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Chemical Constituents in E-Cigarette Liquids and Aerosols

Journal of Environmental Protection 2020年第9期11卷 664-681页

作者： Mohd Naeem Mohd Naeem Sharifah Mazrah Sayed Mohamed Zain Catrina Ng Mohd Fairulnizal md. Noh Nutrition Metabolism and Cardiovascular Research Centre Institute for Medical Research (IMR) National Institutes of Health Ministry of Health Malaysia (MOH) Shah Alam Selangor Malaysia Environmental Health Research Centre Institute for Medical Research (IMR) National Institutes of Health Ministry of Health Malaysia (MOH) Shah Alam Selangor Malaysia Perkin Elmer Sdn Bhd Petaling Jaya Selangor Malaysia

Electronic cigarettes (e-cigarettes, EC) form an aerosol from the heating element and liquid-containing cartridge. The heating element aerosolizes the refill solutions (e-liquids) when the power source of e-cigarette is pressed. E-liquids consist of combinations of propylene glycol, glycerine, nicotine and flavouring ingredients. Puffing activates the battery-operated heating element in the atomizer and will produce smoke that is similar to conventional cigarette (CC). This study evaluated the chemical composition of e-liquid and aerosol samples available in Malaysia. We analyzed the volatile organic compounds in e-liquids and the aerosols samples from EC using gas chromatography mass spectrometer. Seventy-two EC e-liquids were analyzed through different flavours from more than 60 brands. Samples consisted of 32 nicotine-free (0 mg) and 40 nicotine-containing refill solutions (3 - 12 mg). Overall, 116 compounds were identified from EC e-liquids. On the other hand, 275 compounds were identified from their resultant aerosol samples. There were 42 compounds found in both e-liquids and aerosols. Seven compounds were only found in e-liquids and 38 compounds were only found in aerosols. Propylene glycol was found in all of the e-liquid and aerosol samples. Glycerin was found in 99% of the e-liquid and 100% of aerosol samples. At least 60% of the EC e-liquids and the resultant aerosol contain piperidine, butanoic acid ethyl ester and nicotine. It was also found that at least 9 out of 35 nicotine free labeled e-liquids contain nicotine. Some of these compounds were known to be detrimental to health and were detected in aerosol although they were not present in e-liquids. While some of the compounds are flavouring ingredients, it is necessary to evaluate its long-term effects on EC users.

关键词： E-Cigarette Volatile Organic Compounds Aerosols E-Liquids Constituents

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An Overview of the Development of Novel Textile Design by the Application of Creative Components of the Chakma Community of the Chittagong Hill Tracts in Bangladesh

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Journal of Textile Science and Technology 2020年第1期6卷 1-10页

作者： Chakma Arpan Xinbo Ding Shuying Jiang A. F. M. Fahad Halim Hossen md. Muzammel Department of Textile Science & Engineering College of Materials and Textiles Zhejiang Sci-Tech University Hangzhou China

In the world, there are more than 370 million indigenous and tribal people with especial culture and traditions. The Chakma’s is one of the groups of indigenous people dwelling Chittagong hill tracts in Bangladesh. Chakma’s has its own culture, tradition, literature, and costume designs. The design costumes of the Chakma’s play an essential role. The Chakma’s preserved their textile design in “alam”. alam is a kind of cloth embroidered with various designs carrying the heritage of the Chakma. The use of alam began approximately 500 years ago. All used clothing in Chakma society is weaved manually in the back-strap loom, which is generally very time-consuming— this limits its design aesthetics and universal use. Because of globalisation, the use of the traditional design of Chakma’s are threatened today. Till today in our country and overseas, no attempts were taken for research of the traditional Chakma’s design. The purpose of this research is to upgrade and digitise Chakma’s designs. Furthermore, efforts were made for the automatization of the traditional process to preserve traditional Chakma’s designs. In this study analysis of the fabric designs, pattern structure, colour applications of the traditional Aalam design were constructed using small prototype Rapier loom technology. We found that most of the single designs of the alam were possible to weave in small prototype modern loom. On the other hand, intricate designs were not possible to weave in small prototype loom but are possible in the jacquard loom. The key idea is to establish an approach to modernise the traditional weaving process in order to make it convenient, economical and less time-consuming.

关键词： Aalam Indigenous Clothes Traditional Loom Plain Weave Structure Small Prototype Machine Automatic Loom

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Guidelines from an expert panel for the management of diabetic macular edema in the Malaysian population

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International Journal of Ophthalmology(English edition) 2023年第5期16卷 712-720页

作者： Nor Fariza Ngah Nor Asiah Muhamad Shelina Oli Mohamed Roslin Azni Abdul Aziz Nur Hasnah Ma’amor Nor Azita Ahmad Tarmidzi Hanizasurana Hashim Hamisah Ishak Wan Norliza Wan Muda Rosiah Muda Azian Adnan Rafidah md Saleh Wong Hon Seng Nurfahzura Mohd Jamil Tara Mary George Adrian Koh Institute for Clinical Research National Institutes of HealthMinistry of HealthSelangor 40170Malaysia Department of Ophthalmology Shah Alam HospitalMinistry of HealthSelangor 40000Malaysia Sector for Evidence-based Healthcare National Institutes of HealthMinistry of HealthSelangor 40170Malaysia Department of Ophthalmology Kuala Lumpur HospitalMinistry of HealthFederal Territory 50586Malaysia Department of Ophthalmology Selayang HospitalMinistry of HealthSelangor 61800Malaysia Department of Ophthalmology Tengku Ampuan Afzan HospitalMinistry of HealthPahang 25100Malaysia Department of Ophthalmology Sultanah Nur Zahirah HospitalMinistry of HealthKuala Terengganu 20400Malaysia KPJ Selangor Specialist Hospital Selangor 40300Malaysia Sultan Abdul Aziz Shah Hospital Selangor 43400Malaysia Gleneagles Kuala Lumpur Federal Territory 50450Malaysia Department of Ophthalmology Sungai Buloh HospitalMinistry of HealthSelangor 47000Malaysia Sunway Medical Centre Selangor 47500Malaysia Camden Medical Centre Singapore 248649Singapore

AIM:To derive a Malaysia guideline and consensus as part of the Malaysia Retina Group's efforts for diagnosis,treatment,and best practices of diabetic macular edema(DME).The experts'panel suggests that the treatment algorithm to be divided into groups according to involvement the central *** purpose of DME therapy is to improve edema and achieve the best visual results with the least amount of treatment ***:On two different occasions,a panel of 14 retinal specialists from Malaysia,together with an external expert,responded to a questionnaire on management of DME.A consensus was sought by voting after compiling,analyzing and discussion on first-phase replies on the round table discussion.A recommendation was deemed to have attained consensus when 12 out of the 14 panellists(85%)agreed with ***:The terms target response,adequate response,nonresponse,and inadequate response were developed when the DME patients'treatment responses were first *** panelists reached agreement on a number of DME treatment-related issues,including the need to classify patients prior to treatment,firstline treatment options,the right time to switch between treatment modalities,and side effects associated with *** this agreement,recommendations were derived and a treatment algorithm was ***:A detail and comprehensive treatment algorithm by Malaysia Retina Group for the Malaysian population provides guidance for treatment allocation of patients with DME.

关键词： diabetic macular edema guidelines consensus diabetic retinopathy Malaysia

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Bioguided Fractionation and Purification of Natural Bioactives Obtained from<i>Alpinia conchigera</i>Water Extract with Melanin Inhibition Activity

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Journal of Biomaterials and Nanobiotechnology 2013年第3期4卷 265-272页

作者： Zanariah Binti Ujang Thavamanithevi Subramaniam Mazita md Diah Harmayumi Binti Wahid Badariah Binti Abdullah Ahmad Hazri Bin Abd Rashid David Appleton 3Department of Pharmacology Faculty of Medicine University of Malaya Kuala Lumpur Malaysia Sime Darby Technology Centre Sdn. Bhd. UPM-MTDC Technology Centre III Universiti Putra Malaysia Serdang Malaysia. Industrial Biotechnol- ogy Research Centre SIRIM Bhd. No. 1 Persiaran Dato Menteri Shah Alam Malaysia Natural Product and Cosmetics Program SIRIM Bhd. No. 1 Persiaran Dato Menteri Shah Alam Malaysia

Crude extracts of Alpinia conchigera a species from the Malaysian Ginger (Zingiberaceae) family and its fractions obtained from various extraction methods were assayed for melanogenesis inhibition activity and cell viability. The crude extract obtained from the ethanolic extraction and the super critical fluid extraction did not exhibit significant melanin inhibition activity and was shown to be toxic to the melanocyte cells in comparison to the water extract. The crude aqueous extracts displayed melanin inhibition of 96.38 ± 1.60% and cell viability 109.90 ± 8.32% at a concentration of 500 μg/mL. Bioassay guided fractionation was performed on the water extracts to isolate the active compounds. The actives were identified as trans-cinnamaldehyde and chavicol glucopyranoside with both compound showing potent anti-melanogenesis activity. At 4.9 μg/ml, both trans-cinnamaldehyde and chavicol glucopyranoside gave 85% inhibition of melanin formation in vitro with 77% and 97% cell viability respectively. In comparison, kojic acid, a known skin lightening agent showed 90.0% inhibition at 100 μg/mL. The bioactive composition comprising the extract, active fraction, purified compounds or mixture thereof of Alpinia conchigera may be used for cosmetic and pharmaceutical applications, particularly for the purposes of reducing skin pigmentation.

关键词： Alpinia Conchigera Preparatory HPLC Fractionation Chavicol Glucopyranoside Trans Cinnamaldehyde Anti-Melanogenesis Activity

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