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Examining the Types and Consequences of Female Genital Mutilation in Somalia: A Cross-Sectional Study on the Burden and Impact of Acute and Long-Term Complications

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Open Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology 2024年第9期14卷 1322-1334页

作者： Rahma Yusuf Haji Mohamud Nur Adam Mohamed Mohamed Yaqub Hassan Khadija Yusuf Ali marian Muse Osman Amal Nor Ali Ifrah Adan Hilowle Iftin Mohamed Osman Mohamed Farah Yusuf Mohamud Department of Nursing Mogadishu Somali Turkiye Recep Tayyip Erdogan Training and Research Hospital Mogadishu Somalia Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences Mogadishu Somali Turkiye Recep Tayyip Erdogan Training and Research Hospital Mogadishu Somalia Department of Pediatric Mogadishu Somali Turkiye Recep Tayyip Erdogan Training and Research Hospital Mogadishu Somalia Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology Mogadishu Somali Turkiye Recep Tayyip Erdogan Training and Research Hospital Mogadishu Somalia Research Department National Institute of Health Mogadishu Somalia Department of Pulmonology Mogadishu Somali Turkiye Recep Tayyip Erdogan Training and Research Hospital Mogadishu Somalia Department of Emergency Medicine Mogadishu Somali Turkiye Recep Tayyip Erdogan Training and Research Hospital Mogadishu Somalia

Background: In Africa, female genital mutilation (FGM) is a widespread and harmful practice, with Somalia having the highest incidence at 98%. This practice has severe and long-lasting physical and mental health consequences. The aim of the study was to evaluate the different types of FGM;immediate and long-term complications associated with the practice, and identify factors related to its prevalence. Method: In a one-year cross-sectional hospital-based study, data were collected from females aged 18 - 50 with a history of FGM. Face-to-face semi-structured questionnaires were used for data collection. Data analysis was performed using SPSS version 26, utilizing univariate and bivariate analyses to identify correlations between variables, which were presented in tables. Results: In a study involving 255 female participants, 65.5% were between 18 and 30 years old. The majority (82.7%) were married, while 47.1% were illiterate. FGM cases were more prevalent in rural areas (61.6%). Among the participants, 45.1% were employed. Type 3 FGM was the most common (44.3%), followed by Type 2 (32.2%) and Type 1 (23.9%). In terms of short-term complications experienced by circumcised women, the most common were bleeding, reported by 29.8% of participants, followed by infection (25.1%), and urinary retention (19.2%). Among the long-term complications observed, recurrent vaginal infections were the most prevalent, affecting 29.8% of the surveyed females. This was episiotomy during delivery (22.3%) and genital scarring (10.2%). Conclusion: The study reveals that Type 3 FGM is highly prevalent among the surveyed females, contributing to an increased risk of recurrent vaginal infections, prolonged second stage of labor, higher likelihood of episiotomy during delivery, and genital scarring. These findings emphasize the urgent need for effective preventive strategies and implementation from both international and local organizations to eliminate the harmful practice of FGM.

关键词： Female Genital Mutilation Women Obstetrics and Gynecology Somalia

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Solar flares: radio and X-ray signatures of magnetic reconnection processes

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Research in Astronomy and Astrophysics 2014年第7期14卷 753-772页

作者： marian Karlicky Astronomical Institute Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic251 65 OndrejovCzech Republic

This review summarizes new trends in studies of magnetic reconnection in solar flares. It is shown that plasmoids play a very important role in this primary flare process. Using the results of magnetohydrodynamic and particle-in-cell simulations, we describe how the plasmoids are formed, how they move and interact, and how a flare current sheet is fragmented into a cascade of plasmoids. Furthermore, it is shown that during the interactions of these plasmoids electrons are not only very efficiently accelerated and heated, but electromagnetic（radio） emission is also *** also describe possible mechanisms for the triggering of magnetic *** relevant X-ray and radio signatures of these processes（such as radio drifting pulsation structures, narrowband dm-spikes, and the loop-top and above-the-loop-top X-ray sources） are then described. It is shown that plasmoids can also be formed in kinked magnetic ropes. A mapping of X-points of the magnetic reconnection on the chromosphere（as e.g. a splitting of flare ribbons） is mentioned. Supporting EUV and white-light observations of plasmoids are added. The significance of all these processes for the fast magnetic reconnection and electron acceleration is outlined. Their role in fusion experiments is briefly mentioned.

关键词： Sun: flares -- Sun: radio radiation -- Sun: X-rays

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Structure of Zhou Nil-clean Rings

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Algebra Colloquium 2018年第3期25卷 361-368页

作者： Huanyin Chen marian Sheibani Department of Mathematics Hangzhou Normal University Hangzhou 311121 China Women's University of Semnan (Farzanegan) Semnan Iran

A ring R is Zhou nil-clean if every element in R is the sum of two tripotents and a nilpotent that commute. Homomorphic images of Zhou nil-clean rings are explored. We prove that a ring R is Zhou nil-clean if and only if 30 ∈ R is nilpotent and R/30R is Zhou nil-clean, if and only if R/BM（R） is 5-potent and BM（R） is nil, if and only if J（R） is nil and R/J（R） is isomorphic to a Boolean ring, a Yaqub ring, a Bell ring or a direct product of such rings. By means of homomorphic images, we completely determine when the generalized matrix ring is Zhou nil-clean. We prove that the generalized matrix ring Mn（R; s） is Zhou nil-clean if and only if R is Zhou nil-clean and s ∈ J（R）.

关键词： tripotent nilpotent homomorphic images generalized matrix rings Zhou nil-clean rings

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Directions of changes of hard coal output technologies in Poland

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Mining Science and Technology 2011年第1期21卷 1-5页

作者： Turek marian Central Mining Institute 40-166 KatowicePoland

The author presents the results being the effect of the analysis of innovative rate of individual technologies applied in opening up,development and extraction works which was carried out within the project:"scenarios of technological development of hard coal extractive industry".After presentation of opening up,development and extraction technologies that are applied in Polish hard coal industry and their classification with regard to innovation degree the author describes those technologies in a detailed *** brings attention to the most effective systems for hard coal deposits’ opening up,development and their extraction,including the extraction of the residual *** attention is also paid to the safety level of the applied technologies.

关键词： Development Technologies Mechanisation Manridng Materials transport

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Soil Stabilizing Capability of Three Plant Species Growing on the Three Gorges Reservoir Riverside

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Journal of Earth Science 2010年第6期21卷 888-896页

作者： Norbert Tenten 曾波 marian Kazda Key Laboratory of Eco-environments in Three Gorges Reservoir Region Ministry of Education School of Life Sciences Southwest China University Institute of Systematic Botany and Ecology Ulm University

Plant regrowth capacity and soil protection were investigated using three flooding-tolerant Yangtze River riverside species （Arundinella anomala, Hemartria compressa and Cynodon dactylon）. The root and leaf surface growth, the plant regrowth capacity and the mitigation of soil runoff were analyzed using potted plants that were covered with 5, 10 and 18 cm new sediments, respectively. A. anomala reacted most slowly to the recovery from new sediments, while H. compressa had the highest recovery rates. The latter could produce 24 times the initial root length and 41 times its original leaf surface during the growth period of 12 weeks. C. dactyion showed no significant change in growth in relation to the rising sediment thickness, which means that even 18 cm of new sediments were tolerated by C. dactylon. Erosion tests showed that all three plant species can reduce the soil runoff by more than 63%. Compared to other species, A. anomala was less capable of stabilizing new sediments. The soil protecting abilities of H. compressa decreased after more than 10 cm of new sediments. C. dactyion showed the best soil retention compared to the other species examined, since it could reduce the soil runoff up to 87%. Consequently, C. dactylon was found to be significantly better for soil-protection plant species than A. anomala and H. compressa given the conditions at the Three Gorges Reservoir.

关键词： Three Gorges Reservoir plant regrowth capacity soil runoff soil stabilizing plantgrowth.

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Synthesis and stability evaluation of hierarchical silicoaluminophosphates with different structural frameworks in the methanol to olefins process

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Particuology 2018年第2期16卷 43-53页

作者： Seyed Hesam Mousavi Shohreh Fatemi marian Razavian School of Chemical Engineering College of Engineering University of Tehran P.O. Box 11365 4563 TehranIran

Silicoaluminophosphates （SAPOs） with different pore structures were synthesized through the implementation of polyethylene glycol （PEG） as a mesopores impregnation agent. Using PEGs with different molecular weights （MWs） and concentrations in the synthesis precursor, several samples were synthesized and characterized. Applying a PEG capping agent to the precursors led to the formation of tuned mesopores within the microporous matrix of the SAPO. The effects of the PEG molecular weight and PEG/Al molar ratio were investigated to maximize the efficiency of the catalyst in the methanol-to-olefin （MTO） process. Using PEG with a MW of 6000 resulted in the formation of both Zeolite Rho and chabazite structural frameworks （i.e., DNL-6 and SAPO-34）. Pure SAPO-34 samples were successfully prepared using PEG with a MW of 4000. Our results showed that the PEG concentrations affect the porosity and acidity of the synthesized materials. Furthermore, the SAPO-34 sample synthesized with PEG （MW of 4000） and a PEG/Al molar ratio of 0.0125 showed a superior catalytic stability in the MTO reaction owing to the tuned bi-modal porosity and tailored acidity pattern. Finally, through reactivation experiments, it was found that the catalyst is stable even after several regeneration cycles.

关键词： Hierarchical SAPO-34 PEG Mesoporosity DNL-6 zeolite MTO process Catalytic stability

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Numerical micro-texture optimization for lubricated contacts-A critical discussion

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Friction 2022年第11期10卷 1772-1809页

作者： Max marian Andreas ALMQVIST Andreas ROSENKRANZ Michel FILLON Department of Mechanical and Metallurgical Engineering Pontificia Universidad Católica de ChileSantiago 690411Chile Division of Machine Elements LuleåUniversity of TechnologyLuleåSE-97187Sweden Department of Chemical Engineering Biotechnology and MaterialsFCFMUniversity of ChileSantiago 8370456Chile Institut Pprime CNRSUniversity of PoitiersPoitiers Cedex TSA 4112386073France

Despite numerous experimental and theoretical studies reported in the literature,surface micro-texturing to control friction and wear in lubricated tribo-contacts is still in the trial-and-error *** tribological behaviour and advantageous micro-texture geometries and arrangements largely depend on the contact type and the operating *** scale implementation is hampered by the complexity of numerical *** substantiates the urgent need to numerically design and optimize micro-textures for specific *** these aspects have not been covered by other review articles yet,we aim at summarizing the existing state-of–the art regarding optimization strategies for micro-textures applied in hydrodynamically and elastohydrodynamically lubricated *** analysis demonstrates the great potential of optimization strategies to further tailor micro-textures with the overall aim to reduce friction and wear,thus contributing toward an improved energy efficiency and sustainability.

关键词： micro-texturing hydrodynamics elastohydrodynamics tribo-simulation optimization

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Numerical modelling of the hybrid rocket engine performance

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Propulsion and Power Research 2021年第1期10卷 15-22页

作者： marian Gieras Aleksander Gorgeri a Institute of Heat Engineering Warsaw University of TechnologyWarsaw00-665Poland Łukasiewicz Research Network e Institute of Aviation Warsaw02-256Poland

The purpose of this paper is to present method of the numerical modeling of the hybrid rocket engine's work as a tool for designing engines of this *** model is intended as an accurate and simple to use development tool for use in preliminary design stages of hybrid rocket engines,improving the effectiveness and quality of this *** assumptions underlying the use of a model are presented,together with an analysis of past work in this *** of an extensive experimental campaign are presented and compared with the results of numerical modelling in order to calibrate the proposed model and evaluate its ***eter variation and optimization were conducted,proving functionality of the ***sented numerical calculations show that the adopted approach to reduce the analysis time and complexity was *** method of numerical calculation of hybrid engine working parameters combines aspects of accuracy and simplicity at the early design stage to avoid timeconsuming and costly changes in subsequent detailed stages of design.

关键词： Hybrid rocket engine Combustion Multi-phase flow Regression Specific impulse

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Gate design and filling process analysis of the cavity in injection molding process

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Advances in Manufacturing 2016年第2期4卷 123-133页

作者： Mehdi Moayyedian Kazem Abhary Romeo marian School of Engineering University of South AustraliaMawson Lakes Campus Adelaide SA 5006 Australia

This paper presents a new geometry of an edge gate in the injection molding process called modified edge gate. The corners of current edge gate result in the turbu- lence of molten plastic into the cavity which leads to internal and external defects. The aim of the new geometry is to reduce the internal and external defects of injected part such as sink marks and short shot. The easier de-gating analysis for the new geometry to decrease the visible blemish of the injected part was proposed in this study. A modified edge gate was proposed for two circular fiat plates with thickness 1 ram. Finite element method （FEM） was used along with SolidWorks plastic. Internal and external defects of the injected part were analyzed via SolidWorks plastic. To validate the new geometry, an experimental study was implemented for two polypropylene （PP） cir- cular fiat plates with modified edge gate to confirm the simulation results. The contribution of this research is to modify the geometry of current edge gate by removing the corners of rectangular edge gate which leads to the reduction of scrap. The new geometry presents easier de- gating of gate and less visible blemish of the injected part. A smooth flow of molten plastic into the cavities reduces the internal and external defects. The outcome of this study demonstrates filling of the cavities with no short shot. In addition, no sink marks were detected with modified edge gate. Finally, the modified blemish on the injected part edge gate. edge gate has in comparison less visible with current edge gate.

关键词： Injection molding Gate design Internaldefects External defects

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Electronic behavior of native oxide films on Ti and TiN during 90-day immersion in electrolytes with different pH levels

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Rare Metals 2021年第3期40卷 582-589页

作者： Amir Poursaee Golnaz Najaf-Tomaraei marian S.Kennedy Department of Materials Science and Engineering and Glenn Department of Civil Engineering Clemson UniversityClemsonSC 29634USA Department of Materials Science and Engineering Clemson UniversityClemsonSC 29634USA

This work presents the electronic behavior of Ti and TiN thin films when exposed to electrolytes with pH levels of 2,7 and 13 for 90 *** potentio-electrochemical impedance spectroscopy tests were performed on the 100-nm Ti and TiN monolithic films,and MottSchottky analysis of these tests was used to determine the films’ semiconductive behavior and changes in the donor/acceptor *** addition,the flat-band potential of each film’s surface oxide was also *** attempt was made to control oxide formation,and therefore,these tests reflected the native surfaces of these *** the TiN films exhibited n-type semiconductivity in all electrolytes,the Ti films only showed n-type behavior in the acidic(pH=2) and neutral(pH=7) *** semiconductivity of the Ti films transitioned to p-type during exposure to the basic electrolyte(pH=13) after reaching 60 ***,there was a significant increase in the donor densities for both Ti and TiN films when immersed in the basic electrolyte relative to the acidic and neutral electrolytes.

关键词： Ti TiN Thin films Mott-Schottky analysis Semiconductivity

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