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Current Zoology 2012年第3期58卷 426-439页

作者： rebecca SAFRAN Samuel FLAXMAN Michael KOPP Darren e. IRWIN Derek BRIGGS Matthew R. eVANS W. Chris FUNK David A. GRAY eileen A. HeBeTS Nathalie SeDDON elizabeth SCORDATO Laurel B. SYMeS Joseph A. TOBIAS David P. L. TOeWS J. Albert C. UY Department of ecology and evolutionary Biology University of Colorado Boulder CO 80309 U.S.A. Mathematics and B iosciences Group Faculty of Mathematics University of Vienna A-1090 Vienna Austria Current address evolutionary Biology and Modeling Group Faculty of Sciences Aix-Marseille University 13331 Marseille France. Department of Zoology University of British Columbia 6270 University Boulevard Vancouver BC Canada V6T 1Z4. Research ＆ evaluation Methodology School of Education University of Colorado Boulder CO 80309 U.S.A. School of Biological and Chemical Sciences Queen Mary University of London London E1 4NS Department of Biology Colorado State University Fort Collins CO 80523 U.S.A. Department of Biology California State University Northridge CA 91330 U.S.A. School of Biological Sciences University of Nebraska Lincoln NE 68588 U.S.A. edward Grey Institute Department of Zoology University of Oxford Oxford OX1 3PS UK Committee on evolutionary Biology The University of Chicago Chicago IL 60637U.S.A. Department of Biology Dartmouth College Hanover NH 03755 U.S.A. Department of Biology University of Miami Coral Gables FL 33146 U.S.A.

Whereas a rich literature exists for estimating population genetic divergence, metrics of phenotypic trait divergence are lacking, particularly for comparing multiple traits among three or more populations. Here, we review and analyze via simula- tion Hedges＇ g, a widely used parametric estimate of effect size. Our analyses indicate that g is sensitive to a combination of unequal trait variances and unequal sample sizes among populations and to changes in the scale of measurement. We then go on to derive and explain a new, non-parametric distance measure, ＇Aft＇, which is caiculated based upon a joint cumulative distribution function （CDF） from all populations under study. More precisely, distances are measured in terms of the percentiles in this CDF at which each population＇s median lies. Ap combines many desirable features of other distance metrics into a single metric; namely, compared to other metrics, p is relatively insensitive to unequal variances and sample sizes among the populations sam- pied. Furthermore, a key feature of Ap--and our main motivation for developing it--is that it easily accommodates simultaneous comparisons of any number of traits across any number of populations. To exemplify its utility, we employ Ap to address a ques- tion related to the role of sexual selection in speciation： are sexual signals more divergent than ecological traits in closely related taxa？ Using traits of known function in closely related populations, we show that traits predictive of reproductive performance are indeed, more divergent and more sexually dimorphic than traits related to ecological adaptation [Current Zoology 58 （3）： 426-439 2012].

关键词： effect size Phenotype divergence Sexual dimorphism Sexual selection Speciation

Reframing the payments for ecosystem services framework in a coupled human and natural systems context:strengthening the integration between ecological and human dimensions

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ecosystem Health and Sustainability 2017年第5期3卷 1-12页

作者： rebecca L.Lewison Li An Xiaodong Chen Department of Biology San Diego State UniversitySan DiegoCAUSA Department of Geography San Diego State UniversitySan DiegoCAUSA Department of Geography University of North Carolina at Chapel HillChapel HillNCUSA

Introduction:As challenges to biodiversity mount,land-use policies have been implemented to balance human needs and the integrity of ecological *** such program,Payments for ecosystem Services(PeS),incentivizes resource users to protect ecosystem services and has been implemented around the world to reduce soil erosion,create or improve wildlife habitats,and improve water quality and other environmental *** PeS policy,at its core,is a concept that aims to capture the reciprocal relationships between human systems and ecological function and *** such,PeS epistemologically embodies a coupled human and natural systems ***:Yet,despite this conceptual alignment,the on-the-ground implementation or evaluation of PeS typically does not adopt this coupled approach and PeS programs have little integration between socioeconomic,sociocultural,human demographic,and ecological *** advance the evolution of PeS,we consider what and how socioeconomic and ecological factors have been incorporated into PeS program implementation and *** also present a conceptual model to articulate how PeS research can capture the reciprocal relationships among socioeconomics,demography,and ecology and discuss the quantitative modeling approaches that can support this conceptual development,i.e.,structural equation and agent-based modeling,and latent trajectory ***:By strengthening the conceptual framework for PeS within a coupled human and natural systems approach and identifyinganalytical approaches that can be used to quantify and characterize these complex cross-disciplinary relationships,we aim to support the evolution and advancement of PeS,in service of more meaningful and positive outcomes for human well-being and ecological sustainability.

关键词： Agent-based modeling disciplinary integration ecological responses human socioeconomics latent trajectory models structural equation modeling

Surgically-induced brain injury:where are we now?

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Chinese Neurosurgical Journal 2020年第1期6卷 45-55页

作者： travis Zachary D. Sherchan Prativa Hayes William K. Zhang John H. Department of earth and Biological Sciences School of MedicineLoma Linda UniversityLoma LindaCA 92354USA Department of Physiology and Pharmacology School of MedicineLoma Linda UniversityLoma LindaCA 92354USA Department of Anesthesiology School of MedicineLoma Linda UniversityLoma LindaCA 92354USA

Neurosurgical procedures cause inevitable brain damage from the multitude of surgical manipulations ***,retraction,thermal damage from electrocautery,and intraoperative hemorrhage cause immediate and long-term brain injuries that are directly linked to neurosurgical operations,and these types of injuries,collectively,have been termed surgical brain injury(SBI).For the past decade,a model developed to study the underlying brain pathologies resulting from SBI has provided insight on cellular mechanisms and potential therapeutic *** model,as seen in a rat,mouse,and rabbit,mimics a neurosurgical operation and causes commonly encountered post-operative complications such as brain edema,neuroinflammation,and *** this review,we elaborate on SBI and its clinical impact,the SBI animal models and their clinical relevance,the importance of applying therapeutics before neurosurgical procedures(i.e.,preconditioning),and the new direction of applying venom-derived proteins to attenuate SBI.

关键词： Brain injury Cerebral edema Preconditioning Neurotherapeutics Venom therapies

effect of Biochar Type and Size on<i>in Vitro </i>Rumen Fermentation of Orchard Grass Hay

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Agricultural Sciences 2017年第4期8卷 316-325页

作者： Zach D. McFarlane Phillip R. Myer emily R. Cope Neil D. evans T. Carson Bone Bryan e. Biss J. travis Mulliniks Department of Animal Science University of Tennessee Knoxville TN USA Proton Power Lenoir City TN USA

Biochar, a byproduct from the biofuels industry, may be a potential feed additive in ruminant diets due to possible improvements in microbial fermentation. Therefore, the objective of this study was to determine the nutritive value, in vitro digestibility, volatile fatty acid (VFA) production, and gas production of biochar inclusion to an orchard grass (Dactylis glomerata) basal diet. The study was designed as a 3 × 2 factorial arrangement with 3 different biochar sources and 2 biochar processed sizes as the main effects factors. experimental treatments were biochar from 3 different tree types: 1) Chestnut Oak (Quercus prinus L.;CO), 2) Yellow Poplar (Liriodendron tulipifera;YP), or 3) White Pine (Pinus strobus L.;WP), and processed at 2 different biochar particle sizes: a) 178 μm (Coarse). Biochar was added to the basal diet of orchard grass hay (872.35 g/kg of DM, 98.31 g/kg of CP, and 704.02 g/kg of aNDF, DM basis) at a rate of 81 g/kg DM. Biochar residual ash content was greater (P P P = 0.01) with lower aNDF content in both WP sizes compared with their respective biochar type and size. Gas production was not influenced (P = 0.23) by biochar tree type;however, gas production was increased (P = 0.05) by Fine particle size compared with Coarse biochar. The in vitro true digestibility (IVTD) of orchard grass hay was increased (P = 0.01) by the inclusion of Fine biochar particle size compared with Coarse particle size. Additionally, in vitro CP true digestibility (DCP) exhibited a type × size interaction (P = 0.01). Crude protein digestibility was lower for Fine particle-sized CO and WP biochar sources compared with Coarse particle-sized CO and WP (P ≤ 0.004). However, DCP was not different between Coarse and Fine particle-sized YP biochar (P = 0.70). Volatile fatty acids (acetate, propionate, and butyrate) were not altered by biochar type (P ≥ 0.66) or particle size (P ≥ 0.19). These results indicate that both tree type and particle size of biochar may need to be c

关键词： Biochar Forage Digestibility Gas Production Rumen Fermentation

Potential Bacterial Health Risk Posed to Consumers of Fresh Coconut (<i>Cocos nucifera</i>L.) Water

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Food and Nutrition Sciences 2012年第8期3卷 1136-1143页

作者： Adolf K. Awua edna D. Doe rebecca Agyare Cellular and Clinical Research Centre Radiological and Medical Sciences Research Institute Ghana Atomic Energy Commission Accra Ghana

Coconut (Cocos nucifera L.) water is a refreshing drink consumed mostly directly from the fruit. However, in recent times, consumers in Accra prefer to have it transferred into plastic bags for later consumption;this favours a high risk of bacterial contamination. Since it is rich in nutrient, it may become unwholesome with possible high bacteria loads. However, its use for managing and preventing diarrhoeal diseases and the report that coconut water contains anti-bacterial proteins, suggests a bacteria growth inhibition potential for it. Therefore, the propensity of fresh coconut water to support the growth of two pathogenic bacteria was studied. Using mostly optical density measurement, and where possible, growth parameters and bacteria loads were estimated for the growth of two gram negative bacteria in fresh, stored and sterilized coconut water, and also in Luria-Bertani (LB) broth as a control. The study revealed that fresh coconut water is a drink favourable for the survival and growth of escherichia coli, and Klebsiella pneumoniae. It supported the growth of these bacteria recording lag times of 101.4 ± 1.00 minutes for e. coli and 154.8 ± 0.45 minutes for K. pneumoniae, and high loads of viable cells of ~ 2.27 × 108 cfu/mL and > 2.83 × 108 cfu/mL at the stationary phase for e. coli and K. pneumoniae respectively. These and other growth parameters in coconut water were comparable to those in Luria-Bertani (LB) broth medium. However, when autoclaved, gamma irradiated or stored at 4℃ for two weeks or more, the growth of these bacteria becomes extremely limited. Fresh coconut water will support the growth of these bacteria to high and infective load of viable cell if it becomes contaminated with and is kept at ambient temperatures for two or more hours. Thus, it will be safer to consume coconut water directly from the fruit, since there is a high risk for bacteria contamination associated with the transfer and storage in other containers.

关键词： Coconut Water Bacterial Growth Curves Health Risk

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高压输气管道的暂态水力特性分析

油气储运 1984年第3期 42-49+7-8页

作者： travis e.Striplling ,Azim U.Khan ,Ken Dillon ,李广然

一些前所未有的高压、大口径输气管道正准备用来输送一般的干燥天然气和凝析气。对这些新的高压输气系统采用暂态水力计算机来分析和处理有关问题,文章作了一般原理介绍。

关键词：气管道大口径气体处理气源天然气混合气体管道破裂管线捕液器水力性能水力特性

INFLUeNCe OF ZWITTeRIONS ON PROPeRTIeS AND MORPHOLOGY OF IONOMeRS: IMPLICATIONS FOR eLeCTRO-ACTIVe APPLICATIONS

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INFLUENCE OF ZWITTERIONS ON PROPERTIES AND MORPHOLOGY OF ION...

Racial Differences in Left Ventricular Filling Pressure Following Acute Aerobic exercise Between Chinese and Caucasians

第四届国际高分子化学学术讨论会

作者： Tianyu Wu Andrew J.Duncan rebecca H.Brown Frederick L.Beyer Timothy e.Long Department of Chemistry The Macromolecules and Interface Institute Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University Army Research Laboratory materials DivisionAberdeen Proving Ground

Zwitterions,betaines in particular,are a unique class of molecules that contain covalently-bound cations and *** are naturally present in the form of phosphorylcholine,a major component ofcell *** Kee et *** demonstrated that zwitterionic small molecules exhibit rich solution rheology behaviors,and can be electrospun into non-woven nanofibers.1On the other hand,

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Journal of Science in Sport and exercise 2022年第3期4卷 275-282页

作者： Peng Sun Huimin Yan Sushant M.Ranadive Abbi D.Lane rebecca MKappus Tracy Baynard Xiaodan Sun Shichang Li Bo Fernhall Key Laboratory of Adolescent Health Assessment and exercise Intervention Ministry of EducationEast China Normal UniversityShanghaiPeople’s Republic of China College of Applied Health Sciences University of Illinois at ChicagoChicagoILUSA Department of Kinesiology and Community Health University of Illinois at Urbana-ChampaignChampaignILUSA Damujia Central Health Center WeifangShandongPeople’s Republic of China

Background Left ventricular filling pressure(LVFP)is an important early indicator of heart failure that is more prevalent in Caucasians than ***-induced change in LVFP may provide more incremental information to assess dias-tolic *** it was unknown whether there was difference in LVFP following acute exercise between Caucasians and *** The purpose of this study was to investigate the change of LVFP following an acute 45-min aerobic exercise in healthy Caucasian and Chinese *** Sixty participants(30 Caucasians and 30 Chinese,half was male,respectively)performed an acute bout of aero-bic exercise at 70%of heart rate ***,Left ventricle(LV)morphology and function parameters were measured at baseline,then at 30-min and 60-min *** There was a similar LV ejection fraction,LV fraction shorten,lateral e/eʹand lateral eʹbetween Chinese and Caucasians at *** was a significant race-by-time interaction in lateral e/eʹand lateral eʹbetween Chinese and Caucasians from pre-exercise to 30 min and 60 min after acute aerobic ***Δe/eʹwas significant correlated with baseline systolic blood *** The change of LVFP was different between Chinese and Caucasians following acute aerobic *** racial differences may be primarily caused by the changes of LV relaxation following exercise,baseline systolic blood pressure may also contribute to the differences.

关键词： Diastolic function Left ventricular filling pressure Racial differences

Improvements to a Novel Device Simulating Pneumatic Intussusception Reduction

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Open Journal of Radiology 2013年第2期3卷 73-77页

作者： Steffan K. Soosman Joseph C. Li Glade e. Roper Anthony S. Wexler rebecca Stein-Wexler Thomas Ray Sanchez Department of Mechanical and Aerospace engineering University of California at Davis Civil and Environmental Engineering Land Air and Water Resources Davis USA Department of Radiology University of California at Davis Sacramento USA John A. Burns School of Medicine University of Hawaii Honolulu USA School of Medicine University of California at Davis Sacramento USA

Objectives: Intussusception, an uncommon but important cause of acute abdomen during infancy and early childhood, can be safely and effectively treated by fluoroscopic air reduction. Although pediatric radiology fellows report ample opportunity to practice intussusception reduction, radiology residents report few opportunities to participate in this procedure. Adequate training to reduce intussusception is essential, as successful reduction obviates the need for surgery. A teaching device that simulates intussusception reduction could help radiology residents develop the skills necessary to perform this procedure. Materials and Methods: We report on improvements made to a training device developed in 2010 by Stein-Wexler et al. Since then we have simplified the manufacturing process, added several unique patient cases, improved the software so that adding patient scenarios is easier, and improved the graphic interface to make the simulation more realistic and facilitate feedback. Results: The simulator is now a customizable and robust standalone package. A thorough instructor’s manual and improvements to the graphic design-such as embedded checklists, built-in feedback mechanisms, and a more intuitive interface-make the simulator easier to use. Conclusion: We have improved our previously-reported teaching device for intussusception reduction and produced a robust simulator. We plan to make this device available to programs that train physicians in pneumatic intussusception reduction.

关键词： Intussusception Reduction Simulator Teaching