggins Dave Willford Trevor Winstone AWE Aldermaston ReadingUK Oxford Centre for High Energy Density science Department of PhysicsClarendon LaboratoryUniversity of OxfordOxfordUK Centre for Intertial Fusion studies Blackett LaboratoryImperial College LondonLondonUK Formerly of Electrox LetchworthUK Formerly of Central Laser Facility Rutherford LaboratoryDidcotUK Formerly of Ferranti Defence systems LincolnUK Leonardo EdinburghUK Retired AWEReadingUK Formerly of AWE ReadingUK Formerly of Laser Lines Ltd BanburyUK Formerly of Optilas Ltd Milton KeynesUK Retired Pro-Lite TechnologyCranfieldUK specialised Imaging Ltd PitstoneUK Central Laser Facility STFC Rutherford Appleton LaboratoryDidcotUK Magna-Power Electronics Ltd ReadingUK DeBe Lasers Needham Laser TechnologiesWhitchurchUK Blackett Laboratory Imperial College LondonLondonUK sPIE Europe CardiffUK Professor Emeritus(Physics) University of HullKingston upon HullUK Kentech Instruments Ltd WallingfordUK Department of Physics Clarendon LaboratoryUniversity of OxfordOxfordUK Professor Emeritus Department of PhysicsUniversity of StrathclydeGlasgowUK Department of Physics Durham UniversityDurhamUK Professor Emeritus(Photonics) Heriot-Watt UniversityEdinburghUK Professor Emeritus University of SouthamptonSouthamptonUK Optical surfaces Ltd KenleyUK JEH Lasers Ltd RugbyUK scottish Universities Physics Alliance Department of PhysicsUniversity of StrathclydeGlasgowUK ITER Organization Saint-Paul-lez-DuranceFrance Manx Precision Optics Ltd BallasallaUK Laser Lines Ltd BanburyUK Elliot scientific Ltd MetroTest Scientific GroupHarpendenUK Centre for Plasma Physics Queen’s University BelfastBelfastUK Retired Founderand former MDRofin-Sinar UK LtdHullUK Heraeus Noblelight Ltd CambridgeUK Mirli Books ChelmsfordUK M squared Lasers Ltd GlasgowUK University of Hertfordshire HatfieldUK E&EO UK Ltd Barton-upon-HumberUK Department of Physics University of YorkYorkUK IC Optical systems Ltd BeckenhamUK Laser Micromachining Ltd St AsaphUK MBDA UK Ltd Brist

The first demonstration of laser action in ruby was made in 1960 by *** of Hughes Research Laboratories,*** laboratories worldwide began the search for lasers using different materials,operating at different *** the UK,academia,industry and the central laboratories took up the challenge from the earliest days to develop these systems for a broad range of *** historical review looks at the contribution the UK has made to the advancement of the technology,the development of systems and components and their exploitation over the last 60 years.

关键词： high-power lasers history United Kingdom

Calibration of coupled hydro-mechanical properties of grain-based model for simulating fracture process and associated pore pressure evolution in excavation damage zone around deep tunnels

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Journal of Rock Mechanics and Geotechnical Engineering 2021年第1期13卷 60-83页

作者： Kiarash Farahmand mark s.Diederichs Department of Geological sciences and Geological Engineering Queen’s UniversityKingstonOntarioK7L 3N6Canada Golder Associates VancouverBritish ColumbiaCanada

The objective of this paper is to develop a methodology for calibration of a discrete element grain-based model(GBM)to replicate the hydro-mechanical properties of a brittle rock measured in the laboratory,and to apply the calibrated model to simulating the formation of excavation damage zone(EDZ)around underground ***,a new cohesive crack model is implemented into the universal distinct element code(UDEC)to control the fracturing behaviour of materials under various loading ***,a methodology for calibration of the components of the UDEC-Voronoi model is *** role of connectivity of induced microcracks on increasing the permeability of laboratory-scale samples is *** calibrated samples are used to investigate the influence of pore fluid pressure on weakening the drained strength of the laboratory-scale *** validity of the Terzaghi’s effective stress law for the drained peak strength of low-porosity rock is tested by performing a series of biaxial compression test ***,the evolution of damage and pore pressure around two unsupported circular tunnels in crystalline granitic rock is studied.

关键词： Coupled hydro-mechanical properties Excavation damage zone(EDZ) Grain-based model(GBM)calibration stress-fracturing of rock Cohesive crack model stress-dependent permeability

Asymmetric or diffusive co-evolution generates meta-populations in fig-fig wasp mutualisms

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science China(Life sciences) 2014年第6期57卷 596-602页

作者： WANG RuiWu YANG Yan wiggins Natasha L. state Key Laboratory of Genetic Resources and Evolution Kunming Institute of ZoologyChinese Academy of Sciences school of Plant science University of Tasmania

Co-evolutionary theory assumes co-adapted characteristics are a positive response to counter those of another species,whereby co-evolved species reach an evolutionarily stable interaction through bilateral ***,evidence from the fig-fig wasp mutualistic system implies very different co-evolutionary selection mechanisms,due to the inherent conflict among interacted *** plants appear to have discriminatively enforced fig wasps to evolve"adaptation characteristics"that provide greater benefit to the fig,and fig wasps appear to have diversified their evolutionary strategies in response to discriminative enforcement by figs and competition among different fig wasp *** what appears to be an asymmetric interaction,the prosperity of cooperative pollinating wasps should inevitably lead to population increases of parasitic individuals,thus resulting in localized extinctions of pollinating *** response,the sanctioning of parasitic wasps by the fig should lead to a reduction in the parasitic wasp *** meta-populations created by such asymmetric interactions may result in each population of coevolved species chaotically oscillated,temporally or evolutionarily.

关键词： asymmetric co-evolution inter-specific cooperation meta-population mutualism

Prospective,multicentre study of screening,investigation and management of hyponatraemia after subarachnoid haemorrhage in the UK and Ireland

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stroke & Vascular Neurology 2023年第3期8卷 207-216,I0028-I0059页

作者： James J M Loan steven Tominey Kirun Baweja Julie Woodfield Thomas J G Chambers.mark Haley simran s Kundu H Y Josephine Tang Anthony N wiggins Michael T C Poon Paul M Brennan Translational Neurosurgery The University of Edinburgh Centre for Clinical Brain SciencesEdinburghUK Neurosurgery NHS LothianEdinburghUK Neurosurgery Institute of Neurological SciencesGlasgowUK Department of Medicine School of MedicineDentisty and NuringUniversity of GlasgowGlasgowUK Internal Medicine Queen's UniversityKingstonOntarioCanada Centre for Discovery Brain sciences University of EdinburghEdinburghUK Edinburgh Centre for Diabetes and Endocrinology NHS LothianEdinburghUK Radiology University Hospitals Plymouth NHS TrustPlymouthUK Department of Medicine Cork University HospitalUniversity College CorkCorkIreland

Background Hyponatraemia often occurs after subarachnoid haemorrhage(sAH).However,its clinical significance and optimal management are *** audited the screening,investigation and management of hyponatraemia after *** We prospectively identified consecutive patients with spontaneous sAH admitted to neurosurgical units in the United Kingdom or *** reviewed medical records daily from admission to discharge,21 days or death and extracted all measurements of serum sodium to identify hyponatraemia(s were death/dependency at discharge or 21 days and admission duration>10 *** of hyponatraemia with outcome were assessed using logistic regression with adjustment for predictors of outcome after sAH and admission *** assessed hyponatraemia-free survival using multivariable Cox *** 175/407(43%)patients admitted to 24 neurosurgical units developed hyponatraemia.5976 serum sodium measurements were *** osmolality,urine osmolality and urine sodium were measured in 30/166(18%)hyponatraemic patients with complete *** most frequently target daily fluid intake was>3 L and this did not differ during hyponatraemic or non-hyponatraemic episodes.26%(n/N=42/164)patients with hyponatraemia received sodium supplementation.133(35%)patients were dead or dependent within the study period and 240(68%)patients had hospital admission for over 10 *** the multivariable analyses,hyponatraemia was associated with less dependency(adjusted OR(aOR)=0.35(95%CI 0.17 to 0.69))but longer admissions(aOR=3.2(1.8 to 5.7)).World Federation of Neurosurgical societies grade I-III,modified Fisher 2-4 and posterior circulation aneurysms were associated with greater hazards of *** In this comprehensive multicentre prospective-adjusted analysis of patients with sAH,hyponatraemia was investigated inconsistently and,for most patients,was not associated with changes in management or clinical outcome.T

关键词： admitted urine centre

An assessment of interspecific competition between two introduced parasitoids of Diaphorina citri (Hemiptera: Liviidae)on caged citrus plants

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Insect science 2019年第1期26卷 119-127页

作者： Meghan A.Vankosky mark s.Hoddle Department of Entomology University of CalifomiaRiversideCalifomiaUSA Center for Invasive species Research University of CaliforniaRiversideCaliforniaUSA

Two parasitoids attacking nymphs of Asian citrus psyllid,Diaphorina citri Kuwayama (Hemiptera:Liviidae),Tamarixia radiata (Waterston)(Hymenoptera:Eulophi- dae)and Diaphoreneyrtus aligarhensis (shafee,Alam &Agarwal)(Hymenoptera:Encyrtidae)are being released in California,UsA in a classical biological control program. To evaluate the effect of multiple parasitoid species on *** mortality,we conducted mesocosm experiments under controlled conditions using a complete block design with 6 treatments (*** nymphs exposed to:no parasitoids;*** or *** alone;*** or *** released first (by 48 h);and both species released simultaneously).Parasitism of *** nymphs by *** exceeded 60%and was unchanged when *** were *** by *** was greatest when T. radiata was absent (-28%)and was reduced in all treatments with *** present (sitoid-related mortality *** was consistent across parasitoid *** results suggest that competition between *** and *** is asymmetric and favors *** may be difficult for *** to contribute significantly to *** biological control where *** is ***, results reported here suggest that competition between *** and *** is not likely to reduce parasitism by *** or reduce parasitoid-induced mortality of ***.

关键词： Asian citrus psyllid classical biological control competition Diaphorencyrtus aligarhensis Tamarixia radiata

Assessment of strain bursting in deep tunnelling by using the finite-discrete element method

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Journal of Rock Mechanics and Geotechnical Engineering 2019年第1期11卷 12-37页

作者： Ioannis Vazaios.mark s.Diederichs Nicholas Vlachopoulos Department of Ceological saences and Ceological Engineering Queen's UniversityKingstonCanada

Rockbursting in deep tunnelling is a complex phenomenon posing significant challenges both at the design and construction stages of an underground excavation within hard rock masses and under high in situ stresses. While local experience, field monitoring, and informed data-rich analysis are some of the tools commonly used to manage the hazards and the associated risks, advanced numerical techniques based on discontinuum modelling have also shown potential in assisting in the assessment of rockbursting. In this study, the hybrid finite-discrete element method(FDEM) is employed to investigate the failure and fracturing processes, and the mechanisms of energy storage and rapid release resulting in bursting, as well as to assess its utility as part of the design process of underground *** the calibration of the numerical model to simulate a deep excavation in a hard, massive rock mass, discrete fracture network(DFN) geometries are integrated into the model in order to examine the impact of rock structure on rockbursting under high in situ stresses. The obtained analysis results not only highlight the importance of explicitly simulating pre-existing joints within the model, as they affect the mobilised failure mechanisms and the intensity of strain bursting phenomena, but also show how the employed joint network geometry, the field stress conditions, and their interaction influence the extent and depth of the excavation induced damage. Furthermore, a rigorous analysis of the mass and velocity of the ejected rock blocks and comparison of the obtained data with well-established semi-empirical approaches demonstrate the potential of the method to provide realistic estimates of the kinetic energy released during bursting for determining the energy support demand.

关键词： Rockburst Finite-discrete element method(FDEM) Deep tunnelling Hard rock excavations Brittle fracturing Discrete fracture network(DFN)

salicaceae detoxification abilities in Florida tiger swallowtail butterflies （Papilio glaucus maynardi Gauthier）＂ Novel ability or Pleistocene holdover？

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Insect science 2012年第3期19卷 337-345页

作者： Matthew s. Lehnert J. mark scriber McGuire Center for Lepidoptera and Biodiversity Florida Museum of Natural History University of Florida Gainesville Florida Department of Entomology Soils and Plant Sciences Clemson University Clemson South Carolina Department of Entomology Michigan State University East Lansing Michigan USA

Florida populations of the eastern tiger swallowtail butterfly, Papilio glaucus L., have unique morphological features and ecological adaptations that have contributed to their subspecies status （P. g. rnaynardi Gauthier）. We describe geographically unique abilities for detoxification of Carolina willow, salix caroliniana Michx. （salicaceae）, for several Florida populations of P. g. maynardi. Of all the approximately 570 worldwide species of the Papilionidae, such salicaceae detoxification abilities exist only in the allopatric North American western and northernmost species （P. rutulus Lucas, R eurymedon Lucas and P. canadensis Rothschild ＆ Jordan）. Females of P. glaucus collected from populations in southeastern UsA were examined for oviposition preference in 5-choice assays, and displayed a low preference for salicaceae （〈5%）, but larvae from Florida populations exhibited a high survival （〉 60%） on these plants. Detoxification abilities have previously shown to be autosomally inherited, and can be transferred via natural or hand-paired interspecific hybrid introgression. However, these Florida populations are at least 700-1 500 km from the nearest hybrids or the hybrid species, 17. appalachiensis Pavulaan ＆ Wright, which possess these detoxification abilities. In any case, the Z （ = X）-linked oviposition preferences for salicaceae are lacking in these Florida populations, illustrating genetic independence ofoviposition preference determination and larval survival/performance abilities. The origins of detoxification abilities are unlikely to be due to recent climate-driven introgression, and may represent ancestral trait carry-overs from interglacial refugium populations of the Pleistocene epoch.

关键词： eastern tiger swallowtail genetic introgression interglacial island refugia,Papilio glaucus maynardi Papilionidae host plants salicaceae detoxification

Productivity and technical efficiency of Robusta coffee farms at varying elevation categories in sultan Kudarat, Philippines: implications on sustainability

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Journal of Mountain science 2024年第11期21卷 3615-3629页

作者： mark James s.sAGUIMPA Larry N.DIGAL Agri-Aqua Value Chain Laboratory University of the Philippines MindanaoDavao City 8000Philippines school of Management University of the Philippines MindanaoDavao City 8000Philippines

Elevation can affect agricultural outputs,affecting farms’productivity and *** article identified the significant production inputs influencing productivity and factors influencing technical efficiency(TE)and determined the average TE scores of Robusta coffee farms at varying elevations in sultan Kudarat,***-sectional data from the Mahintana Foundation,*** random stratified sampling and power analysis from september 9,2021,to January 13,2022,were used to analyze 604 farms from areas ranging from 0.33 to 1284.18 above mean sea level(amsl),classified as low,medium,and high ***-Data-Kit-based(ODK)mobile data collection systems were utilized to precisely determine the farms’coordinates and *** stochastic frontier analysis,results showed that increasing the total fertilizer amount and total trees by 1%significantly increased yield by 0.20%and 0.79%,***,increasing the total land area by 1%,including areas unutilized for coffee farming,decreases total yield by 0.11%.Regarding TE,results showed that TE decreases by approximately 0.58%at high ***,increasing net income from coffee farming alone by 1%significantly increases TE by 0.00008%.With an average TE of 0.60,0.77,and 0.63 in low,medium,and high elevations,farms may be incentivized to improve farming practices to increase their TE *** improvement recommendations include promoting coffee-agroforestry systems and ecolabelling at medium elevations,such as shade-grown coffee,to promote sustainable production in Robusta coffee farms by assigning a premium to consumers demanding environmental conservation.

关键词： Cobb-Douglas production function Elevation Philippines Robusta coffee farms stochastic frontier analysis Technical efficiency

The whole day matters: Understanding 24-hour movement guideline adherence and relationships with health indicators across the lifespan

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Journal of sport and Health science 2020年第6期9卷 493-510页

作者： scott Rollo Olga Antsygina mark s.Tremblay Healthy Active Living and Obesity Research Group Children’s Hospital of Eastern Ontario Research InstituteOttawaONK1H 8L1Canada Department of Pediatrics Faculty of MedicineUniversity of OttawaOttawaONK1H 8M5Canada Department of Health sciences Carleton UniversityOttawaONK1S 5B6Canada

Background:New research suggests that the composition(mix)of movement behaviors within a 24-h period may have important implications for health across the *** with this integrated movement behavior paradigm,a number of countries across the world have developed and released 24-h movement guidelines for specific age *** purpose of this systematic review was to examine the associations between the 24-h time-use composition of movement behaviors,or adherence to 24-h movement guidelines,and multiple health indicators across the ***:Five online databases(PsycINFO,PubMed,sPORTDiscus,Web of science,and Ovid MEDLINE)were searched for relevant peer-reviewed studies published between January 2015 and January 2020 that met the a priori inclusion criteria,with no study design *** methodological quality of research evidence for each individual study and for each health indicator was assessed by using a modified version of the Downs and Black ***:A total of 51 studies from 20 different countries met the inclusion criteria.A total of 31 studies examined adherence(meeting *** meeting)to 24-h movement guidelines,and 20 studies used compositional analyses to explore the 24-h time-use composition of movement *** indicated that meeting the 24-h movement guidelines were(1)not associated with adiposity among toddlers,(2)favorably associated with health-related quality of life,social-cognitive development,and behavioral and emotional problems among preschoolers,(3)favorably associated with global cognition,health-related quality of life,and healthy dietary patterns in children,and(4)favorably associated with adiposity,fitness,and cardiometabolic,mental,social,and emotional health among children and *** associations were also found between the composition of 24-h movement behaviors and indicators of(1)adiposity and bone and skeletal health among preschoolers,(2)health-related quality of life among child

关键词： Compositional analysis Movement behaviors Physical activity sedentary behavior sleep