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A comparison between different ohmic contacts for ZnO thin films

Journal of Semiconductors 2015年第3期36卷 41-45页

作者： Shadia J.Ikhmayies naseem m.abu el-haija Riyad N.Ahmad-Bitar AlIsra University Faculty of Information Technology Department of Basic Sciences-Physics Physics Department Faculty of Science University of Jordan

There are several metals that form ohmic contacts for ZnO thin films, such as copper, aluminum and silver. The aim of this work is to make a comparison between these ohmic contacts. To achieve this purpose, polycrystalline ZnO thin films were prepared by the spray pyrolysis technique, and characterized by the I-V measurements at room temperature. Two strips of each metal were thermally evaporated on the surface of the film and measurements were first recorded in the dark and room light, then in the dark before and after annealing for A1, which was found to be the best in the set. Films with aluminum contacts gave the smallest resistivity, best ohmicity and they are slightly affected by light as required. On the other hand, copper was found to be the worst, and films with copper contacts gave the largest resistivity, worst ohmicity and they are the most affected by light. Annealing improved the aluminum contacts due to alloying and doping.

关键词： transparent conducting oxide ohmic contacts annealing solar cells

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History of cupping(Hijama):a narrative review of literature

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Journal of Integrative medicine 2017年第3期15卷 172-181页

作者： naseem Akhtar Qureshi Gazzaffi Ibrahim Ali Tamer Shaban abushanab Ahmed Tawfik el-Olemy meshari Saleh Alqaed Ibrahim S. EI-Subai Abdullah m.N. AI-Bedah National Center of Complementary and Alternative medicine Ministry of Health Riyadh 11662 Saudi Arabia

Cupping （Hijama in Arabic） is an ancient, holistic method for the treatment of a variety of diseases. Though the exact origin of cupping therapy is a matter of controversy, its use has been documented in early Egyptian and Chinese medical practices. Diverse human civilizations have contributed to the historical development and continuation of cupping therapy. This narrative review describes the history of cupping, historical definitions, cupping instruments and uses of cupping therapy. electronic searches of relevant databases （Pubmed, Google Scholar and OvidSP） were conducted using keywords and Boolean operators. manual searches and references of published articles and books were also conducted. A number of articles （N = 625） were retained for extensive review, and finally 83 articles were included in this paper. The historical descriptions of cupping therapy were found in ancient human civilizations of the Eastern and Western world. There were inconsistent data concerning the origin of cupping, definitions, instruments, procedures, definite advancements and research in Hijama over centuries. Cupping therapy fell out of favor in 17th and mid-18th centuries but recovered popularity in modem medicine. Currently, cupping therapy is used for health promotion, prophylaxis and treatment of a variety of diseases around the world. Cupping therapy with a good safety profile has a checkered history and is a well-recognized traditional method for managing medical conditions. Currently, the scope of cupping therapy is expanding, and a growing body of research is providing additional evidence-based data for the further advancement of cupping therapy in the treatment of a variety of diseases.

关键词： cupping history review

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