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UniPron is A Fully Effective non-hormonal Reversible Contraceptive in Baboon Model (Papio Anubis)

Journal of Reproduction and Contraception 2008年第2期19卷 107-118页

作者： Jael A.Obiero maureen n.mburu Benson M.ndung'u Kenneth K.Waititu Isaac Mulei Idle O.Farah Peter G.Mwethera Department of Reproductive Health and Reproductive Biology Institute of Primate ResearchKarenNairobiKenya

Objective To determine the safety and efficacy of UniPron as a reversible contraceptive.Methods Vaginal swabs were obtained before and after UniPron administration, cultured onto appropriate culture media and bacteria identification was done based on type of media used, Gram stain reactions, colony morphology and biochemical tests. Vaginal biopsy tissues were processed using paraffin wax method, stained with hematoxylin and eosin and examined under light microscopy to determine the effect of the product on vaginal tissues. The effect of UniPron on sperm was examined by mixing the product with electroejaculated spermatozoa in vitro at different concentrations. For efficacy studies, male baboons of proven fertility were mated with UniPron treated or untreated females of proven fertility during the fertile stages. Results All the five females （100%） that were treated with UniPron did not conceive and they regained total fertility when the treatment was stopped while all the controls conceived. At a concentration of 40%, UniPron completely immobilized spermatozoa in an in-vitro system. UniPron mechanism of action was by lowering the vaginal pH and on application in baboon, the pH was lowered for at least 3 h after which it went back to normal.Conclusions As we plan for a study to test UniPron as a microbicide to prevent STIs including HIV, our current study has established that this novel product is effective in contraception and harmless to vaginal tissues and vaginal microbial flora in a baboon model （Papio anubis）.

关键词： Papio anubis UniPron vagina epithelium pH microflora microbicidal contraceptive

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Long-term changes in the plant ecology of an African savanna landscape and the implications for ecosystem theory and conservation management

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Ecological Processes 2021年第1期10卷 213-224页

作者： David Western Victor n.Mose David Maitumo Caroline mburu African Conservation Centre P.O.Box 15289-00509NairobiKeny

Background:Studies of the African savannas have used national parks to test ecological theories of natural ecosystems,including equilibrium,non-equilibrium,complex adaptive systems,and the role of top-down and bottom-up physical and biotic *** such studies have excluded the impact of pastoralists in shaping grassland ecosystems and,over the last half century,the growing human impact on the world’s *** mounting human impact calls for selecting indicators and integrated monitoring methods able to track ecosystem changes and the role of natural and human *** study draws on five decades of monitoring the Amboseli landscape in southern Kenya to document the declining role of natural agencies in shaping plant ecology with rising human ***:We show that plant diversity and productivity have declined,biomass turnover has increased in response to a downsizing of mean plant size,and that ecological resilience has declined with the rising probability of extreme shortfalls in pasture *** signature of rainfall and physical agencies in driving ecosystem properties has decreased sharply with growing human *** compare the Amboseli findings to the long-term studies of Kruger and Serengeti national parks to show that the human influence,whether by design or default,is increasingly shaping the ecology of savanna *** look at the findings in the larger perspective of human impact on African grasslands and the world rangelands,in general,and discuss the implications for ecosystem theory and conservation policy and ***:The Amboseli study shows the value of using long-term integrated ecological monitoring to track the spatial and temporal changes in the species composition,structure,and function of rangeland ecosystems and the role of natural and human agencies in the process of *** study echoes the widespread changes underway across African savannas and world’s rangelands,concluding that some level

关键词： Savannas Plants Human dominance Macroecology Conservation

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The expression of Spodoptera exigua P450 and UGT genes: tissue specificity and response to insecticides

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Insect Science 2019年第2期26卷 199-216页

作者： Bo Hu Shu-Heng Zhang Miao-Miao Ren Xiang-Rui Tian Qi Wei David Kibe mburu Jian-Ya Su Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and Pests (Ministry of Education) College of Plant Protection Nanjing Agricultural University Nanjing China

Cytochrome P450 and UDP-glucosyltransferase (UGT) as phase I and phase II metabolism enzymes, respectively, play vital roles in the breakdown of endobiotics and xenobiotics. Insects can in crease the expression of detoxificatio n enzymes to cope with the stress from xenobiotics including insecticides. However, the molecular mechanisms for insecticide detoxification in Spodoptera exigua remain elusive, and the genes conferring insecticide metabolisms in this species are less well reported. In this study, 68 P450 and 32 UGT genes were identified. Phylogenetic analysis showed gene expansions in CYP3 and CYP4 clans of P450 genes and UGT33 family of this pest. P450 and UGT genes exhibited specific tissue expression patterns. Insecticide treatments in fat body cells of S. exigua revealed that the expression levels of P450 and UGT genes were significantly influenced by challenges of abamectin, lambda-cyhalothrin, chlorantraniliprole, metaflumizone and indoxacarb. Multiple genes for detoxification were affected in expression levels after insecticide exposures. The results demonstrated that lambda-cyhalothrin, chlorantraniliprole, metaflumizone and indoxacarb induced similar responses in the expression of P450 and UGT genes in fat body cells;eight P450 genes and four UGT genes were co-up-regulated significantly, and no or only a few CYP/UGT genes were down-regulated significantly by these four insecticides. However, abamectin triggered a distinct response for P450 and UGT gene expression;more P450 and UGT genes were down-regulated by abamectin than by the other four compounds. In con elusion, P450 and UGT genes from S. exigua were identified, and different responses to abamectin suggest a different mechanism for insecticide detoxification.

关键词： abamectin cytochrome P450 monooxygenases gene expression insecticide Spodoptera exigua UDP-glycosyltransferase

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A Myosin XI Tail Domain Homologous to the Yeast Myosin Vacuole-Binding Domain Interacts with Plastids and Stromules in nicotiana benthamiana

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Molecular Plant 2009年第6期2卷 1351-1358页

作者： Amir Sattarzadeh Johanna Krahmer Arnaud D. Germain maureen R. Hanson Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics Biotechnology Building Cornell University Ithaca NY 14853 USA

The actin cytoskeleton plays a role in mobility of many different organelles in plant cells, including chloroplasts, mitochondria, Golgi, and peroxisomes. While progress has been made in identifying the myosin motors involved in trafficking of various plant organelles, not all of the cargoes mobilized by different members of the myosin XI family have yet been identified. The involvement of myosins in chloroplast positioning and mitochondrial movement was demonstrated by expression of a virus-induced gene silencing （VIGS） construct in tobacco. When VIGS with two different conserved sequences from a myosin Xl motor was performed in plants with either GFP-labeled plastids or mitochondria, chloroplast positioning in the dark was abnormal, and mitochondrial movement ceased. Because these and prior obser- vations have implicated a role for myosins and the actin cytoskeleton in plastid and stromule movement, we searched for myosin tail domains that could associate with plastids and stromules. While a yellow fluorescent protein （YFP） fusion with the entire tail region of myosin XI-F was usually found only in the cytoplasm, we observed that an Arabidopsis or nicotiana benthamiana YFP：：myosin XI-F tail domain homologous to the yeast myo2p vacuole-binding domain associated with plastids and stromules after transient expression in n. benthamiana. Taken together, these observations implicate myosin motor proteins in dynamics of plastids and stromules.

关键词： Chloroplast biology cytoskeleton dynamics mitochondria gene silencing fluorescent protein.

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Optimizing the Performance of a Manually Operated Groundnut (Arachis hypogaea) Decorticator

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Open Journal of Optimization 2013年第1期2卷 26-32页

作者： A. n. Gitau P. Mboya B. n. K. njoroge M. mburu Department of Civil and Construction Engineering University of Nairobi Nairobi Kenya Department of Environmental and Biosystems Engineering University of Nairobi Nairobi Kenya Department of Plant Science and Crop Protection University of Nairobi Nairobi Kenya

Shelling of groundnut pods using manual decorticators in Kenya is characterized by high kernel breakages and low shelling efficiencies. As a result, farmers get low income due to low cost of broken kernels and a lot of time is lost in the tedious shelling operation. To overcome this problem, pertinent parameters that influence shelling efficiency of manually operated groundnut decorticators were identified. Two manually operated decorticators were tested and modifications done on one of the decorticators to optimize its technical performance. Results of machine performance tests showed that for WBS (Wooden beater sheller) at a feed rate of 30 kg/hr and 22.6 mm clearance, shelling efficiency increased with decrease in moisture content for all the groundnut varieties. The highest shelling efficiency was 55.3% for ICGV 99568, 39.2% for ICRISAT Groundnut Variety (ICGV) 90704 and 29% for ICGV 12991 at moisture content of 5.92% wb. For RBS (Rod beater sheller) at a feed rate of 30 kg/hr and 22.6 mm clearance, the highest shelling efficiency was 58.3% for ICGV 99568, 42.7% for ICGV 90704 and 35% for ICGV 12991 at moisture content of 7% wb. Identification of the pertinent parameters showed that pod moisture content, clearance and sieve size influence performance of manually operated groundnut. Theoretical predictive models developed were optimized which showed that a maximum shelling efficiency of 88.73% can be achieved with percent damage of 4% when the sieve size is 11 mm and clearance is 16 mm with a regression coefficient of over 85%. With the modifications done on the WBS decorticator, the highest shelling efficiency of 87% was obtained at a clearance of 10 mm for ICGV 99568 which is the largest in size from the three varieties. The shelling efficiency of the modified decorticator is far above those of the RBS and WBS because the sieve sizes and clearances of the later were not optimized. The results of the theoretical optimization of the manually operated groundnut de

关键词： Decorticator Shelling Efficiency Optimization Clearance Groundnut Varieties

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Retinal microvascular signs and recurrent vascular events in patients with TIA or minor stroke

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Stroke & Vascular neurology 2023年第5期8卷 379-386,I0001-I0007页

作者： Philipp Klyscz Thomas Ihl Inga Laumeier maureen Steinicke Matthias Endres Georg Michelson Heinrich J Audebert neurology Charité-Universitätsmedizin BerlinBerlinGermany Center for Stroke Research Berlin Charité-Universitätsmedizin BerlinBerlinGermany Berlin Institute of Health BerlinGermany Excellence Cluster neuroCure Charité-Universitätsmedizin BerlinBerlinGermany German Center for neurodegenerative Diseases partner site BerlinGermany German Center for Cardiovascular Research partner site BerlinGermany Ophthalmology Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg Medizinische FakultätErlangenGermany Talkingeyes&More GmbH ErlangenGermany

Background and purpose Retinal pathologies are an independent risk factor for ischaemic stroke,but research on the predictive value of retinal abnormalities for recurrent vascular events in patients with prior stroke is *** investigated the association of retinal pathologies with subsequent vascular *** In a substudy of the Intensified secondary prevention intending a reduction of recurrent events in TIA and minor stroke patients(InSPiRE-TMS)trial,we enrolled patients with recent transient ischaemic attack(TIA)or minor stroke with at least one modifiable risk *** outcome was the composite of subsequent vascular *** photographs were taken at baseline and categorised into three different fundus groups by a telemedically linked *** 722 patients participated in the current study and 109 major vascular events *** multivariable adjustments,we did not find a significant association between fundus categories and risk for subsequent vascular events(HRs for moderate vascular retinopathy and vascular retinopathy with vessel rarefaction in comparison to no vascular retinopathy 1.03(95%CI 0.64 to 1.67),p=0.905 and 1.17(95%CI 0.62 to 2.20),p=0.626).In a selective post hoc analysis in patients with diabetes mellitus and hypertension,patients with vascular retinopathy with vessel rarefaction had a higher risk for recurrent stroke(HR 24.14(95%CI 2.74 to 212.50),p=0.004).Conclusions Retinal changes did not predict major subsequent vascular events in patients with recent TIA or minor *** studies are needed to examine the utility of fundus photography in assessing the risk of stroke recurrence in patients with diabetes mellitus and hypertension.

关键词： patients Retinal prevention

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Suitability of Green Gram Production in Kenya under Present and Future Climate Scenarios Using Bias-Corrected Cordex RCA4 Models

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Agricultural Sciences 2020年第10期11卷 882-896页

作者： Jane Wangui Mugo Franklin J. Opijah Joshua ngaina Faith Karanja Mary mburu Department of Meteorology South Eastern Kenya University Kwa Vonza Kenya Department of Meteorology University of Nairobi Nairobi Kenya Department of Geospatial and Space Technology University of Nairobi Nairobi Kenya Department of Agriculture and Veterinary Sciences South Eastern Kenya University Kwa Vonza Kenya

Green gram is considered as one of the legumes suitable for cultivation in the Arid and Semi-Arid Lands (ASALs) of Kenya. However, climate change may alter the areas suitable for green gram production. This study sought to model green gram suitability in Kenya under present and future conditions using bias-corrected RCA4 models data. The datasets used were: maps of soil parameters extracted from Kenya Soil Survey map;present and future rainfall and temperature data from an ensemble of nine models from the Fourth Edition of the Rossby Centre (RCA4) Regional Climate Model (RCM);and altitude from the Digital elevation model (DEM) of the USGS. The maps were first reclassified into four classes of suitability as Highly Suitable (S1), Moderately Suitable (S2), Marginally Suitable (S3), and not Suitable (n). The classes represent the different levels of influence of a factor on the growth and yield of green grams. The reclassified maps were then assigned a weight generated using the Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP). A weighted overlay of climate characteristics (past and future rainfall and temperature), soil properties (depth, pH, texture, CEC, and drainage) and altitude found most of Kenya as moderately suitable for green gram production during the March to May (MAM) and October to December (OnD) seasons under the baseline, RCP 4.5 and RCP 8.5 scenarios with highly suitable areas being found in Counties like Kitui, Makueni, and West Pokot among others. During the MAM season, the area currently highly suitable for green gram production (67,842.62 km2) will increase slightly to 68,600.4 km2 (1.1%) during the RCP 4.5 and reduce to 61,307.8 km2 (−9.6%) under the RCP 8.5 scenario. During the OnD season, the area currently highly suitable (49,633.4 km2) will increase under both RCP 4.5 (22.2%) and RCP 8.5 (58.5%) scenarios. This increase is as a result of favourable rainfall and temper

关键词： Climate Change Green Gram Kenya Rainfall Soil Suitability Temperature Topography

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Grading system modification and management of blunt aortic injury

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Chinese Medical Journal 2013年第3期126卷 442-445页

作者： Kaavya n Reddy Tim Matatov Linda D Doucet maureen Heldmann Cynthia X Zhao Wayne W Zhang Division of Vascular and Endovascular Surgery Louisiana State-University' Health Sciences Cemer Shreveport LA USA Department of Radiology Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center Shreveport LA USA Department of Pathology Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center Shreveport LA USA

Background The traditional approach to blunt aortic injury （BAI） has been emergent intervention. This study aimed to utilize a modified imaging grading system that may allow us to categorize these injuries as needing emergent, urgent, or non-operative management. Methods From January 2003 to December 2011, 28 patients with BAI were managed at our institution. Imaging and medical records were reviewed retrospectively. BAI was classified into 4 grades based on imaging studies. Grade la： intimal tear, Grade Ib： intramural hematoma; Grade Ⅱ： intimal injury with periaotic hematoma; Grade Ilia： aortic transection with pseudoaneurysm, Grade Illb： multiple aortic injuries; and Grade IV： free rupture. Progression and clinical outcomes of ABI were analyzed. Results Of the 28 patients, 22 were males and 6 were females with mean age of 38 （range, 7-69） years, Twenty-five （89.3%） had descending thoracic aortic injury, two （7.1%） had abdominal aortic injury and one （3.6%） presented with multiple aortic injuries. Three patients （10.7%） with Grade I, 1 （3.6%） Grade Ⅱ, 22 （78.6%） Grade Ⅲ, and 2 （7.1%） Grade IV injuries. Twenty-five patients underwent thoracic endovascular aortic repair and 3 were managed medically. Median time between injury and surgical intervention was （2±1） days. One （3.6%） patient developed paraplegia after thoracic endovascular aortic repair （TEVAR）. One Type 2 endoleak spontaneously sealed within 1 month, and another patient died from ruptured Type 1 endoleak 3 years later. Median follow-up time was 16 （range, 1-96） months. Perioperative 30-day mortality rate was 3.6%. Conclusions This study based on our modified BAI grading system indicated that Grade Ⅰ BAI can be managed conservatively. Grade Ⅱ injury requires close observation and repeated computerized tomography angiogram （CTA） within 48-72 hours. If injury appears worse on follow up imaging, surgery should be performed. Delayed repair of Grade Ⅲ BAI is acceptable if associated life threatenina traumatic i

关键词： blunt aortic injury imaging grading system endovascular management

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Evaluation of the acute and sub acute toxicity of Annona senegalensis root bark extracts

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Asian Pacific Journal of Tropical Medicine 2012年第4期5卷 277-282页

作者： Theophine C Okoye Peter A Akah Adaobi C Ezike maureen O Okoye Collins A Onyeto Frankline ndukwu Ejike Ohaegbulam Lovelyn Ikele Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology.Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences University of NigeriaNsukka 410001Enugu StateNigeria Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Pharmacy Management Faculty of Pharmaceutical SciencesUniversity of NigeriaNsukka 410001Enugu StateNigeria Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology.Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences University of Nigeria.Nsukka 410001Enugu StateNigeria

Objective:To investigate the safety profile of Annona senegalensis（***）.Methods: Dried powdered root-bark of *** was prepared by Sohxlet extraction using methanolmethylene chloride（1:1） solution and concentrated to obtain the methanol-methylene chloride extract（MME）.MME was fractionated to obtain the n-hexane（HF）,ethylacetate（EF） and methanol（MF） *** toxicity(LD50) test was performed with MME,HF,EF and MF in mice by oral *** sub acute toxicity studies were performed in rats after 14 days of MME administration while haemalological and biochemical parameters were ***: Medium lethal（LD-（50）） values of 1 296.3 808.1 265 and 2 154 mg/kg were obtained for the ***, HF and EF,*** sub-acute toxicity studies indicated a significant（Pncrease in the body weight of both the treated rats and the *** haematological tests indicated no change in the packed cell volume values but a significant（Pncrease in the total WBC count at 100 and 400 mg/kg *** differential analysis showed a decrease in the nutrophils and a non-significant increase in the lymphocyte *** liver transaminase enzymes, alanin transaminase and aspartate transaminase showed no significant increase compared to the *** examination of the liver sections also indicted no obvious signs of hepatotoxicity except with the 400 mg/kg dose that showed degeneration and necrosis of the ***:These results indicated that the root bark extracts of *** are safe at the lower doses tested,and calls for caution in use at higher doses in treatment.

关键词： Annona senegalensis Subacute toxicity Rats Hematology Histopathology

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Chronological age when health care transition skills are mastered in adolescents/young adults with inflammatory bowel disease

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World Journal of Gastroenterology 2017年第18期23卷 3349-3355页

作者： natalie Stollon Yi Zhong Maria Ferris Suneet Bhansali Brian Pitts Eniko Rak maureen Kelly Sandra Kim Miranda AL van Tilburg School of Social Work University of Washington Department of Economics University of North Carolina Department of Pediatrics University of North CarolinaSchool of Medicine Department of Pediatrics NYU School of Medicine Department of Allied Health Sciences University of North CarolinaSchool of Medicine Department of Pediatrics Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh Department of Clinical Research Campbell UniversityCollege of Pharmacy and Health Sciences Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology the University of North CarolinaSchool of Medicine

To describe the longitudinal course of acquisition of healthcare transition skills among adolescents and young adults with inflammatory bowel *** recruited adolescents and young adults (AYA) with inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD), from the pediatric IBD clinic at the University of north Carolina. Participants completed the TRxAnSITIOn Scale™ at least once during the study period (2006-2015). We used the electronic medical record to extract participants’ clinical and demographic data. We used ordinary least square regressions with robust standard error clustered at patient level to explore the variations in the levels and growths of healthcare transition *** sample (n = 144) ranged in age from 14-22 years. Age was significantly and positively associated with both the level and growth of TRxAnSITIOn Scale™ scores (P ny healthcare transition (HCT) skills were acquired between ages 12 and 14 years, but others were not mastered until after age 18, including self-management *** is one of the first studies to describe the longitudinal course of HCT skill acquisition among AYA with IBD, providing benchmarks for evaluating transition interventions.

关键词： Inflammatory bowel disease Crohn’s disease Ulcerative colitis Pediatrics Healthcare transition

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