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Long-term monitoring of PCDD/PCDF and other unintentionally produced POPs-Concepts and case studies from Europe

Science China Chemistry 2010年第5期53卷 1017-1024页

作者： REINMANN Jürgen weber roland HAAG roland Environnement S.A Deutschland Benzstrasse 1161352 Bad HomburgGermany POPs Environmental Consulting Ulmenstraβe 373035 GppingenGermany TüV Süd Industrie Service GmbH Grabenwiesenstraβe 473072 DonzdorfGermany

During the start-up and unstable combustion periods,even the state-of-the-art incinerators emit polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans(PCDD/PCDF) in stack gases at concentrations that are up to 1000 times higher than normal operation. Therefore,incinerators and other sources with variation of PCDD/PCDF release into air cannot be reliably monitored by the conventional short-term sampling that covers only 0.1%to 0.2%of the yearly operating time.A more comprehensive monitoring regime is *** paper describes different applications of continuous PCDD/PCDF sampling in some European *** cases demonstrate that flexible regimes for continuous sampling can be crafted and applied by governments or regional/local *** regimes range from a countrywide,continuous requirement for selected facility types(e.g.,waste incinerators) to a facility-specific regime that applies,for example,to new facilities for a defined time period until the facility has demonstrated continuous compliance with regulatory limits. Countries implementing the Stockholm Convention are suggested to evaluate in their Best available technology/Best environmental practice(BAT/BEP) activities the usefulness of long-term sampling by,for example,designating institutes related to the environmental ministry or regional authorities to supervise long-term sampling regimes at relevant facilities in their country/areas,beginning with priority sources(e.g.,facilities used for destruction of persistent organic pollutants(POPs) or hazardous waste processing) . This paper presents and discusses the results of the AMESA long-term monitoring system having demonstrated that in addition to PCDD/PCDF all other unintentionally produced POPs listed in the Stockholm Convention could be supervised.

关键词： PCDD/PCDF PCB continuous sampling unintentionally produced POPs Stockholm Convention BAT/BEP

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Disposal of waste-based fuels and raw materials in cement plants in Germany and Switzerland e What can be learned for global coincineration practice and policy?

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Emerging Contaminants 2020年第1期6卷 93-102页

作者： Josef Waltisberg roland weber Waltisberg Consulting 5113HolderbankSwitzerland POPs Environmental Consulting 73527Schw€abisch GmündGermany

The limit value for emissions of total organic carbon(TOC)for incinerators in the European Union(EU)is 10 mg/***,clinker burning is a material conversion process during which TOC emissions from the fuels occur concurrently with the thermal decomposition of organic material from the raw material mixture(limestone,marl,shale,etc.)in the preheater,which alone can emit more than 10 mg/***,the German legislature has created an exemption that allows authorities to set higher limit values for cement kilns if the cause of the higher emissions is the natural raw material mixture and not the co-incinerated *** the effects requires a test to determine the baseline emission of the natural raw material or waste raw *** until now,these tests were only used internally by *** applying such tests,the emissions from the fuels,particularly from waste-based fuels,can be determined,restricted and *** emissions from natural materials cannot be *** Switzerland and Germany these emissions are on average around 20e35 mg/*** has recently set a high TOC limit value of 80 mg/m3 for cement kilns,independent of the source of organic emissions,and even allows the use of polychlorinated biphenyl(PCB)contaminated soils as raw material(up to 10 mg/kg).This limit is too high and can result in unnecessary emissions of carcinogenic benzene,PCBs and other *** the natural raw materials and waste raw materials emit organic ***,there is one major *** natural raw materials emit mostly aliphatic compounds at temperatures up to about 600C,whereas the organic compounds originating from waste-based raw material components can include hazardous pollutants like polychlorinated biphenyls(PCBs)and other persistent organic pollutants(POPs),which desorb in the preheater and are released into the ***,waste raw materials such as soils contaminated with POPs or other semivolatile toxic chemical

关键词： Cement kiln Co-incineration Organic emissions PCDD/PCDF HCB Regulation Expulsion test

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Dioxin sources to the aquatic environment: Re-assessing dioxins in industrial processes and possible emissions to the aquatic

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Emerging Contaminants 2021年第1期7卷 52-62页

作者： Katsuya Kawamoto roland weber School of Environmental and Life Science Okayama University3-1-1 Tsushima-nakaOkayama700-8530Japan POPs Environmental Consulting Lindenfirststraße 2373527Schwabisch GmündGermany

Releases of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans(PCDD/PCDFs)from industrial or thermal processes to the aquatic environment are considered small compared to emissions to air ***,industrial processes have occasionally released PCDD/PCDFs into local aquatic environments..PCDD/PCDF formation and releases were re-examined based on investigations conducted before the introduction of water quality regulations in *** was given to PCDD/PCDF formation in various industrial processes such as the manufacture of acetylene and *** acetylene production,PCDD/PCDFs are formed in the oxidative process using chlorine to remove impurities,with PCDFs formed with the particular chlorine pattern with 1,2,7,8-TetraCDF,2,3,7,8-TetraCDFs and 1,2,3,4,7,8-HexaCDF as maker congeners and low PCDDs *** indicates that acetylene production residues contain *** caprolactam production,formation of PCDD/PCDFs in the cyclohexane photonitrosation process has been confirmed and the emission factor for PCDD/PCDF releases to water from for caprolactam manufacture was estimated with an emission factor for releases to the aquatic environment of 0.25±0.04 mgTEQ/t.A range of additional processes with PCDD/PCDF release were also found during the Japanese ***,the formation processes were placed in two categories:(A)chemical synthesis processes and (B)flue gas treatment of high temperature *** final effluent water met the PCDD/PCDF limits by applying advanced treatment for PCDD/PCDF removal such as activated carbon *** survey shows that industrial processes involving elemental chlorine or other processes that facilitate chlorination or use chlorinating chemicals should be assessed and controlled for PCDD/PCDFs and other unintentional POPs releases to *** such surveys,chemicals from the chlorine and organochlorine industry should also be assessed for PCDD/PCDFs and other unintentional POPs contamination as pr

关键词： PCDD/PCDF Water pollution Industrial sources Acetylene manufacturing Caprolactam manufacturing Pattern Unintentional POPs

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Flammability standards for furniture,building insulation and electronics:Benefit and risk

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Emerging Contaminants 2020年第1期6卷 432-441页

作者： Joseph *** roland weber Arlene Blum Green Science Policy Institute BerkeleyCA94709United States POPs Environmental Consulting 73527Schw€abisch GmündGermany Department of Chemistry University of CaliforniaBerkeleyBerkeleyCA94720United States

Flammability standards for furniture,building insulation and electronics were established in an attempt to mitigate fire ***,research suggests that some of these flammability standards should be *** levels of flame retardant chemicals,primarily organohalogens,are added to these products in order to comply with fire safety *** and organophosphate flame retardants are associated with adverse health effects such as diminished immune function,endocrine disruption,and ***,flame retardants may not provide a significant fire safety benefit as used in many products,and these chemicals can hinder material *** reviewed evidence of how flammability standards drive the continued use of harmful flame retardants and investigated cases in which flame retardants are used to achieve standard compliance without providing a significant fire safety *** widespread continuous use of toxic flame retardant chemicals demonstrates that toxicological evidence and chemical-by-chemical regulation alone are not sufficient to prevent their inclusion in consumer ***,recent experiences show that updated flammability standards can reduce the use of flame retardants while maintaining,or even increasing,fire *** opportunities exist for improved standards that could further decrease flame retardant use and maintain fire safety.

关键词： insulation maintain flame

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Chlorinated paraffins in the technosphere:A review of available information and data gaps demonstrating the need to support the Stockholm Convention implementation

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Emerging Contaminants 2020年第1期6卷 143-154页

作者： Yago Guida Raquel Capella roland weber Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas FilhoLaboratorio de Micropoluentes Jan JapengaAv.Carlos Chagas Filho373Rio de JaneiroRJ21941-902Brazil POPs Environmental Consulting Schw€abisch Gmünd73527Germany

Chlorinated paraffins(CPs)have been produced for a wide range of applications,mostly in open uses,such as metalworking fluids,lubricants,coolants or additives in consumer *** production volume is more than one million tonnes requiring control of the lifecycle of these persistent and bioaccumulative *** May 2017,the Stockholm Convention amended its Annex A to list short chain chlorinated paraffins(SCCPs)as a Persistent Organic Pollutant(POP).Additionally,a limit for the presence of SCCPs in other CP mixtures was set at 1%by *** can be released to the environment throughout their ***,the major objective of this review was to assess and compile information on SCCPs and other CPs regarding their lifecycle in the technosphere to support the Stockholm Convention implementation.A few studies have assessed CP production plants and contamination in the surrounding ***,there was no systematic investigation of release routes from production and no assessment of associated landfills,even though these are known major pollution sources at other organochlorine production *** studies have reported that industrial areas,where CPs have likely been used,have elevated levels of CPs in sediments and ***,although CPs are largely released when used as metalworking fluids or lubricants,no systematic assessment of releases has been conducted at the thousands of sites where CPs are used in high *** CPs,mainly medium chain chlorinated paraffins(MCCPs)and SCCPs,are used as additives in the production of consumer goods,resulting in exposure *** above the European Union regulation for SCCPs of 1500 mg kg^-1 and up to approx.20%are frequently *** end-of-life management of CP-containing products is difficult since no labelling requirement exists even for products containing *** Stockholm Convention prohibits the recycling of SCCP-containing products,which will result in challenges recycling the imp

关键词： SCCPs MCCPs LCCPs Lifecycle Pollution control Consumer goods Persistent organic pollutants Human exposure

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Minimizing the environmental impact of PFAS by using specialized coagulants for the treatment of PFAS polluted waters and for the decontamination of firefighting equipment

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Emerging Contaminants 2021年第1期7卷 63-76页

作者： Martin Cornelsen roland weber Stefan Panglisch Cornelsen Umwelttechnologie GmbH Graf-Beust-Allee 3345141EssenGermany POPs Environmental Consulting Lindenfirststr.2373527Schwabisch GmündGermany University Duisburg Essen(UDE) Mechanical Process Engineering/Water TechnologyLotharstr.147057DuisburgGermany

Per-and polyfluoroalkyl substances(PFASs)represent an increasingly global challenge for keeping water and soil“non-toxic”.100 of millions of people are exposed to PFAS levels of concern,in particular,around PFAS production sites and sites where PFASs are/were used and released or *** Stockholm Convention established recommendations to systematically assess PFOS pollution which can be transposed to all PFASs considering that PFASs are an issue of concern under The Strategic Approach to International Chemical Management(SAICM).One major wide-spread source of environmental pollution is the long-term use of PFAS-containing fire extinguishing *** for the reduction of human exposure need to reduce and were feasible eliminate the current uses of PFASs and reduce and eliminate the human exposure from the contamination of the environment from past uses including contaminated drinking *** current study shows that well-known methods of water treatment,especially the use of materials for adsorption and ion exchange,can often neither guarantee satisfactory cleaning results nor economically justifiable filter running times at high PFAS concentrations and complex matrix *** combination with a pre-precipitation stage using specialized precipitants can significantly optimize treatment *** is still being released into the environment in considerable quantities by *** use of so-called aqueous film forming foams(AFFF).Fire departments are increasingly trying to reduce the risks associated with the use of AFFF agents for the health of firefighting personnel and the environment by replacing AFFF foaming agents with fluorine-free foaming *** the fluorine-containing foaming agents are simply replaced,considerable residual PFAS loads often remain in the fire extinguishing systems contaminated with PFAS(fire engines,fire boats,stationary fire extinguishing systems,etc.),which are then discharged further into the environment durin

关键词： Contaminated sites Adsorption Short-chain PFAS Ion exchange Activated carbon PerfluorAd Fire truck cleaning

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Inventory and action plan for PFOS and related substances in Suriname as basis for Stockholm Convention implementation

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Emerging Contaminants 2020年第1期6卷 421-431页

作者： Victorine Pinas Carmen Van Dijk roland weber Institute for Graduate Studies and Research Anton de Kom University of Suriname ParamariboSuriname Ministry of Agriculture Animal Husbandry and FisheriesParamariboSuriname POPs Environmental Consulting 73527Schw€abisch GmündGermany

Within the framework of the Stockholm Convention implementation in Suriname,the first inventory of perfluorooctane sulfonic acid(PFOS)has been *** major stocks of PFOS are firefighting foams with minor stocks in pesticides(ant baits)and possibly *** inventory of firefighting foams assessed the import,current stocks and major use sites and recent *** amount of PFOS and potentially PFOS containing firefighting foams are stored at the military base,the oil company and small firefighting departments throughout the *** total amount of stored PFAS firefighting foam in Suriname is estimated to be at least 275.6 tonnes,where the major stockpile of 206 tonnes is at the oil storage *** some of these foams PFOS content is confirmed and for others it is not clear if the foam contains PFOS or other per-or polyfluorinated alkylated substances(PFAS).The upper estimate of PFOS content is 4133 kg in these ***,PFOS or other PFAS has also been discovered in fire extinguishers in *** total amount of PFOS related substance EtFOSA imported with the pesticide sulfluramid was 75 *** imports were banned in 2014 and is controlled.A considerable amount of synthetic carpets are in stores even produced before 2003 where main use of PFOS from 3 M took place possibly containing PFOS related substances.A compilation of potentially PFOS contaminated sites has been *** contaminated sites result from firefighting foam use,dumpsites and sulfluramid *** airport where firefighting foam was applied is above a major drinking water reservoir,where an urgent assessment is *** to the lack of analytical capacity for PFOS and precursors,drinking water,firefighting foam or impacted carpets,could not been *** action plan for the control of PFOS and other PFAS has been developed considering the synergy of the Stockholm Convention and the Strategic Approach to International Chemicals Management(SAI

关键词： POPs Firefighting foam Sulfluramid Contaminated sites PFAS SAICM synergy

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Polybrominated diphenyl ethers(PBDEs)concentrations in soil,sediment and water samples around electronic wastes dumpsites in Lagos,Nigeria

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Emerging Contaminants 2022年第1期8卷 206-215页

作者： Oloruntoba Kike Omotayo Sindiku Oladele Osibanjo roland weber Department of Chemistry University of IbadanIbadanNigeria Raw Materials Research and Development Council AbujaNigeria POPs Environmental Consulting Schw€abischGmündGermany Department of Biological Sciences Lead City UniversityIbadanNigeria

Polybrominated diphenyl ethers(PBDEs)were listed in the Stockholm Convention as POPs because of their bio-accumulative,long-range and toxicity ***,these should be managed and assessed by Parties of the convention in an environmentally sound *** present study assessed the status of PBDEs contamination at e-waste dumpsites in Lagos,*** and sediment samples were collected from 3 e-waste dumpsites and water samples were collected from rain water ponds located within the e-waste dumpsites vicinities and control sites over a period of two *** concentrations of ∑7PBDEs in soils from the e-waste dumpsites at 0e15 cm depth for the first and second year ranged from 141 to 302 ngg^(-1)dry weight,respectively while that of the control soils was 13.2 e27.2ngg^(-1)dry *** high concentrations may be attributed to the fact that open burning of electronic waste was the regular method of reducing the volume of e-waste at the *** levels across the soil profile from 0 to 45 cm depth showed a gradual increase in PBDEs accumulation in the topsoil and migration into the sub-soil over the period of 2 years,but with no significant difference(pvalue=0.89).Sediments and water from the rain water ponds around the dumpsites were found to be contaminated by PBDEs with levels ranging from 51.4 to 85.8ngg^(-1)and 14.4 to 27.4ngg^(-1),respectively,while levels in control for sediment and water are 11.5ngg^(-1)and 2.43ngg^(-1)***,however indicates that there was significance difference between the PBDEs levels in water and sediment from the study sites with those of their respective controls(p-value for water was 0.01,while that for sediment was 0.03).The levels of PBDEs in this study sites were higher than those of the respective *** range of PBDEs in e-waste dumpsites was comparable to those reported in USA and Europe but lower than those from *** samples from the e-waste dumpsites in Lagos were con

关键词： PBDEs soil listed

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Occurrence,removal and emission of per-and polyfluorinated alkyl substances(PFASs)from chrome plating industry:A case study in Southeast China

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Emerging Contaminants 2020年第1期6卷 376-384页

作者： Yingxi Qu Jun Huang Wolfram Willand roland weber State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control(SKLESPC) Beijing Key Laboratory for Emerging Organic Contaminants Control(BKLEOC)Beijing Laboratory for Environmental Frontier Technologies(BLEFT)School of EnvironmentTsinghua UniversityBeijing100084China IUW International Consultant on Integrated Environmental Protection Hochfirstweg 1279853 LenzkirchGermany POPs Environmental Consulting Ulmenstrasse 2373527Schw€abisch GmündGermany

Per-and polyfluorinated alkyl substances(PFASs)have been used since the 1950s as chrome mist suppressant(CMS)in the electroplating *** this study,various samples within an electroplating factory,the related wastewater treatment facilities and surrounding environment at Hangzhou Bay in Southeast China were investigated for the occurrence and removal of *** and 6:2 Cl-PFAES are predominant compounds in the *** PFASs in the bath solution of the workshops had some differences from the final releases,partly because of the historic usage and memory *** and 6:2 Cl-PFAES were found in high concentration(5500 and 154.5 mg/L in influent,795 and 985 mg/L in effluent)in the electroplating Wastewater Treatment Plant(WWTP).The ultrafiltration and reverse osmosis(RO)treatment had a significant removal efficiency(74%e100%).On the other hand the reduction,precipitation and anaerobic/anoxic/oxic(A2/O)treatment had poor removal efficiency for *** receiving river samples had levels of PFASs between 300 and 1500 ng/L,and the concentrations of PFOS and 6:2 Cl-PFAES decreased with increasing distance to the municipal WWTP outlet due to *** concentrations of PFOA in the river water samples were also high but might originate from other *** relevant ecological risk is noteworthy,especially for PFOS and PFOA for which limits have been *** is an urgent need to control plating industries in China and *** a GEF project related to Stockholm Convention implementation has reduced and possibly eliminated PFOS use and release in the plating industry in *** addition,it will be important to evaluate and control the alternatives used.

关键词： PFASs Chrome plating Removal PFOS F-53B

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Initial assessment of imports of chlorinated paraffins into Nigeria and the need of improvement of the Stockholm and Rotterdam Conventions

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Emerging Contaminants 2022年第1期8卷 360-370页

作者： Joshua O.Babayemi Innocent C.Nnorom roland weber Environmental Management and Toxicology Department of Biological SciencesUniversity of Medical Sciences OndoNigeria Anchor University Centre for Global Health Nigeria Department of Pure and Industrial Chemistry Abia State University UturuNigeria POPs Environmental Consulting 73527Schw€abisch GmündGermany

Short-chain and medium-chain chlorinated paraffins(SCCPs/MCCPs)are of concern due to their persistence,bioaccumulation,and *** were listed in 2017 as persistent organic pollutants(POPs)in the Stockholm Convention and Rotterdam Convention for Prior Informed Consent(PIC)*** are evaluated in the POPs Reviewing Committee for *** in Africa demonstrate high SCCP/MCCP levels in house dust and human ***,this study undertook an initial assessment of the production and import situation in *** Nigerian government has not assessed SCCPs yet and has no registered exemptions for SCCPs and therefore should not produce or use ***,Nigeria has not notified Rotterdam Convention of PIC procedure and,therefore,no SCCP should be imported into *** no local production of SCCPs/MCCPs was observed in Nigeria,this study therefore compiled data on importation of SCCPs/MCCPs and products which may likely contain these chemicals from the UN Comtrade Database for the period 1996 to *** the listing of SCCPs in the Rotterdam Convention,there is still no specific Harmonized System(HS)codes for SCCPs/*** study therefore used HS codes of product categories known to contain SCCPs/*** substance categories under which SCCP/MCCPs are usually imported include plasticisers and other product categories that amounted to 229,779 and 518,342 tonnes respectively but without specific information on the type of *** 39%of PVC and rubber imports of 2,683,015 tonnes and 3,516,052 tonnes respectively contain *** on the SCCP and MCCP impact factors from literature for China,the highest amount of SCCP(33,712 tonnes)was imported in the different PVC products while rubber products accounted to 1386 tonnes and PUR foam to 2331 *** amount of imported MCCPs in PVC products(25,599 tonnes)and rubber products(32,317 tonnes)was in the same order of magnitude while MCCP imported in PUR foam was estimated

关键词： SCCPs/MCCPs Plasticisers Importation PVC HS Code Inventory Nigeria

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