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人民币国际化和中国金融发展

金融发展评论 2012年第3期 12-22页

作者： robert n.mccauley 国际清算银行

国际货币的特点是市场参与者——居民或非居民——能够在国外(离岸市场)自由的将该货币用以贸易、投资、借贷和计价。人民币当前正在步人国际化的进程。在过去,经济学家将货币国际化进程视为网络外部性(因为其他人用这种货币,所以我也用... 详细信息

国际货币的特点是市场参与者——居民或非居民——能够在国外(离岸市场)自由的将该货币用以贸易、投资、借贷和计价。人民币当前正在步人国际化的进程。在过去,经济学家将货币国际化进程视为网络外部性(因为其他人用这种货币,所以我也用)下的市场选择。Eichengreen和Flandreau(2010)对这一观点提出挑战。他们发现在美联储法案推动下,美元仅用了15年即取代了英镑在官方储备中的地位。Frankel(2011)认为"少数精英"推动了美联储美元融资计划,因此德国和日本企业在70年代和80年代并没有采用德国马克和日元作为计价货币。

关键词：人民币汇率人民币国际化离岸市场中国金融发展债券市场资本管制外汇市场中国企业欧洲美元外汇储备

Geographic Spread of Currency Trading:The Renminbi and Other Emerging Market Currencies

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China & World Economy 2019年第5期27卷 25-36页

作者： Yin-Wong Cheung robert n.mccauley Chang Shu Department of Economics and Finance City University of Hong KongChina Monetary and Economic Department Bank for International Settlements(BIS) Bloomberg USA

This paper studies the ongoing diffusion of renminbi (RMB) trading across the globe, the first of such research of an international currency. It analyses the distribution in offshore RMB trading in 2013 and 2016 using comprehensive data from the Triennial Central Bank Survey of foreign exchange markets. In 2013, Asian centers favored by the policy of RMB internationalization had disproportionate shares in global RMB trading. Over the following three years, RMB trading seemed to converge to the spatial pattern of all currencies, with a half-life of seven to eight years. The previously most traded emerging market currency, the Mexican peso, shows a similar pattern, although it is converging to the global norm more slowly. Three other emerging market currencies show a qualitatively similar evolution in the geography of their offshore trading. Overall, the RMB's internationalization is tracing an arc from the influence of administrative measures to the working of market forces.

关键词： foreign exchange turnover international currency international financial center renminbi internationalization

Transforming Central Bank Liabilities into Government Debt： The Case of China

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China & World Economy 2015年第4期23卷 1-18页

作者： robert mccauley Guonan Ma Monetary and Economic Department Bank for International Settlements Basel Switzerland Fung Global Institute Hong Kong SAR

Where policy has substantially increased central bank assets, the corresponding liabilities present an opportunity to increase the breadth, depth and liquidity of the government bond market. In China＇s case, transformed illiquid central bank liabilities couM double or triple the stock of government bonds. Central bank liabilities can be transformed into government bonds either through the government ＂s purchase of foreign exchange reserves held by the central bank or by the government overfunding its borrowing requirement and depositing the proceeds in the central bank. The overfunding approach is preferred if, for financial stability reasons, it is judged prudent to leave the central bank with sufficient resources to serve itself as lender of last resort in foreign currency to the banking system. In the case of China, public debt consolidation could also contribute to further liberalizing the Chinese banking system, wider international use of the renminbi and more balanced holdings of key currency government bonds.

关键词： debt management foreign exchange reserves government bond market renminbi internationalization

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中国国外资产人民币化

山东大学学报（哲学社会科学版） 2010年第1期 1-11页

作者： Yin-Wong Cheung Guonan Ma robert n. mccauley 秦凤鸣(译) 美国加州大学圣克鲁斯分校国际清算银行亚洲太平洋地区代表处国际清算银行货币与经济研究部山东大学经济学院

自2008年全球金融危机以来,中国主动出击,采取一系列措施推进人民币的国际化,更多的国际债权以人民币而不是以美元定值。从中国国际资产与负债的货币组合这一角度讨论影响人民币国际化前景的因素。在众多的影响因素中,包含人民币的基础... 详细信息

自2008年全球金融危机以来,中国主动出击,采取一系列措施推进人民币的国际化,更多的国际债权以人民币而不是以美元定值。从中国国际资产与负债的货币组合这一角度讨论影响人民币国际化前景的因素。在众多的影响因素中,包含人民币的基础价值与管理。

关键词：人民币国际化国际资产净额可兑换性汇率不确定性钉住美元

Surgical management in pediatric neuroblastoma diagnosis and treatment:a 20-year,single-center experience

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World Journal of Pediatrics 2022年第2期18卷 120-125页

作者： Brianna Spencer Akshilkumar Patel robert Cilley Christa n.Grant Department of Surgery Penn State Health Milton SHershey Medical Center500 University DriveHersheyPA 17033USA Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine HersheyPAUSA Division of Pediatric Surgery Penn State Health Milton SHershey Medical CenterHersheyPAUSA

Background The currently utilized International neuroblastoma Risk Group(InRG)staging system developed in 2009 uses image-defined risk factors as a measure of surgical risk,separating resectable neuroblastoma from those best preceded by *** previous International neuroblastoma Staging System was based primarily on surgical *** hypothesized there would be a change to the role of the surgeon in neuroblastoma treatment in the more recent *** This is a single center 20-year retrospective analysis of 104 patients with International Classification of Diseases-9 and-10 codes for *** demographics,tumor site,cancer treatment modality,survival,biopsy technique,surgical intervention,and pathology staging were *** was analyzed by analysis of variance(AnOVA)and Student’s t *** There was a decrease in open surgeries for extra-adrenal neuroblastomas in the later decade(77%,31%,P=0.01).There was a narrowing of the time interval to surgery in the later cohort,likely as a result of uniformity in surgical timing on treatment protocols relying on InRG *** Our findings mirror changes in practice patterns *** found an increase in minimally invasive approaches but did not find a difference in the role of the surgeon under the InRG staging system.

关键词： International neuroblastoma Risk Group International neuroblastoma Staging System MYCn neuroblastoma Resection

Tightening up the structure, lighting up the pathway:application of molecular constraints and light to manipulate protein folding, self-assembly and function

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Science China Chemistry 2014年第12期57卷 1615-1624页

作者： MARKIEWICZ Beatrice n. CULIK robert M. GAI Feng Department of Chemistry University of Pennsylvania Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics University of Pennsylvania

Chemical cross-linking provides an effective avenue to reduce the conformational entropy of polypeptide chains and hence has become a popular method to induce or force structural formation in peptides and ***,other types of molecular constraints,especially photoresponsive linkers and functional groups,have also found increased use in a wide variety of ***,we provide a concise review of using various forms of molecular strategies to constrain proteins,thereby stabilizing their native states,gaining insight into their folding mechanisms,and/or providing a handle to trigger a conformational process of interest with *** applications discussed here cover a wide range of topics,ranging from delineating the details of the protein folding energy landscape to controlling protein assembly and function.

关键词： protein folding aggregation self-assembly cross-linker phototrigger light-activation

Syntheses of DL-threo-Thiamphenicol via Green Oxidation

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Chemical Research in Chinese Universities 2006年第5期22卷 602-605页

作者： LIU Kai robert Franzén YU Xiao-jing ZHAnG Jun XU You-jun School of Pharmaceutical Engineering Shenyang Pharmaceutical University Shenyang 110016 P. R. China Institute of Materials Chemistry Tampere University of Technology Korkeakoulunkatu 8 FIN-33720 Tampere Finland

Four methyl aryl thioethers related to thiamphenicol syntheses and methyl phenyl sulfide were cleanly oxidized into methyl sulfones in high to excellent yields via catalytic green oxidation with aqueous hydrogen peroxide in combination with sodium tungstate. When the same reactions were similarly performed in the absence of the catalyst, the corresponding sulfoxides could be obtained. This viable synthetic approach for the synthesis of DL-threo-thiamphenicol is a simple procedure, which has an economic advantage in view of its application for the large-scale synthesis because it can be carried out under mild conditions.

关键词： Green oxidation Hydrogen peroxide Sodium tungstate Thiamphenicol

Effects of noise on fishes: What we can learn from humans and birds

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Integrative Zoology 2015年第1期10卷 29-37页

作者： robert J.DOOLInG Marjorie R.LEEK Arthur n.POPPER Department of Psychology University of MarylandCollege ParkMarylandUSA national Center for Rehabilitative Auditory Research PortlandVA Medical CenterPortlandOregonUSA Department of Biology University of MarylandCollege ParkMarylandUSA

In this paper we describe the masking of pure tones in humans and birds by manmade noises and show that similar ideas can be applied when considering the potential effects of noise on fishes,as well as other aquatic *** from many studies on humans and birds,both in the field and in the laboratory,show that published critical ratios can be used to predict the masked thresholds for pure tones when maskers consist of complex manmade and natural *** argue from these data that a single,simple measure,the species critical ratio,can be used to estimate the effect of manmade environmental noises on the perception of communication and other biologically relevant *** also reason that if this principle holds for species as diverse as humans and birds,it probably also applies for all other vertebrates,including fishes.

关键词： behavior communication manmade noise masking sound

The MYC transcription factor network： balancing metabolism, proliferation and oncogenesis

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Frontiers of Medicine 2018年第4期12卷 412-425页

作者： Patrick A. Carroll Brian W. Freie Haritha Mathsyaraja robert n. Eisenman Division of Basic Sciences Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center 1100 Fairview Ave. N. Seattle WA 90109 USA

Transcription factor networks have evolved in order to control, coordinate, and separate, the functions of distinct network modules spatially and temporally. In this review we focus on the MYC network （also known as the MAX-MLX network）, a highly conserved super-family of related basic-helix-loop-helix-zipper （bHLHZ） proteins that functions to integrate extracellular and intracellular signals and modulate global gene expression. Importantly the MYC network has been shown to be deeply involved in a broad spectrum of human and other animal cancers. Here we summarize molecular and biological properties of the network modules with emphasis on functional interactions among network members. We suggest that these network interactions serve to modulate growth and metabolism at the transcriptional level in order to balance nutrient demand with supply, to maintain growth homeostasis, and to influence cell fate. Moreover, oncogenic activation of MYC and/or loss of a MYC antagonist, results in an imbalance in the activity of the network as a whole, leading to tumor initiation, progression and maintenance.

关键词： network transcription cancer MYC MAX MLX