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Examining the Types and Consequences of Female Genital Mutilation in Somalia: A Cross-Sectional Study on the Burden and Impact of Acute and Long-Term Complications

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Open Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology 2024年第9期14卷 1322-1334页

作者： Rahma Yusuf Haji Mohamud Nur Adam Mohamed Mohamed Yaqub Hassan Khadija Yusuf Ali Marian Muse Osman Amal nor Ali Ifrah Adan Hilowle Iftin Mohamed Osman Mohamed Farah Yusuf Mohamud Department of Nursing Mogadishu Somali Turkiye Recep Tayyip Erdogan Training and Research Hospital Mogadishu Somalia Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences Mogadishu Somali Turkiye Recep Tayyip Erdogan Training and Research Hospital Mogadishu Somalia Department of Pediatric Mogadishu Somali Turkiye Recep Tayyip Erdogan Training and Research Hospital Mogadishu Somalia Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology Mogadishu Somali Turkiye Recep Tayyip Erdogan Training and Research Hospital Mogadishu Somalia Research Department National Institute of Health Mogadishu Somalia Department of Pulmonology Mogadishu Somali Turkiye Recep Tayyip Erdogan Training and Research Hospital Mogadishu Somalia Department of Emergency Medicine Mogadishu Somali Turkiye Recep Tayyip Erdogan Training and Research Hospital Mogadishu Somalia

Background: In Africa, female genital mutilation (FGM) is a widespread and harmful practice, with Somalia having the highest incidence at 98%. This practice has severe and long-lasting physical and mental health consequences. The aim of the study was to evaluate the different types of FGM;immediate and long-term complications associated with the practice, and identify factors related to its prevalence. Method: In a one-year cross-sectional hospital-based study, data were collected from females aged 18 - 50 with a history of FGM. Face-to-face semi-structured questionnaires were used for data collection. Data analysis was performed using SPSS version 26, utilizing univariate and bivariate analyses to identify correlations between variables, which were presented in tables. Results: In a study involving 255 female participants, 65.5% were between 18 and 30 years old. The majority (82.7%) were married, while 47.1% were illiterate. FGM cases were more prevalent in rural areas (61.6%). Among the participants, 45.1% were employed. Type 3 FGM was the most common (44.3%), followed by Type 2 (32.2%) and Type 1 (23.9%). In terms of short-term complications experienced by circumcised women, the most common were bleeding, reported by 29.8% of participants, followed by infection (25.1%), and urinary retention (19.2%). Among the long-term complications observed, recurrent vaginal infections were the most prevalent, affecting 29.8% of the surveyed females. This was episiotomy during delivery (22.3%) and genital scarring (10.2%). Conclusion: The study reveals that Type 3 FGM is highly prevalent among the surveyed females, contributing to an increased risk of recurrent vaginal infections, prolonged second stage of labor, higher likelihood of episiotomy during delivery, and genital scarring. These findings emphasize the urgent need for effective preventive strategies and implementation from both international and local organizations to eliminate the harmful practice of FGM.

关键词： Female Genital Mutilation Women Obstetrics and Gynecology Somalia

Epithelial Layer Estimation Using Curvatures and Textural Features for Dysplastic Tissue Detection

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Computers, Materials & Continua 2021年第4期67卷 761-777页

作者： Afzan Adam Abdul Hadi Abd rahman nor Samsiah Sani Zaid Abdi Alkareem Alyessari Nur Jumaadzan Zaleha Mamat Basela Hasan Faculty of Information Science and Technology Center for Artificial Intelligence TechnologyUniversiti Kebangsaan MalaysiaBangiSelangor43300Malaysia Faculty of Science and Technology School of Mathematical SciencesUniversiti Kebangsaan MalaysiaBangiSelangor43300Malaysia Department of Information Technology and Computing Faculty of Computer StudiesArab Open UniversityAmmanJordan

Boundary effect in digital pathology is a phenomenon where the tissue shapes of biopsy samples get distorted during the sampling *** morphological pattern of an epithelial layer is greatly ***,the shape deformation model can normalise the distortions,but it needs a 2D *** theory,on the other hand,is not yet tested on digital pathology ***,this work proposed a curvature detection to reduce the boundary effects and estimates the epithelial *** boundary effect on the tissue surfaces is normalised using the frequency of a curve deviates from being a straight *** epithelial layer’s depth is estimated from the tissue edges and the connected nucleolus ***,the textural and spatial features along the estimated layer are used for dysplastic tissue *** proposed method achieved better performance compared to the whole tissue regions in terms of detecting dysplastic *** result shows a leap of kappa points from fair to a substantial agreement with the expert’s ground truth *** improved results demonstrate that curvatures have been effective in reducing the boundary effects on the epithelial layer of ***,quantifying and classifying the morphological patterns for dysplasia can be *** textural and spatial features on the detected epithelial layer can capture the changes in tissue.

关键词： Digital pathology grading dysplasia tissue boundary effect

A Novel Power Curve Prediction Method for Horizontal-Axis Wind Turbines Using Artificial Neural Networks

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Energy Engineering 2021年第3期118卷 507-516页

作者： Vin Cent Tai Yong Chai Tan nor Faiza Abd rahman Chee Ming Chia Mirzhakyp Zhakiya Lip Huat Saw Centre for Modelling and Simulation Faculty of EngineeringBuilt Environment and Information TechnologySEGi UniversityPetaling Jaya47810Malaysia Mechanical Engineering Department Faculty of EngineeringBuilt Environment and Information TechnologySEGi UniversityPetaling Jaya47810Malaysia Lee Kong Chian Faculty of Engineering and Science UTARKajang43200Malaysia

Accurate prediction of wind turbine power curve is essential for wind farm planning as it influences the expected power *** methods require detailed wind turbine geometry for performance evaluation,which most of the time unattainable and impractical in early stage of wind farm *** significant amount of work has been done on fitting of wind turbine power curve using parametric and non-parametric models,little to no attention has been paid for power curve modelling that relates the wind turbine design *** paper presents a novel method that employs artificial neural network to learn the underlying relationships between 6 turbine design parameters and its power curve.A total of 198 existing pitch-controlled and active stall-controlled horizontal-axis wind turbines have been used for model training and *** results showed that the method is reliable and reasonably accurate,with average R^(2)score of 0.9966.

关键词： Wind turbine power curve artificial neural network HAWT

Reliability Based Multi-Objective Thermodynamic Cycle Optimisation of Turbofan Engines Using Luus-Jaakola Algorithm

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Energy Engineering 2021年第4期118卷 1057-1068页

作者： Vin Cent Tai Yong Chai Tan nor Faiza Abd rahman Yaw Yoong Sia Chan Chin Wang Lip Huat Saw Centre for Modelling and Simulation Faculty of EngineeringBuilt Environment and Information TechnologySEGi UniversityPetaling JayaSelangor47810Malaysia Mechanical Engineering Department Faculty of EngineeringBuilt Environment and Information TechnologySEGi UniversityPetaling JayaSelangor47810Malaysia Lee Kong Chian Faculty of Engineering and Science Universiti Tunku Abdul RahmanKajangSelangor43200Malaysia

Aircraft engine design is a complicated process,as it involves huge number of *** design process begins with parametric cycle *** is crucial to determine the optimum values of the cycle parameters that would give a robust design in the early phase of engine development,to shorten the design cycle for cost saving and man-hour *** obtain a robust solution,optimisation program is often being executed more than once,especially in Reliability Based Design Optimisations(RBDO)with Monte-Carlo Simulation(MCS)scheme for complex systems which require thousands to millions of optimisation loops to be *** paper presents a fast heuristic technique to optimise the thermodynamic cycle of two-spool separated flow turbofan engines based on energy and probability of failure criteria based on Luus-Jaakola algorithm(LJ).A computer program called Turbo Jet Engine Optimiser v2.0(TJEO-2.0)has been developed to perform the optimisation *** program is made up of inner and outer loops,where LJ is used in the outer loop to determine the design variables while parametric cycle analysis of the engine is done in the inner loop to determine the engine ***-Hypercube-Sampling(LHS)technique is used to sample the design and model variations for uncertainty *** results show that optimisation without reliability criteria may lead to high probability of failure of more than 11%on *** thrust obtained with uncertainty quantification was about 25%higher than the one without uncertainty quantification,at the expense of less than 3%of fuel *** proposed algorithm can solve the turbofan RBDO problem within 3 min.

关键词： Multi-objective design optimisation reliability based design optimisation turbofan engines luus-jaakola algorithm

Vitamin E supplementation may negatively affect preimplantation development and mitochondrial ultrastructure of vitrified murine embryos

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Asian pacific Journal of Reproduction 2021年第3期10卷 137-144页

作者： Mimi-Sophia Sarbandi nor-Ashikin Mohamed Noor Khan nor-Shahida Abdul rahman Zolkapli Eshak Fathiah Abdullah Mastura Abd Malek Aqila-Akmal Mohammad Kamal Maternofetal and Embryo Research Group Faculty of MedicineUniversiti Teknologi MARASelangor BranchSungai Buloh Campus47000 Sungai BulohSelangorMalaysia Faculty of Applied Sciences Universiti Teknologi MARAPerak BranchTapah Campus35400 Tapah RoadPerakMalaysia Faculty of Health Sciences Universiti Teknologi MARASelangor BranchPuncak Alam CampusBandar Puncak Alam42300 Kuala SelangorSelangorMalaysia Faculty of Pharmacy Universiti Teknologi MARASelangor BranchPuncak Alam CampusBandar Puncak Alam42300 Kuala SelangorSelangorMalaysia

Objective:To observe the effects of vitamin E on post-vitrification preimplantation development,gross morphology as well as mitochondrial distribution and ***:Twenty-four female C57BL/6NTac mice,aged 12-16 weeks,were randomly divided into four *** A did not receive any treatment and served as the control *** B was treated with corn oil stripped of tocopherols and served as the vehicle *** C was treated with 60 mg/kg body weight of tocotrienol-rich-fraction with corn oil stripped of *** D was treated with 60 mg/kg body weight of alpha-tocopherol with corn oil stripped of *** treatments were administered orally for 7 consecutive *** superovulation and mating with fertile males,2-cell stage embryos were harvested for *** vitrification development in vitro,gross morphology and ultrastructure were compared between ***:The number of 2 and 8-cell embryo,and blastocysts in the treatment and control groups were not significantly different(P>0.05).Following vitrification,all 2-cell embryos had equal-sized blastomeres and intact zona *** aggregation toward the perinuclear region was seen in all of the treatment *** groups C and D had vacuolated mitochondria,which was reflected in the trend of preimplantation development ***:Vitamin E supplementation of 60 mg/kg body weight does not improve the viability of healthy embryos according to this *** a result,the most effective dose of vitamin E supplementation may be determined by the initial quality of the embryos.

关键词： Mitochondria Preimplantation Embryo Vitrification Vitamin E Alpha-tocopherol Tocotrienol-richfraction,Transmission electron microscopy

Influence of contact pressure and sliding speed dependence on the tribological characteristics of an activated carbonepoxy composite derived from palm kernel under dry sliding conditions

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Friction 2019年第3期7卷 227-236页

作者： Dayang nor Fatin MAHMUD Mohd Fadzli Bin ABDOLLAH nor Azmmi Bin MASRIPAN noreffendyTAMALDIN Hilmi AMIRUDDIN Faculty of Mechanical Engineering Universiti Teknikal Malaysia MelakaHang Tuah JayaDurian TunggalMelaka76100Malaysia Centre for Advanced Research on Energy Universiti Teknikal Malaysia MelakaHang Tuah JayaDurian TunggalMelaka76100Malaysia

The objective of this work is to investigate the influence of contact pressure and sliding speed on the coefficient of friction and wear of an activated carbon-epoxy composite derived from palm kernel under dry sliding conditions.A wear mode map approach was employed to identify the transitions from mild to severe wear of the *** dry sliding test was executed by utilizing a ball-on-disc tribometer at different contact pressures and sliding speeds with a constant sliding distance and operating *** results showed that,regardless of the sliding speed,the friction coefficient and wear rate of the composite increased drastically when a critical limit of contact pressure is *** for the sliding speed,both the friction coefficient and wear rate increased first and thereafter decreased at a higher speed of 500 rpm.A wear mode map is proposed to classify the boundary from mild to severe wear *** predominant wear failures identified include micro-crack,fine grooves,debonding,delamination,debris,broken carbon,and fracture.

关键词： activated carbon agriculture waste palm kernel friction and wear pressure and speed

Role of toll like-receptor 2 in inflammatory activity of macrophage infected with a recombinant BCG expressing the C-terminus of merozoite surface protein-1 of Plasmodium falciparum

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Asian Pacific Journal of Tropical Biomedicine 2018年第7期8卷 333-339页

作者： nor Munirah Zakaria Rapeah Suppian norazmi Mohd nor nor Fazila Che Mat School of Health Sciences Health Campus Universiti Sains Malaysia

Objective: To investigate the role of toll-like receptor 2(TLR2) in inflammatory activity of macrophage infected with the recombinant Mycobacterium bovis bacillus Calmette-Guerin(rBCG). Methods: Mouse macrophage cell line J774 A.1 was infected with Mycobacterium bovis bacillus Calmette-Guerin(BCG) and rBCG cultures for 48 h in the presence or absence of 10 μg/mL of TLR2 inhibitor. Untreated macrophages were used as a negative control while lipopolysaccharide-stimulated macrophages were used as a positive control. The ability of the macrophage to engulf the BCG and rBCG in the absence or presence of TLR2 inhibitor was assessed using a phagocytic assay, while the production of inflammatory cytokines and nitric oxide by the infected macrophages was evaluated using ELISA and Griess reagent method, while the expression of the inducible nitric oxide synthase was determined using Western blot analysis. Results: The results showed that blocking TLR2 function reduced the phagocytic activity, nitric oxide production and proinflammatory cytokine secretion such as TNF-α, IL-1β and IL-12 p40 as well as inducible nitric oxide synthase expression in the infected macrophages. These data showed the importance of TLR2 in the activation of macrophages following BCG and r BCG infections. Conclusions: Through exploring the immunological mechanism which underlies the protection conferred by the candidate vaccine, this study will improve our understanding of the vaccine candidate's mechanism to protect the host from malaria infection.

关键词： Macrophages Mycobacterium bovis bacillus Calmette-Guerin Plasmodium falciparum Proinflammatory cytokine Toll-like receptor 2

Insecticide susceptibility status and resistance mechanism of Anopheles cracens Sallum and Peyton and Anopheles maculatus Theobald(Family: Culicidae) from knowlesi malaria endemic areas in Peninsular Malaysia

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Asian Pacific Journal of Tropical Medicine 2019年第2期12卷 79-86页

作者： Ahmad Rohani Abdul rahman Aidil Azahary Ke-Xin Yu Mohamed nor Zurainee Wan Mohamad Ali Wan Najdah Han Lim Lee Medical Entomology Unit Institute for Medical Research(Malaysia) Department of Parasitology University of Malaya Faculty of Health and Life Sciences Management and Science University(Malaysia)

Objective: To assess the insecticide susceptibility status of Anopheles cracens(***) and Anopheles maculatus(***) from knowlesi malaria endemic areas in Peninsular Malaysia towards DDT, malathion and deltamethrin and to determine the resistance mechanism ***: Adult and larval mosquitos were collected for *** status of Anopheles was determined using the standard WHO adult bioassay, larval bioassay and biochemical enzyme ***: WHO adult bioassay results indicated *** collected from Kampung Sungai Ular, Pahang was resistant towards 4% DDT, while *** collected from Kampung Sokor, Kelantan and Kampung Sungai Lui, Selangor exhibited resistance towards 4% ***, the enzyme activity profiles varied according to strains and *** resistance ratio of larval bioassay, showed that all strains and species tested were susceptible to malathion and ***: Since only a few anopheline strains exhibited low level of insecticide resistance towards malathion, DDT and *** insecticides are still considered effective for vector control program towards *** and ***.

关键词： Insecticide susceptibility Vector control WHO adult bioassay Biochemical enzyme assay

Screening the synergy of sodium dodecylbenzenesulfonate and carboxymethyl cellulose for surfactant-polymer flooding

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Petroleum Research 2022年第3期7卷 308-317页

作者： Suriatie Mat Yusuf Radzuan Junin Mohd Akhmal Muhamad Sidek Augustine Agi Mohd Fazril Irfan Ahmad Fuad nor Roslina Rosli norazah Abd rahman Effah Yahya nor Adilah Muhamad Soffian Wong Muhammad Hazim Mustaza Department of Petroleum Engineering School of Chemical and Energy EngineeringFaculty of EngineeringUniversiti Teknologi Malaysia81310Johor BahruMalaysia Institute for Oil and Gas Universiti Teknologi Malaysia81310Johor BahruMalaysia School of Chemical Engineering College of EngineeringUniversiti Teknologi MARA40450Shah AlamSelangorMalaysia

Carboxymethyl cellulose(CMC)has emerged in oil and gas industries as a superior substitution to the conventional HPAM and xanthan gum(XG)for high viscosity polymer flooding *** this study,the combined effect of conventional surfactant,sodium dodecylbenzenesulfonate(SDBS)and CMC for potential surfactant-polymer(SP)flooding in enhanced oil recovery(EOR)has been ***,SDBS–CMC interaction and the functional groups present in CMC were appropriately *** presence of various C–O bonds signifies the existence of carboxymethyl group which greatly influence the rheological properties of CMC *** behaviour of SDBS–CMC was characterized by their viscosity,shear rate,solubilization,wettability,and surface *** flooding utilizing SDBS-CMC was performed and compared to commercial SDBS-XG SP *** results indicate several SDBS-CMC combinations are favourable for EOR *** viscosity shows direct relationship with CMC ***,at any given SDBS concentrations,significant increment was observed at 0.3 wt%and ***,the trend displayed inconclusive relation to SDBS *** of the SDBS-CMC combinations generate Winsor III emulsions particularly at CMC of 0.2 and 0.3 wt%,while Type II were observed in few *** CMC concentrations increased the contact angle,while gradual reductions were observed with SDBS *** gradual reduction in surface tension was highly influenced by the addition of CMC rather than SDBS.A novel combination of 0.3 wt%SDBS and 0.4 wt%CMC possessed an encouraging criterion in term of viscosity,solubilization,and surface tension reduction for EOR *** experiment from several SDBS-CMC combinations proved to recover additional oil ranging 16.4–20.2%of oil initially in place(OIIP).The trend in incremental oil recovery is similar to that of when utilising SDBS-XG.

关键词： Carboxymethyl cellulose Sodium dodecylbenzenesulfonate Enhanced oil recovery Surfactant-polymer flooding