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Subclinical proximal tubulopathy in hepatitis B:The roles of nucleot(s)ide analogue treatment and the hepatitis B virus

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World Journal of Hepatology 2020年第12期12卷 1326-1340页

作者： Anais Brayette Marie Essig Paul Carrier Marilyne Debette-Gratien Anais Labrunie Sophie Alain marianne maynard Nathalie Ganne-Carrie Eric Nguyen-Khac Pauline Pinet Victor De Ledinghen Christophe Renou Philippe Mathurin Claire Vanlemmens Vincent Di Martino Anne Gervais Juliette Foucher Fouchard-Hubert Isabelle Julien Vergniol Isabelle Hourmand-Ollivier Daniel Cohen Xavier Duval Thierry Poynard Marc Bardou Armand Abergel Manh-Thong Dao Thierry Thevenot Jean-Baptiste Hiriart Valerie Canva Guillaume Lassailly Christine Aurières Nathalie Boyer Dominique Thabut Pierre-Henri Bernard Matthieu Schnee Dominique Larrey Bertrand Hanslik Severine Hommel Jeremie Jacques Veronique Loustaud-Ratti U1248 INSERM Department of Hepatology and GastroenterologyUniv.LimogesCHU LimogesLimoges F-87000France U1248 INSERM Department of Nephrology and TransplantationCHU LimogesLimoges F-87000France Department of Center of Epidemiology Biostatistics and Research MethodologyCHU LimogesLimoges F-87000France U1092 INSERM Department of VirologyCHU LimogesLimoges F-87000France Department of Hepatology Croix-Rousse University Hospital of LyonLyon 69004France Department of Hepatology Jean Verdier University Hospital of BondyBondy 93140France Department of Hepato-Gastroenterology Amiens University HospitalAmiens 80054France Department of Infectious Diseases CHU LimogesLimoges F-87000France Department of Hepatology Haut Leveque HospitalBordeaux University HospitalPessac 33604France Department of Gastroenterology Hyeres HospitalHyeres 83407France Department of Hepato-Gastroenterology Claude Huriez University HospitalLille 59037France Department of Hepatology Jean Minjoz University HospitalBesançon 25030France Department of Infectious Diseases Bichat University HospitalParis 75018France Department of Hepatology University Hospital of AngersAngers 49933France Department of Hepato-Gastroenterology and Nutrition University Hospital of CaenCaen 14033France Department of General Medecine University Hospital of CaenCaen 14000France Department of Hepatology La Pitié-Salpêtrière University HospitalParis 75651France Department of Hepatology and Gastroenterology Dijon University HospitalDijon 21079France Department of Hepatology and Gastroenterology Estaing University HospitalClermont Ferrand 63003France Department of Hepatology Beaujon University HospitalClichy 92110France Department of Hepatology Saint-AndréUniversity HospitalBordeaux 33000France Department of Hepatology and Gastroenterology La Roche-Sur-Yon Hospital CenterLa Roche-Sur-Yon 85000France Department of Hepatology and Gastroenterology University Hospital of MontpellierMontpellier 34295France Department of Addictology Hospita

BACKGROUND The recommended monitoring tools for evaluating nucleot(s)ide analogue renal toxicity,such as estimated glomerular filtration rate(eGFR)and phosphatemia,are late markers of proximal *** early markers are available,but no consensus exists on their *** To determine the 24 mo prevalence of subclinical proximal tubulopathy(SPT),as defined with early biomarkers,in treated vs untreated hepatitis B virus(HBV)-monoinfected *** A prospective,non-randomized,multicenter study of HBV-monoinfected patients with a low number of renal comorbidities was *** patients were separated into three groups:Naïve,starting entecavir(ETV)treatment,or starting tenofovir disoproxil(TDF)*** on the early markers of SPT,the eGFR and phosphatemia,were collected *** was defined as a maximal tubular reabsorption of phosphate/eGFR below 0.8 mmoL/L and/or uric acid fractional excretion above 10%.The prevalence and cumulative incidence of SPT at month 24(M24)were *** data were analyzed using analyses of variance or Kruskal-Wallis tests,whereas chi-squared or Fisher’s exact tests were used to analyze qualitative *** analyses were used to adjust for any potential confounding *** Of the 196 patients analyzed,138(84 naïve,28 starting ETV,and 26 starting TDF)had no SPT at *** M24,the prevalence of SPT was not statistically different between naïve and either treated group(21.1%vs 30.7%,P<0.42 and 50.0%vs 30.7%,P=0.32 for ETV and TDF,respectively);no patient had an eGFR lower than 50 mL/min/1.73 m²or phosphatemia less than 0.48 mmoL/*** the multivariate analysis,no explanatory variables were identified after *** cumulative incidence of SPT over 24 mo(25.5%,13.3%,and 52.9%in the naïve,ETV,and TDF groups,respectively)tended to be higher in the TDF group vs the naïve group(hazard ratio:2.283,P=0.05).SPT-free survival at M24 was 57.6%,68.8%,and 23.5%for the naïve,ETV,and TD

关键词： Hepatitis B virus Proximal tubulopathy Biomarkers Renal insufficiency Nucleoside analogues

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A Behind-the-Scenes Story of Precision Medicine

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Genomics, Proteomics & Bioinformatics 2017年第1期15卷 3-10页

作者： maynard V.Olson Department of Genome Sciences and Department of Medicine University of WashingtonSeattleWA 98195USA

Let me start with a few words about the goals and intended audience for this introduction to republication of two reports of the U.S. National Research Council （NRC） - Mapping and Sequencing the Human Genome （1988） and Toward Precision Medicine （2011）. I do not intend to summarize what the reports say. They are both short, well written, and can speak for themselves. I encourage readers who want a quick sum- mary to read these reports the way most policy-makers do： start with the Executive Summaries, particularly the Conclu- sions and Recommendations. NRC committees write these summaries with great care since they are read far more widely, and by a more influential audience, than the bodies of the reports. With respect to audience, I assume this book will be of greatest interest to scientists and policy-makers interested in how the policy-making apparatus in the United States works and how it shaped two key initiatives in biology and medicine during their formative stages.

关键词： A Behind-the-Scenes Story of Precision Medicine NRC

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Progress of amino acid nutrition for diet protein reduction in poultry

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Journal of Animal Science and Biotechnology 2021年第3期12卷 819-827页

作者： M.T.Kidd C.W.maynard G.J.Mullenix Center of Excellence for Poultry Science Division of AgricultureUniversity of Arkansas SystemFayettevilleAR 72701USA

There is growing interest among nutritionists in feeding reduced protein diets to broiler *** nearly a century of research has been conducted providing biochemical insights on the impact of reduced protein diets for broilers,practical limitation still *** present review was written to provide insights on further reducing dietary protein in *** construct this review,eighty-nine peer reviewed manuscripts in the area of amino acid nutrition in poultry were ***,nutritional research areas of low protein diets,threonine,glycine,valine,isoleucine,leucine,phenylalanine,histidine,and glutamine have been assessed and combined in this text,thus providing concepts into reduced protein diets for *** addition,linkages between the cited work and least cost formation ingredient and nutrient matrix considerations are *** conclusion,practical applications in feeding reduced protein diets to broilers are advancing,but more work is warranted.

关键词： Amino acid Broiler chicken Glutamine Histidine Low protein Threonine Valine

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Dietary branched-chain amino acid assessment in broilers from 22 to 35 days of age

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Journal of Animal Science and Biotechnology 2021年第2期12卷 755-762页

作者： M.T.Kidd F.Poernama T.Wibowo C.W.maynard S.Y.Liu Center of Excellence for Poultry Science Division of AgricultureUniversity of Arkansas SystemFayettevilleAR 72701USA PT JAPFA Comfeed Indonesia Tbk Jakarta 12810Indonesia School of Life and Environmental Sciences Faculty of ScienceThe University of SydneyBrownlow HillSydneyNSW 2570Australia

Background:Valine and isoleucine are similar in chemical structure and their limitation in broiler chicken *** evaluate their limitation and interactive effects,multivariate assessment nutrition studies for the branched-chain amino acids(BCAA)are needed.A three level(−1,0,+1),three-factor Box-Behnken design study was conducted to assess dietary BCAA ratios to lysine of 65,75,and 85 for valine,58,66,and 74 for isoleucine,and 110,130,and 150 for leucine in male and female Lohman Indian River broilers from 22 to 35 d of ***:Live performance of male broilers was not affected by BCAA ***,male broilers fed increasing isoleucine had improved(P=0.07)carcass yield as leucine and valine were *** broilers had improved body weight gain(P=0.05)and feed conversion(P=0.003)when leucine and isoleucine were at their lowest levels,independent of valine,but increasing leucine impaired live performance and warranted concomitant increases in isoleucine to restore *** dietary isoleucine and valine in female broilers increased breast meat yield(P=0.05),but increasing leucine tended to diminish the ***:The female Lohman Indian River broiler is more sensitive to BCAA diet manipulation than ***,as dietary leucine is increased in female broilers,dietary isoleucine increases were needed to offset the negative *** increases in dietary valine and isoleucine improved breast meat yield in female broilers,but only when birds were fed the lowest dietary leucine.

关键词： Broiler Crude protein Isoleucine Leucine Response surface Valine

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Ion stopping in dense plasmas: A basic physics approach

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Matter and Radiation at Extremes 2016年第6期1卷 277-307页

作者： Claude Deutsch Gilles maynard Laboratoire de Physique des Gaz et Plasmas CNRSUniv-Paris SudUniversite Paris-Saclay91405 OrsayFrance

We survey quite extensively the present research status of ion-stopping in dense plasmas of potential importance for initial confinement fusion(ICF)drivenby intense and heavy ion beams,and alsofor warm dense matter(WDM).First,we putemphasis on every possible mechanism involved in the shaping of the ion projectile effective charge,while losing energy in a target plasma with classical ions and partially degenerate ***,we switch to ion stopping by target bound electrons,taking detailed account of mean excitation *** electron stopping has already been given a lot of attention in former works[*** et al.,Recent *** 1(2000)1-23;Open Plasma Phys.J.3(2010)88-115].Then,we extend the usual standard stopping model(SSM)framework to nonlinear stopping including a treatment of the Z 3 Barkas effect and a confronting comparison of Bloch and Bohr Coulomb ***,we document low velocity ion slowing down(LVISD)in single ion plasmas as well as in binary ionic mixtures(BIM),in connection with specific ICF fuels.

关键词： Ion projectile effective charge Mean excited energies Nonlinear stopping Binary ionic mixture

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Testing for Sources of Irreversible Consumer Demand

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Economics World 2015年第1期3卷 1-17页

作者： Leigh maynard Vijay Subramaniam University of Kentucky Lexington USA Morehead State University Morehead USA

The existence of irreversible demand is tested, whereby price increases induce a different absolute magnitude of quantity change than price decreases. Irreversibility is potentially likely in retail food settings for storable products that are consumed regularly and can affect pricing strategy performance. If irreversibility exists, the subsequent research question for storable product demand is whether loss aversion effects dominate stockpiling effects, or vice versa. A two-period theoretical model is developed, which predicts more elastic responses to downward price movements via stockpiling, but empirical tests on secondary data are needed to evaluate offsetting loss aversion effects. A variant of the Rotterdam demand model is developed to allow differential response to price increases and decreases. The model is applied to scanner data of short periodicity （weekly in this case）, which are necessary to measure meaningful demand responses to food price changes. The products selected are U.S. cheeses and table spreads that are storable over multiple weeks. The results suggest that stockpiling dominates loss aversion. One potential cause of this behavior may be that marketers asymmetrically provide consumers with more reference price information when lowering prices, but not when raising prices. When stockpiling effects dominate, given the typically price-elastic store-level demand for food products, high-low pricing strategies should produce higher revenue. Regarding measurement of average demand response, reversible demand models applied to weekly data may overestimate own-price elasticities.

关键词： consumer demand irreversible functions scanner data loss aversion reference prices dairy products

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英国医疗人力资源状况

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国外医学（卫生经济分册） 1992年第2期9卷 74-77,73页

作者： maynard A 方键

本文综述了英国医疗人力资源的状况。文章对医疗人力资源供求状况进行分析后指出,英国人力资源预测比较有规律,但在基础工作方面、在供求因素替代方面的分析还存在局限性。文章分析了英国人力资源的特征,并介绍了一些采取的对策。

关键词：英国医务人员人力资源

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美国外交政策中公众舆论的角色——以美国古巴重建外交关系为例

美国外交政策中公众舆论的角色——以美国古巴重建外交关系为例

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作者： Keevon maynard 吉林大学

学位级别：硕士

本文探讨了针对古巴的外交政策策略的法律的实施背后的动机，以及公众舆论对外交政策影响的水平。自由主义是民主之下的一个象征。对于可以直接影响公众的事件，自由主义允许政府受到公众的影响。尽管现实主义更倾向于强调诸如国家安全... 详细信息

本文探讨了针对古巴的外交政策策略的法律的实施背后的动机，以及公众舆论对外交政策影响的水平。自由主义是民主之下的一个象征。对于可以直接影响公众的事件，自由主义允许政府受到公众的影响。尽管现实主义更倾向于强调诸如国家安全等问题，但公众似乎相信政府应当采用自由主义的方式，以人们的普遍共识为基础。许多现实主义者认为对外政策的制定排除公众的影响是明智的，因为公众往往无知而缺乏专门知识。但是如果不向公众过问就做出决定，有时会导致分不清这些决策是代表公众的最大利益还是被国会的特殊利益所驱动。基于研究发现，我将从合法性的渠道，论述对于制定外交政策及其依据的法律，国会在法律与政策实施的过程中采取理想的现实主义措施，这与蕴含自由主义元素的民主政府的形成对照，而这种民主政府有时包括了公众舆论。国会采取这种措施，可以归因为很多因素，比如公众对国际事务缺乏专业性、对不同事件公众情绪的波动以及国会不为人知的特殊利益。这些法律与政策的实施对两国之间的外交关系产生了正反两方面的影响。特别是，美国1960年代对古巴出台的法律，对两国关系产生了消极影响。尽管现在仍然很难确定国会为什么仍然维持对古巴的出口禁令，但是有一点是清楚的，那就是自从1961年实行禁运以来，一些对古巴法律是必要的，但是有一些过于极端。根据约瑟夫·奈的软权力战略理论，美国对古巴实行的以经济制裁为主的策略，并不能将其归为软实力。它既没有影响古巴，也没能迫使古巴屈从于美国关于人权的立场而转变为一个民主国家。在菲德尔·卡斯特罗的领导下，尽管经历了困难，古巴政府仍然保持着独立、自治，这种困难也催生了其对共产主义体制的渴望。诸如冷战、古巴导弹危机这些重大事件，给予美国采取理想主义的现实主义措施作为治国之必要。对于那些事件，为达成控制、安全与支配的目标而制定战略是毋庸置疑的，而重建外交关系耽搁至今则有待讨论。美国采取的明显的单边主义政策显示出了其在维持禁运与无视联合国发起的多数投票的多边主义措施的坚定立场，而这一多数投票显示出许多国家希望美国结束对古巴的经济封锁并重建外交关系。对于重建美古外交关系公众观点，也采取了很多民意调查。这些民意调查显示出国会行为与公众舆论在对古巴事务方面是不一致的。民众希望重建与古巴关系，但是国会在长达50年的时间里都维持着与之背道而驰的立场，导致了民众对国会的不满。在美国这种国家，民主繁荣了自由主义，自由主义又激发了人们对参与外交事务的积极性。从2014年12月至2015年初，有证据显示，在经历了50年对古巴的外交沉默后，奥巴马政府寻求重建两国关系。

关键词：公众舆论国会对外政策外交关系美国古巴

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Magneto-Elastic Coupling in a Sinusoidal Modulated Magnet Cr_(2)GaN

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Chinese Physics Letters 2022年第9期39卷 72-75页

作者： Hui-Can Mao Yu-Feng Li Qing-Yong Ren Mi-Hai Chu Helen E.maynard-Casely Franz Demmel Devashibhai Adroja Hai-Hu Wen Yin-Guo Xiao Hui-Qian Luo Beijing National Laboratory for Condensed Matter Physics Institute of PhysicsChinese Academy of SciencesBeijing 100190China University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100049China National Laboratory of Solid State Microstructures and Department of Physics Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced MicrostructuresNanjing UniversityNanjing 210093China Institute of High Energy Physics Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijing 100049China Spallation Neutron Source Science Center Dongguan 523803China School of Advanced Materials Shenzhen Graduate SchoolPeking UniversityShenzhen 518055China Australian Centre for Neutron Scattering Australian Nuclear Science and Technology OrganisationLucas Heights NSW-2232Australia ISIS Facility Rutherford Appleton LaboratoryChiltonDidcot Oxon OX110QXUnited Kingdom Songshan Lake Materials Laboratory Dongguan 523808China

We use neutron powder diffraction to investigate the magnetic and crystalline structure of Cr_(2)GaN.A magnetic phase transition is identified at T≈170 K,whereas no trace of structural transition is observed down to 6 *** Rietveld refinement with irreducible representations,the spin configuration of Cr ions in Cr_(2)GaN is depicted as an incommensurate sinusoidal modulated structure characterized by a propagating vector k=(0.365,0.365,0).Upon warming up to the paramagnetic state,the magnetic order parameter closely resembles to the temperature dependence of c-axis lattice parameter,suggesting strong magneto-elastic coupling in this ***,Cr_(2)Ga N provides a potential platform for exploration of magnetically tuned properties such as magnetoelectric,magnetostrictive and magnetocaloric effects,as well as their applications.

关键词： magnetic Elastic Coupling

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Prevalence of significant liver disease in human immunodeficiency virus-infected patients exposed to Didanosine: A cross sectional study

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World Journal of Hepatology 2016年第36期8卷 1623-1628页

作者： Sarah Logan Alison Rodger Laura maynard-Smith James O'Beirne Thomas Fernandez Filippo Ferro Colette Smith Sanjay Bhagani the Ian Charleson Day Centre Ground Floor Royal Free London NHS Foundation Trust Research Department of Infection and Population Health University College London Department of Hepatology Nambour General Hospital Sunshine Coast Hospital and Health Service

AIM To identify significant liver disease [including nodular regenerative hyperplasia(NRH)] in asymptomatic Didanosine(DDI) exposed human immunodeficiency virus(HIV) positive *** Patients without known liver disease and with > 6 mo previous DDI use had liver stiffness assessed by transient elastography(TE). Those with alanine transaminase(ALT) above upper limit normal and/or TE > 7.65 k Pa underwent ultrasound scan(U/S). Patients with:(1) abnormal U/S; or(2) elevated ALT plus TE > 7.65 k Pa;or(3) TE > 9.4 k Pa were offered trans-jugular liver biopsy(TJLB) with hepatic venous pressure gradient(HVPG) *** Ninety-nine patients were recruited, median age 50 years(range 31-70), 81% male and 70% men who have sex with men. Ninety-five percent with VL 9.4 k Pa. Seventeen(17%) met criteria for TJLB, of whom 12 accepted. All had HVPG < 6 mm Hg. Commonest histological findings were steatosis(n = 6), normal architecture(n = 4) and NRH(n = 2), giving a prevalence of previously undiagnosed NRH of 2%(95%CI: 0.55%, 7.0%).CONCLUSION A screening strategy based on TE, liver enzymes and U/S scan found a low prevalence of previously undiagnosed NRH in DDI exposed, asymptomatic HIV positive patients. Patients were more likely to have steatosis highlighting the increased risk of multifactorial liver disease in this population.

关键词： Nodular regenerative hyperplasia Human immunodeficiency virus Steatosis Non-cirrhotic portal hypertension Didanosine

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