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Journal of Modern Power Systems and Clean Energy 2019年第3期7卷 468-474页

作者： robert kennedy smith U.S. Department of Energy Office of Fossil Energy

Several factors have led to the decline of electricity generation from coal over the past decade, and projections forecast high rates of growth for wind and solar technologies in coming years. This analysis uses hourly generation data from large coal-fired power stations to determine how operations have been modified in recent years and describes the implications of these changes for plant equipment and unit reliability. The data shows increasing variability in intraday generation output that affects nearly all of the units in the sample, but the magnitude of increase varies widely among plants. Outage patterns were examined as was the relationship between renewable energy growth in a region and the changes in coal plant operations. Aggregate direct and indirect costs associated with running coal plants as load-following units have not yet been quantified in large-scale studies on a sector-wide basis, largely due to differences in how specific equipment responds to output fluctuations. Due to findings from the hourly generation data analysis and the high degree of potential impact on coal plant equipment, the study suggests the development of a new modeling tool that will represent the costs of running coal-fired power plants at lower capacity factors.

关键词： Coal generation Emission intensity Baseload power Capacity factor

Evolving carbon dioxide emission rate intensities of coal-fired power plant on U.S. electricity operating systems

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Journal of Modern Power Systems and Clean Energy 2018年第6期6卷 1103-1112页

作者： robert kennedy smith U.S. Department of Energy Office of Fossil Energy

For many years, coal-fired power plant generation comprised the largest share of electricity in the *** sector. While natural gas plants now constitute a greater portion of the total, coal is projected to remain a shrinking but significant component of U.S. electricity production. Natural gas-fired technologies are dispatchable and versatile generation sources, but the recent and anticipated growth of wind and solar technologies will add nondispatchable, intermittent power generation sources to *** grids. Numerous emissions-related benefits arise from the deployment of these technologies, but they must coexist with coal plants, many of which run most efficiently under baseload operating procedures. Historical monthly emissions data has been analyzed on a sample of coal plants to show how modified coal operations have affected plant emission rates, as measured by carbon dioxide emitted per unit of electricity output. Statistically significant correlations between plant capacity factors and emission rate intensity have been observed by the majority of the sample, showing a worsening under more sporadic operations. Since nearly all of the coal plants in the sample are generating less electricity, determining the emission impact of operational decisions will assist policymakers as they seek to minimize total system emissions without severe disruptions to electricity cost and service reliability.

关键词： Coal Emission intensity Renewable generation Baseload power generation

Management of distal cholangiocarcinoma with arterial involvement: Systematic review and case series on the role of neoadjuvant therapy

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World Journal of Gastrointestinal Surgery 2024年第8期16卷 2689-2701页

作者： Lewis A Hall Duncan Loader Santiago Gouveia Marta Burak James Halle-smith Peter Labib Moath Alarabiyat Ravi Marudanayagam Bobby V Dasari Keith J roberts Syed S Raza Michail Papamichail David C Bartlett robert P Sutcliffe Nikolaos A Chatzizacharias Department of Hepatopancreatobiliary Surgery and Liver Transplantation University Hospitals Birmingham NHS Foundation TrustBirmingham B152GWUnited Kingdom Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy University of BirminghamBirmingham B152TTUnited Kingdom College of Medical and Dental Sciences University of BirminghamBirmingham B152TTUnited Kingdom Institute of Clinical Sciences University of BirminghamBirmingham B152TTUnited Kingdom

BACKGROUND The use of neoadjuvant therapy(NAT)in distal cholangiocarcinoma(dCCA)with regional arterial or extensive venous involvement,is not widely accepted and evidence is *** To synthesise evidence on NAT for dCCA and present the experience of a highvolume tertiary-centre managing dCCA with arterial *** A systematic review was performed according to PRISMA guidance to identify all studies reporting outcomes of patients with dCCA who received *** patients from 2017 to 2022 who were referred for NAT for dCCA at our centre were retrospectively collected from a prospectively maintained *** characteristics,NAT type,progression to surgery and oncological outcomes were *** Twelve studies were *** definition of“unresectable”locally advanced dCCA was *** studies reported outcomes for 9 patients who received NAT for dCCA with extensive vascular involvement.R0 resection rate ranged between 0 and 100%but without survival benefit in most *** studies considered either NAT in resectable dCCA or inclusive with extrahepatic *** presented case series includes 9 patients(median age 67,IQR 56-74 years,male:female 5:4)referred for NAT for borderline resectable or locally advanced *** patients progressed to surgery and 2 were *** patient died at 14 months with evidence of recurrence at 6 months and the other died at 51 months following recurrence 6 months *** Evidence for benefit of NAT is *** on criteria for uniform definition of resectability for dCCA is *** propose using the established National-Comprehensive-Cancer-Network®criteria for pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma.

关键词： Cholangiocarcinoma Neoadjuvant therapy Arterial involvement Locally advanced Systematic review

New developments in Western blot technology

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Chinese Chemical Letters 2015年第4期26卷 416-418页

作者： Shi Jin robert T.kennedy Department of Chemistry University of Michigan

Western blotting is a highly valued method for protein identification and relative quantitation in complex samples. It combines size-based electrophoretic separation with immunoaffinity to identify specific proteins. This technique remains popular and has become a workhorse in biochemical research and clinical laboratories. Despite its utility and popularity, this method has many limitations including slow analysis, incompatibility with limited sample application, low throughput and low information content. Recently there has been significant success in improving different aspects of Western blotting. In this review, we provide an overview of the developments in the area of improving conventional Western blotting methods with a focus on recent developments in microfluidic Western blotting. We overview different separation platforms, and discuss studies on protein transfer methods as well as protein immobilization methods and chemistries. We also describe integrated miniaturized platforms that can perform rapid separations and immunodetections.

关键词： Western blotMicrofluidicGel electrophoresislmmunoassay

Demand response:a strategy to address residential air-conditioning peak load in Australia

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Journal of Modern Power Systems and Clean Energy 2013年第3期1卷 223-230页

作者： robert smith Ke MENG Zhaoyang DONG robert SIMPSON Ausgrid SydneyNSW 2000Australia enter for Intelligent Electricity Networks(CIEN) The University of NewcastleNewcastleNSWAustralia

Rapid growth in electricity network peak demand is increasing pressure for new investment which may be used for only a few hours a *** airconditioning is widely believed to be the prime cause of the rise in peak demand but,in the absence of detailed residential demand research,there is no bottom-up empirical evidence to support this supposition or to estimate its *** paper first examines the developments in network peak demand,at a national,network distribution,and local distribution feeder level to show recent trends in peak ***,this paper applies analytics to the half-hourly consumption data of a sample of Ausgrid’s interval metered customers,combined with local weather data,to develop an algorithm which can recognize air-conditioner use and can identify consumption patterns and peak *** estimate is then compared to system peaks to determine residential airconditioning’s impact on overall ***,this paper considers the future impacts of air-conditioning load on peak demand as penetration rates reaches saturation levels and new minimum energy performance standards take effect reducing new units peak impacts.

关键词： Air conditioner Demand response Peak load

Incidence of brain metastasis in patients with esophageal carcinoma

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World Journal of Gastroenterology 2011年第19期17卷 2407-2410页

作者： Ron S smith robert C Miller Department of Radiation Oncology Andreas Cancer Center-Mayo Health SystemMankatoMN 56002United States Department of Radiation Oncology Mayo ClinicRochesterMN 56002United States

AIM:To determine the incidence of brain metastasis in a contemporary group of patients with carcinoma of the ***:Retrospective analysis of 53 patients with esophageal carcinoma who received radiotherapy as a component of treatment between 1998 and 2007,including patient and tumor characteristics,and subsequent diagnosis of brain *** association between the histological type of esophageal cancer and the incidence of brain metastasis was assessed using Fisher's exact ***:Forty-four of the fifty-three patients in this study had adenocarcinoma and nine had squamous cell carcinoma,ranging from stage ⅡA-Ⅳ*** treatment was surgery with neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy (trimodality therapy) in 19% of patients;chemoradiotherapy in 42%;and surgery and adjuvant radiotherapy in 7%.Twenty-five percent of patients inthis study received palliative *** overall incidence of brain metastasis in this cohort was 13%.Adenocarcinoma was the primary tumor histology in all of the patients who developed brain metastasis,representing an incidence of 16% in this *** patients with squamous cell carcinoma received trimodality *** association between histology and brain metastasis was not statistically ***:The incidence of brain metastasis in this contemporary cohort of patients with esophageal carcinoma is higher than previously reported and was confined to those with adenocarcinoma.

关键词： Brain metastasis Esophageal carcinoma

Abnormal endogenous pain modulation and somatic and visceral hypersensitivity in female patients with irritable bowel syndrome

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World Journal of Gastroenterology 2007年第27期13卷 3699-3704页

作者： Clive H Wilder-smith Joan robert-Yap Brain-Gut Research Group Gastroenterology Group Practice Berne Switzerland Supported by the Brain-Gut Research Group Berne Switzerland

AIM： To investigate the role of endogenous pain modulatory mechanisms in the central sensitization implicated by the visceral hypersensitivity demonstrated in patients with irritable bowel syndrome （IBS）. Dysfunction of modulatory mechanisms would be expected to also result in changes of somatic sensory function. METHODS： Endogenous pain modulatory mechanisms were assessed using heterotopic stimulation and somatic and visceral sensory testing in IBS. Pain intensities （visual analogue scale, VAS 0-100） during suprathreshold rectal distension with a barostat, cold pressor stimulation of the foot and during both stimuli simultaneously （heterotopic stimulation） were recorded in 40 female patients with IBS and 20 female healthy controls. RESULTS： Rectal hypersensitivity （defined by 95% Cl of controls） was seen in 21 （53%）, somatic hypersensitivity in 22 （55%） and both rectal and somatic hypersensitivity in 14 of these IBS patients. Heterotopic stimulation decreased rectal pain intensity by 6 （-11 to -1） in controls, but increased rectal pain by 2 （-3 to ＋6） in all IBS patients （P 〈 0.05） and by 8 （-2 to ＋19） in IBS patients with somatic and visceral hypersensitivity （P 〈 0.02）. CONCLUSION： A majority of IBS patients had abnormal endogenous pain modulation and somatic hypersensitivity as evidence of central sensitization.

关键词： Diffuse noxious inhibitory controls Endogenous pain modulation Hypersensitivity Irritable Bowel Syndrome Quantitative sensory testing Visceral pain Sensitization

An Evaluation of Technical Efficiencies of Liaoning Seaports

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An Evaluation of Technical Efficiencies of Liaoning Seaports

作者： robert kennedy Otieno（奥提努）大连海事大学

学位级别：硕士

在国际供应链中关于货物的处理,港口效率是一个很重要的因素。港口效率直接影响国内和国际供应链中的运输和物流。在这种竞争环境下,港口技术效率的评估对于反映它们运用资源相对高水平的程度和它们的地位及揭示其立场是非常重要的。本... 详细信息

在国际供应链中关于货物的处理,港口效率是一个很重要的因素。港口效率直接影响国内和国际供应链中的运输和物流。在这种竞争环境下,港口技术效率的评估对于反映它们运用资源相对高水平的程度和它们的地位及揭示其立场是非常重要的。本研究采用DEA技术和随机前沿生产函数模型分析港口技术效率并且审查对港口技术效率重大的因素。本研究采用了定量和定性的数据。采用数据收集工具,包括出版的文章比如：书籍,期刊,港口年度审查和因特网信息。数据的可靠性测试,以确认研究的准确性和有效性。此外,研究人员筛选和比较数据与利益相关者的官方数据。本研究适用了Malmquist DEA和随机前沿生产函数的Translog形式来评价港口技术效率,并计算无效率的影响。研究人员适用最大似然法和两个条件来测试假说。本研究也应用了片面广义似然比统计量来检查低效性的影响。此项成果揭示出港口运行及海港检查技术效率的特征和意义。本研究的结果是：港口吞吐量,停泊设施和私营部门参与基础设施的程度是直接影响港口技术效率。私营部门参与的最佳水平,提高四个辽宁港口技术效率,根据研究的结果是75.27%私/公有和充分私有的参与程度。港口管理和其他利益相关者,因此非常重视,可以提高港口资源的利用率,也欣然接受战略港口扩张。本研究的限制是,它没有考虑成本因素,由于缺乏数据。它也留下了港口服务和人力资源上的考虑。另一个限制是,该研究只研究四个辽宁省主要港口。进一步的研究应集中在这次没有研究的因素。

关键词：港口技术效率 DEA 随机前沿生产函数模型

On-chip detection of a single nucleotide polymorphism without polymerase amplification

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Nano Research 2014年第9期7卷 1302-1310页

作者： Jinhee Han Matthew Tan Lakshmana Sudheendra robert H. Weiss Ian M. kennedy Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering University of California Davis California 95616 USA Division of Nephrology Department of Internal Medicine University of California Davis California 95616 USA Medical Service Sacramento VA Medical Center Sacramento California 95655 USA

A nanoparticle-assembled photonic crystal （PC） array was used to detect single nucleotide polymorphism （SNP）. The assay platform with PC nanostructure enhanced the fluorescent signal from nanoparticle-hybridized DNA complexes due to phase matching of excitation and emission. Nanoparticles coupled with probe DNA were trapped into nanowells in an array by using an electrophoretic particle entrapment system. The PC/DNA assay platform was able to identify a 1 base pair （bp） difference in synthesized nucleotide sequences that mimicked the mutation seen in a feline model of human autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease （PKD） with a sensitivity of 0.9 fg/mL （50 aM）-sensitivity, which corresponds to 30 oligos/array. The reliability of the PC/DNA assay platform to detect SNP in a real sample was demonstrated by using genomic DNA （gDNA） extracted from the urine and blood of two PKD-wild type and three PKD positive cats. The standard curves for PKD positive （PKD＋） and negative （PKD-） DNA were created using two feline-urine samples. An additional three urine samples were analyzed in a similar fashion and showed satisfactory agreement with the standard curve, confirming the presence of the mutation in affected urine. The limit of detection （LOD） was 0.005 ng/mL which corresponds to 6 fg per array for gDNA in urine and blood. The PC system demonstrated the ability to detect a number of genome equivalents for the PKD SNP that was very similar to the results reported with real time polymerase chain reaction （PCR）. The favorable comparison with quantitative PCR suggests that the PC technology may find application well beyond the detection of the PKD SNP, into areas where a simple, cheap and portable nucleic acid analvsis is desirable.

关键词： photonic crystal array single nucleotidepolymorphisms DNA polycystic kidney disease real time polymerasechain reaction (PCR)

A metapopulation model for the spread of MRSA in correctional facilities

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Infectious Disease Modelling 2016年第1期1卷 11-27页

作者： Marc Beauparlant robert smith Department of Mathematics The University of OttawaOttawaON K1N 6N5Canada Department of Mathematics and Faculty of Medicine The University of OttawaOttawaON K1N 6N5Canada

The spread of methicillin-resistant strains of Staphylococcus aureus(MRSA)in health-care settings has become increasingly difficult to control and has since been able to spread in the general *** prevalence of MRSA within the general public has caused outbreaks in groups of people in close quarters such as military barracks,gyms,daycare centres and correctional *** facilities are of particular importance for spreading MRSA,as inmates are often in close proximity and have limited access to hygienic products and clean *** these conditions are ideal for spreading MRSA,a recent study has suggested that recurrent epidemics are caused by the influx of colonized or infected individuals into the correctional *** this paper,we further investigate the effects of community dynamics on the spread of MRSA within the correctional facility and determine whether recidivism has a significant effect on disease *** a simplified hotspot model ignoring disease dynamics within the correctional facility,as well as two metapopulation models,we demonstrate that outbreaks in correctional facilities can be driven by community dynamics even when spread between inmates is *** also show that disease dynamics within the correctional facility and their effect on the outlying community may be ignored due to the smaller size of the incarcerated *** will allow construction of simpler models that consider the effects of many MRSA hotspots interacting with the general *** is suspected that the cumulative effects of hotspots for MRSA would have a stronger feedback effect in other community settings.

关键词： methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus hotspots mathematical model metapopulation model Latin Hypercube Sampling