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The Nation in Utero： Translating the Science of Fetal Education in Republican China

Frontiers of History in China 2012年第1期7卷 4-31页

作者： nicole richardson Department of History University of California at Davis Davis CA 95616 USA

As Chinese nationalists grappled with the political and military weakness of the young Republic of China, some sought to strengthen the Chinese race by advocating a return to the ancient practice of fetal education. Fetal education held that every sight, sound, and flavor that a pregnant mother took in through her senses, as well as her emotions and demeanor, directly affected her fetus. This paper examines how the text Taijiao, Song Jiazhao＇s 1914 Chinese translation of Shimoda Jirr＇s Japanese work Taiky6, presents a modern reformulation of fetal education that draws upon both modern Western science and East Asian medicine. As the text uses modern biology and psychology to explain and demonstrate the efficacy of fetal education, it also narrows the scope of fetal education to focus almost exclusively on the mother＇s psychological state Similarly, as the text turns to instruct women on the practice of fetal education, it draws upon Edo and Qing gynecological principles to emphasise the importance of the pregnant mother＇s emotional self-control. Ultimately this text represents a neo-traditionalist response to modernity as it presents a Neo-Confucian vision of fetal education focused on a pregnant mother＇s moral self-cultivation and emotional self control.

关键词： fetal education (taijiao) gynecology fetus Western science,medicine Neo-Confucianism Republican Era

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Hans ***’s Integral Similarity Function—At Fifty

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Atmospheric and Climate Sciences 2013年第4期3卷 581-594页

作者： Gerhard Kramm Dillon J.Amaya Thomas Foken nicole Molders Geophysical Institute University of Alaska FairbanksFairbanksUSA Department of Atmospheric Sciences College of GeosciencesTexas A&M UniversityCollege StationUSA Department of Micrometeorology University of BayreuthBayreuthGermany Member of Bayreuth Center of Ecology and Environmental Research(BayCEER) University of BayreuthBayreuthGermany Department of Atmospheric Sciences College of Natural Science and MathematicsUniversity of Alaska FairbanksFairbanksUSA

Fifty years ago, Hans A. Panofsky published a paper entitled Determination of stress from wind and temperature measurements. In his famous paper, he presented a new profile function for the mean horizontal wind speed under the condition of diabatic stratification that includes his integral similarity function. With his integral similarity function, he opened the door for Monin-Obukhov scaling in a wide range of micrometeorological and microclimatological applications. In a historic survey ranging from the sixties of the past century down to the present days, we present integral similarity functions for momentum, sensible heat, and water vapor for both unstable and stable stratification, where on the one hand free convection condition and on the other hand strongly stable stratification are addressed.

关键词： Profile Functions Monin-Obukhov Scaling Prandtl-Obukhov-Priestley Scaling Local Similarity Function Integral Similarity Function Obukhov Number Gradient richardson Number Flux richardson Number

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