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（1,3;1,4）-β-D-Glucans in Cell Walls of the Poaceae, Lower Plants, and Fungi： A Tale of Two Linkages

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Molecular Plant 2009年第5期2卷 873-882页

作者： rachel A. Burton Geoffrey B. Fincher The Australian Centre for Plant Functional Genomics School of Agriculture Food and Wine University of Adelaide Waite Campus Glen Osmond SA 5064Australia

（1,3;1,4）-β-D-Glucans consist of unbranched and unsubstituted chains of （1,3）- and （1,4）-β-glucosyl residues, in which the ratio of （1,4）-β-D-glucosyl residues to （1,3）-β-D-glucosyl residues appears to influence not only the physicochemical properties of the polysaccharide and therefore its functional properties in cell walls, but also its adoption by different plant species during evolution. The （1,3; 1,4）-β-D-glucans are widely distributed as non-cellulosic matrix phase polysaccharides in cell walls of the Poaceae, which evolved relatively recently and consist of the grasses and commercially important cereal species, but they are less commonly found in lower vascular plants, such as the horsetails, in algae and in fungi. The （1,3;1,4）-β-D-glucans have often been considered to be components mainly of primary cell walls, but recent observations indicate that they can also be located in secondary walls of certain tissues. Enzymes involved in the depolymerisation of （1,3;1,4）-β-D-glucans have been well characterized. In contrast, initial difficulties in purifying the enzymes responsible for （1,3;1,4）-β-D-glucan biosynthesis slowed progress in the identification of the genes that encode （1,3;1,4）-β-D-glucan synthases, but emerging comparative genomics and associated techniques have allowed at least some of the genes that contribute to （1,3;1,4）-β-D-glucan synthesis in the Poaceae to be identified. Whether similar genes and enzymes also mediate （1,3;1,4）-β-D-glucan biosynthesis in lower plants and fungi is not yet known. Here, we compare the different fine structures of （1,3;1,4）-β-D-glucans across the plant kingdom, present current information on the genes that have been implicated recently in their biosynthesis, and consider aspects of the cell biology of （1,3;1,4）-β-D-glucan biosynthesis in the Poaceae.

关键词： Cereals chemical structure glycosidic linkage analysis Poaceae polysaccharide biosynthesis wall deposition.

Optimising repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation for neural circuit repair following traumatic brain injury

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Neural Regeneration Research 2015年第3期10卷 357-359页

作者： Jennifer Rodger rachel M.Sherrard Experimental and Regenerative Neuroscience School of Animal Biologythe University of Western Australia Sorbonne Universités UPMC Univ Paris 06 & CNRSInstitut de Biologie Paris Seine-B2AUMR 8256 Biological Adaptation and AgeingParis France

While it is well-known that neuronal activity promotes plasticity and connectivity, the success of activity-based neural rehabilitation programs remains extremely limited in human clinical experience because they cannot adequately control neuronal excitability and activity within the injured brain in order to induce repair. However, it is possible to non-invasively modulate brain plasticity using brain stimu- lation techniques such as repetitive transcranial （rTMS） and transcranial direct current stimulation （tDCS） techniques, which show promise for repairing injured neural circuits （Henrich-Noack et al., 2013; Lefaucher et al., 2014）. Yet we are far from having full control of these techniques to repair the brain following neurotrauma and need more fundamen- tal research （Ellaway et al., 2014; Lefaucher et al., 2014）. In this perspective we discuss the mechanisms by which rTMS may facilitate neurorehabilitation and propose experimental techniques with which magnetic stimulation may be investi- gated in order to optimise its treatment potential.

关键词： TMS Optimising repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation for neural circuit repair following traumatic brain injury

Do females use their sexual status to gain resource access？ Investigating food-for-sex in wolves and dogs

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Current Zoology 2017年第3期63卷 323-330页

作者： rachel DALE Sarah MARSHALL-PESCINI Friederike RANGE Comparative Cognition Messerli Research Institute University of Veterinary Medicine Medical University of Vienna University of Vienna Vienna Austria Wolf Science Center Ernstbrunn Austria

While food sharing among related individuals can be explained by kin selection, food sharing be- tween unrelated individuals has been more of an evolutionary puzzle. The food-for-sex hypothesis provides an explanation for the occurrence of food sharing among nonkin. However, little is known about the socio-ecological factors that can promote such a commodity exchange. A species mating system is a factor potentially influencing food-for-sex patterns of behavior. Here, we compared wolves, which form pair-bonds, with dogs, which are typically promiscuous in freeranging contexts, to investigate the effect of reproductive stages on the behavior around a food source in 2 different contexts. Furthermore, we considered the roles of both the males and the fe- males in the potential food-for-sex exchange. Results indicate that in both species and for both sexes the breeding period promotes decreased aggression. Additionally, females were more per- sistent in their attempts to access the food and were able to monopolize the resource more when in heat as compared to outside the breeding period. Finally, in dogs, but not wolves, females spent more time in proximity to the male＇s bone and had a shorter latency to start eating it when in heat. Overall, this study demonstrates that the food-for-sex hypothesis plays a part in intersexual food sharing in canids, and highlights the role of females in the interaction. These effects were especially the case in dogs, suggesting a potential effect of mating system on food-for-sex responses

关键词： canid food-for-sex food sharing tolerance.

Identification of genes preferentially expressed in wild strawberry receptacle fruit and demonstration of their promoter activities

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Horticulture Research 2019年第1期6卷 1005-1014页

作者： rachel Shahan Dongdong Li Zhongchi Liu Department of Cell Biology and Molecular Genetics University of MarylandCollege ParkMD 20742USA Zhejiang University College of Biosystems Engineering and Food ScienceKey Laboratory of Agro-Products Postharvest Handling Ministry of AgricultureZhejiang Key Laboratory for Agri-Food ProcessingZhejiang UniversityHangzhou 310058People’s Republic of China Department of Biology and Howar

Fragaria vesca(***),the wild strawberry,is a diploid model for the commercial,octoploid strawberry as well as other members of the economically relevant Rosaceae *** the fruits of tomato and Arabidopsis,the fleshy fruit of strawberry is unique in that it is derived from the floral receptacle and has an external seed ***,identification and subsequent characterization of receptacle-expressed genes may shed light on novel developmental processes or provide insight into how developmental regulation differs between receptacle-derived and ovary-derived ***,since fruit and flower tissues are the last organs to form on a plant,the development of receptacle fruitspecific promoters may provide useful molecular tools for research and *** this work,we mined previously generated RNA-Seq datasets and identified 589 genes preferentially expressed in the strawberry receptacle versus all other profiled *** of a select subset of the 589 genes were isolated and their activities tested using a GUS transcriptional *** promoters may now be used by the *** research community for a variety of purposes,including driving expression of tissue-specific reporters,RNAi constructs,or specific genes to manipulate fruit ***,identified genes with receptacle-specific expression patterns,including MADS-Box and KNOX family transcription factors,are potential key regulators of fleshy fruit development and attractive candidates for functional characterization.

关键词： straw attractive fruit

What Makes Homeowners Consider Protective Actions to Reduce Disaster Risk?An Application of the Precaution Adoption Process Model and Life Course Theory

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International Journal of Disaster Risk Science 2021年第3期12卷 312-325页

作者： Alexia Stock rachel A.Davidson Joseph E.Trainor rachel Slotter Linda K.Nozick Jamie B.Kruse Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering University of DelawareNewarkDE 19711USA Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering University of DelawareNewarkDE 19716USA School of Public Policy and Administration University of DelawareNewarkDE 19716USA Disaster Science and Management University of DelawareNewarkDE 19716USA School of Civil and Environmental Engineering Cornell UniversityIthacaNY 14853USA Department of Economics East Carolina UniversityGreenvilleNC 27858USA

We hypothesize that for disaster risk mitigation,many households,despite being aware of their risk and possible mitigation actions,never seriously consider doing anything about *** mitigation-focused decisions,since there is no equivalent to warning messages,the decision process is likely to evolve over an extended *** explore what activates hurricane mitigation protective action decisions through three research questions:(1)to what extent are homeowners unengaged in protective action decision making?(2)What homeowner characteristics are associated with lack of engagement?And(3)to what extent do different life events trigger engagement in the decision-making process?We use the Precaution Adoption Process Model to conceptualize engagement as distinct from decision making;the broader protective action decision-making literature to explore drivers of engagement;and Life Course Theory to examine potential transitions from unengaged to *** use survey data of homeowners in North Carolina to examine these questions *** suggest that one-third of respondents had never engaged in protective action decisions,that life experiences differ in their occurrence frequency and effect on households’mitigation decisions,and that some events,such as renovating,reroofing,or purchasing a home may offer critical moments that could be leveraged to encourage greater engagement in mitigation decision making.

关键词： Homeowners Hurricane damage Life course theory Mitigation decisions North Carolina Protective action

Temperature-induced plasticity at cellular and organismal levels in the lizard Anolis carolinensis

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Integrative Zoology 2010年第3期5卷 208-217页

作者： rachel M.GOODMAN Tze P.HEAH Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology University of TennesseeKnoxvilleTennesseeUSA

Among ectotherms,individuals raised in cooler temperatures often have larger body size and/or larger cell *** current study tested whether geographic variation in cell size and plasticity for cell size exist in a terrestrial,ectothermic vertebrate,Anolis carolinensis Voigt,*** demonstrated temperature-induced plasticity in erythrocytes and epithelial cells of hatchlings lizards derived from the eggs of females sampled from four populations and incubated at multiple *** cells were produced in hatchlings from cooler treatments;however,hatchling body size was unaffected by ***,temperature-induced plasticity applies at the cellular,but not organismal,level in *** addition,reaction norms for cell size differed among *** was a latitudinal trend in cell size and in plasticity of cell size among our study *** two southernmost populations showed plasticity in cell size,whereas the two northernmost ones did *** suggest that selection pressure for larger cell size in northern,cooler environments has restricted plasticity in *** applied at the cellular level in response to variable incubation environments.

关键词： epithelium erythrocyte phenotypic plasticity reptile temperature

Male-driven reproductive and agonistic character displacement in darters and its implications for speciation in allopatry

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Current Zoology 2018年第1期64卷 101-113页

作者： rachel L. MORAN Rebecca C. FULLER School of Integrative Biology University of Illinois Champaign IL 61820 USA

Selection against hybridization can cause mating traits to diverge between species in sympatry via reproductive character displacement （RCD）. Additionally, selection against interspecific fighting can cause aggressive traits to diverge between sympatric species via agonistic character displacement （ACD）. By directly affecting conspecific recognition traits, RCD and ACD between species can also incidentally cause divergence in mating and fighting traits among populations within a species [termed cascade RCD （CRCD） and cascade ACD]. Here, we demonstrate patterns consistent with male-driven RCD and ACD in 2 groups of darters （orangethroat darter clade Ceasia and rainbow darter Etheostoma caeruleum）. In both groups, males that occur in sympatry （between Ceasia and E. caeruleum） have higher levels of preference for mating and fighting with conspecifics over heterospecifics than do males from allopatry. This is consistent with RCD and ACD. We also found patterns consistent with CRCD and cascade ACD among species of Ceasia. Ceasia males that are sympatric to E. caeruleum （but allopatric to one another） also have heightened preferences for mat- ing and fighting with conspecific versus heterospecific Ceasia. In contrast, Ceasia males that are allopatric to E. caeruleum readily mate and fight with heterospecific Ceasia. We suggest that RCD and ACD between Ceasia and E. caeruleum has incidentally led to divergence in mating and fighting traits among Ceasia species. This study is unique in that male preferences evolve via both RCD （male preference for conspecific females） and ACD （male preference to fight conspecific males） which leads to subsequent divergence among allopatric lineages.

关键词： agonistic character displacement behavioral isolation cascade reinforcement reinforcement reproductive charac-ter displacement speciation.

The role of retinoic acid in the commitment to meiosis

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Asian Journal of Andrology 2021年第6期23卷 549-554页

作者： rachel L Gewiss M Christine Schleif Michael D Griswold School of Molecular Biosciences and Center for Reproductive Biology Washington State UniversityPullmanWA 99164USA

Male meiosis is a complex process whereby spermatocytes undergo cell division to form haploid *** review focuses on the role of retinoic acid(RA)in meiosis,as well as several processes regulated by RA before cell entry into meiosis that are critical for proper meiotic entry and ***,we discuss RA metabolism in the testis as well as the roles of stimulated by retinoic acid gene 8(STRA8)and MEIOSIN,which are responsive to RA and are critical for *** assert that transcriptional regulation in the spermatogonia is critical for successful meiosis.

关键词： meiosis retinoic acid spermatogenesis testis

Regulation of enolase activation to promote neural protection and regeneration in spinal cord injury

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Neural Regeneration Research 2023年第7期18卷 1457-1462页

作者： Hannah MMcCoy rachel Polcyn Naren LBanik Azizul Haque Department of Microbiology and Immunology Medical University of South CarolinaCharlestonSCUSA Department of Neurosurgery Medical University of South CarolinaCharlestonSCUSA Ralph H.Johnson Veterans Administration Medical Center CharlestonSCUSA

Spinal cord injury(SCI)is a debilitating condition characterized by damage to the spinal cord resulting in loss of function,mobility,and sensation with no *** and Drug Administration-approved ***,a multifunctional glycolytic enzyme upregulated after SCI,promotes pro-and anti-inflammatory events and regulates functional recovery in *** is normally expressed in the cytosol,but the expression is upregulated at the cell surface following cellular injury,promoting glial cell activation and signal transduction pathway ***-induced microglia activation triggers pro-inflammatory mediators at the injury site,activating other immune cells and metabolic events,i.e.,Rho-associated kinase,contributing to the neuroinflammation found in *** surface expression also activates cathepsin X,resulting in cleavage of the C-terminal end of neuron-specific enolase(NSE)and non-neuronal enolase(NNE).Fully functional enolase is necessary as NSE/NNE C-terminal proteins activate many neurotrophic processes,i.e.,the plasminogen activation system,phosphatidylinositol-4,5-bisphosphate 3-kinase/protein kinase B,and mitogen-activated protein kinase/extracellular signal-regulated *** here suggest an enolase inhibitor,ENOblock,attenuates the activation of Rho-associated kinase,which may decrease glial cell activation and promote functional recovery following ***,ENOblock inhibits cathepsin X,which may help prevent the cleavage of the neurotrophic C-terminal protein allowing full plasminogen activation and phosphatidylinositol-4,5-bisphosphate 3-kinase/mitogen-activated protein kinase *** combined NSE/cathepsin X inhibition may serve as a potential therapeutic strategy for preventing neuroinflammation/degeneration and promoting neural cell regeneration and recovery following *** role of cell membrane-expressed enolase and associated metabolic events should be investigated to determine if the same strategies can be applied to other neu

关键词： cathepsin X ENOblock enolase glia mitogen-activated protein kinase/extracellular signal-regulated kinase neurodegeneration neuroinflammation phosphatidylinositol-4,5-bisphosphate 3-kinase/protein kinase B Rho-associated protein kinase spinal cord injury