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Did the Nationalist Government Manipulate the Chinese Bond Market？ A Quantitative Perspective on Short-Term Price Fluctuations of Domestic Government Bonds, 1932-1934

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Frontiers of History in China 2015年第1期10卷 126-144页

作者： Felix Boecking monika scholz School of History Classics and Archaeology University of Edinburgh Edinburgh EH10 6AJUK Biophysical Sciences Graduate Program Institute for Biophysical Dynamics The University ofChicago Chicago IL 60615 USA

Based on a newly constructed set of data, this paper offers a quantitative perspective on the Nationalist Government＇s relations with China＇s domestic bond markets during the period 1932-34. For all the recent revisionist scholarship on the achievements of Nationalist state-building, the perception of the Nationalist elite as corrupt is still widely accepted. In order to demonstrate the empirical potential of quantitative financial history, this paper tests one particular assertion： that members of the Nationalist elite manipulated the issue price of domestic government bonds in order to enrich themselves and their associates. We test this by calculating two price data correlations： that of a first sample of government bonds, all of them issued before 1932, and that of a second sample of government bonds, which includes bonds issued during the period under review. The price fluctuations of the first sample are correlated with each other to a much higher degree than those of the second sample. This indicates that the prices of bonds in the first sample were reacting similarly to the same range of influences, while the bonds issued during the period under review and included in the second sample were displaying individual price fluctuations. One possible explanation for this is that members of the Nationalist elite enriched themselves or their associates by issuing domestic government bonds at artificially low prices. In sum, the article illustrates both the potential and the limitations of quantitative history： it allows us to test and dismiss a precisely formulated hypothesis about Nationalist corruption, but it is only one possible way in which statistical analysis can be applied and does not cover the wholeDid the Nationalist Government Manipulate the Chinese Bond Market？ realm of state practices

关键词： bond markets Guomindang financial history quantitative methods

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Mutation of the Arabidopsis Calmodulin-Like Protein CML37 Deregulates the Jasmonate Pathway and Enhances Susceptibility to Herbivory

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Molecular Plant 2014年第12期7卷 1712-1726页

作者： Sandra S. scholz Jyothilakshmi Vadassery monika Heyer Michael Reichelt Kyle W. Bender Wayne A. Snedden Wilhelm Boland Axel Mithofer Department of Bioorganic Chemistry Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology Hans-Knoll-StraBe 8 07745 Jena Germany Department of Biochemistry Max Planck Institute for Chemica Eco ogy Hans-Knoll-StraBe 8 07745 Jena Germany Department of Plant Biology University of Illinois Urbana IL 61801 USA Department of Biology Queen's University Kingston Ontario Canada Canada K7L 3N6

Throughout their life, plants are challenged by various abiotic and biotic stress factors. Among those are attacks from herbivorous insects. The molecular mechanisms underlying the detection of herbivores and the subsequent signal transduction are not well understood. As a second messenger, fluxes in intracellular Ca2＋ levels play a key role in mediating stress response pathways. Ca2＋ signals are decoded by Ca2＋ sensor proteins such as calmodulin-like proteins （CMLs）. Here, we demonstrate that recombinant CML37 behaves like a Ca2＋ sensor in vitro and, in Arabidopsis, AtCML37 is induced by mechanical wounding as well as by infestation with larvae of the generalist lepidopteran herbivore Spodoptera littoralis. Loss of function of CML37 led to a better feeding performance of larvae suggesting that CML37 is a positive defense regulator. No herbivory-induced changes in secondary metabolites such as glucosinolates or flavonoids were detected in cml37 plants, although a significant reduction in the accumulation of jasmonates was observed, due to reduced expression of JAR1 mRNA and cellular enzyme activity. Consequently, the expression of jasmonate-responsive genes was reduced as well. Summarizing, our results suggest that the Ca2＋ sensor protein, CML37, functions as a positive regulator in Ca2＋ signaling during herbivory, connecting Ca2＋ and jasmonate signaling.

关键词： herbivory oral secretion jasmonates cytosolic calcium calmodulin-like proteins.

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An online resource for marine fungi

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Fungal Diversity 2019年第3期96卷 347-433页

作者： E.B.Gareth Jones Ka-Lai Pang Mohamed A.Abdel-Wahab Bettina scholz Kevin D.Hyde Teun Boekhout Rainer Ebel Mostafa E.Rateb Linda Henderson Jariya Sakayaroj Satinee Suetrong monika C.Dayarathne Vinit Kumar Seshagiri Raghukumar K.R.Sridhar Ali H.A.Bahkali Frank H.Gleason Chada Norphanphoun Deptartment of Botany and Microbiology College of ScienceKing Saud UniversityP.O Box 2455Riyadh 11451Kingdom of Saudi Arabia Hampshire UK Institute of Marine Biology and Centre of Excellence for the Oceans Taiwan Ocean University2 Pei-Ning RoadKeelung 20224TaiwanChina Department of Botany and Microbiology Faculty of ScienceSohag UniversitySohag 82524Egypt BioPol ehf Marine BiotechnologyEinbuastig 2545 SkagastrondIceland Center of Excellence in Fungal Diversity Mae Fah Luang University 333 M.1 ThasudMuang Chiang RaiChiang Rai 57100Thailand Westerdijk Fungal Biodiversity Institute Uppsalalaan 8UtrechtThe Netherlands Institute of Biodiversity and Ecological Dynamics(IBED) University of AmsterdamAmsterdamThe Netherlands Department of Chemistry Marine Biodiscovery CentreUniversity of AberdeenAberdeen AB243UEUK School of Computing Engineering&Physical SciencesUniversity of the West of ScotlandPaisley PA12BEUK School of Life and Environmental Sciences University of SydneyMacleay Building A12SydneyNSW 2006Australia School of Science Walailak University222 ThaiburiThasala DistrictNakhon Si Thammarat 80161Thailand Fungal Biodiversity Laboratory(BFBD) National Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology(BIOTEC)113 Thailand Science ParkPhaholyothin RoadKhlong NuengKhlong LuangPathum Thani 12120Thailand Tamra' 313(Plot No.162)Vainguinnim ValleyDona PaulaGoa 403004India Department of Biosciences Mangalore UniversityMangaloreKarnatakaIndia School of Life and Environmental Sciences University of SydneySydneyNSW 2006Australia Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology Faculty of AgricultureChiang Mai UniversityHuay Keaw RoadSuthepMuang DistrictChiang Mai 50200Thailand

Index Fungorum,Species Fungorum and MycoBank are the key fungal nomenclature and taxonomic databases that can be sourced to find taxonomic details concerning fungi,while DNA sequence data can be sourced from the NCBI,EBI and UNITE *** and ecological data on freshwater fungi can be accessed on http://***/,while http://***/provides a comprehensive list of names of marine organisms,including information on their *** websites however have little information on marine fungi and their ecology,beside articles that deal with marine fungi,especially those published in the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries may not be accessible to those working in third world *** address this problem,a new website *** was set up and is introduced in this *** website provides a search facility to genera of marine fungi,full species descriptions,key to species and illustrations,an up to date classification of all recorded marine fungi which includes all fungal groups(Ascomycota,Basidiomycota,Blastocladiomycota,Chytridiomycota,Mucoromycota and fungus-like organisms ***),and listing recent ***,1257 species are listed in the marine fungi website(***),in 539 genera,74 orders,168 families,20 classes and five phyla,with new taxa continuing to be *** website has curators with specialist mycological expertise who help to provide update data on the classification of marine *** article also reviews knowledge of marine fungi covering a wide range of topics:their higher classification,ecology and world distribution,role in energy transfer in the oceans,origin and new chemical *** updated classification of marine fungi is also *** would like to invite all mycologists to contribute to this innovative website.

关键词： Fungal classification marine fungi website High-throughput sequencing techniques Fungal diversity Origin of marine fungi

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