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Investigation of the Test–Retest Reliability and Inter-Rater Agreement of Traditional Chinese medicine-Based Pulse Practitioners

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World Journal of Traditional Chinese medicine 2023年第4期9卷 415-418页

作者： m.m.a jagwani Gita Sharma Hemanshu Sharma Tara K.Kafle Gulab Rai Tewani Pradeep m.K.Nair Department of Acupuncture and Energy medicine Sant Hirdaram Medical College of Naturopathy and Yogic SciencesBhopalMadhya PradeshIndia Department of Community medicine Sant Hirdaram Medical College of Naturopathy and Yogic SciencesBhopalMadhya PradeshIndia Department of Community medicine Birat Medical College and Teaching HospitalTankisinuwariNepal Department of Naturopathy Sant Hirdaram Yoga and Nature Cure HospitalBhopalMadhya PradeshIndia Department of Research Sant Hirdaram Medical College of Naturopathy and Yogic SciencesBhopalMadhya PradeshIndia

Objective:The objective of this study was to assess the test–retest reliability and inter-rater agreement between the traditional Chinese medicine(TCm)pulse diagnosis between two Indian TCm ***:A total of 300 participants were evaluated for their bilateral pulse based on TCm independently by two investigators with similar years of experience but who graduated from different medical *** investigators who were blinded diagnosed the participants as per TCm based on the depth,rate,and strength of their ***αand weighted kappa were used for assessing the reliability and ***:The data of all the 300 participants were included in the *** test–retest reliability computed using Cronbach's alpha indicated high reliability between the investigators(α=0.963).There were a total of 37 different types of diagnoses identified by both *** investigators diagnoses matched for 116 participants out of 300 participants;whereas 184 cases were not matched between the *** inter-rater agreement for the TCm diagnosis tested by weighted Kappa did not returned any significant agreement(Kappa=0.370).Discussion:The present study shows higher reliability between the pulse diagnoses between the ***,the inter-rater agreement for TCm diagnosis based on pulse diagnosis was not significant probably due to the variation in subjective *** calls for the standardization of training in TCm diagnostic methods among *** studies should include the differences in training,medical education,and experience among the practitioners while determining the reliability of pulse diagnosis.

关键词： Oriental medicine pulse diagnosis reliability traditional Chinese medicine validity

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Assessment of Socio-Economic Impacts of the December 2011 Flood Event in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania

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Atmospheric and Climate Sciences 2019年第3期9卷 421-437页

作者： Doreen m. Anande Philbert m. Luhunga Numerical Weather Prediction (NWP) Section Tanzania Meteorological Agency Dar es Salaam Tanzania Hankuk University of Foreign Studies (HUFS) Seoul South Korea Research Section Tanzania Meteorological Agency Dar es Salaam Tanzania

Floods are the most devastating hazards that have significant adverse impacts on people and their livelihoods. Their impacts can be reduced by investing on: 1) improving the forecasting skills of extreme and heavy rainfall events, 2) development of Impacts Based Flood Early Warning System (IBFEWS) and 3) effective communication of impacts from anticipated extreme or heavy rainfall event. The development of IBFEWS however, requires a complete understanding of factors that relates to the formation of extreme or heavy rainfall events and their associated socio-economic impacts. This information is crucial in the development of Impacts Based Flood Forecasting models (IBFFms). In this study, we assess the socio-economic impacts of the December 2011 flood event in Dar es Salaam as the preliminary stage in the development of IBFFms for the City of Dar es Salaam. Data from household survey collected using systematic random sampling techniques and structured questionnaires are used. The survey was conducted to acquire respondent’s views on the causes of floods impacts, adaptive capacity to extreme or heavy rainfall events and adaptation options to minimize flood impact. It is found that the main causes of floods were river overflow due to heavy rainfall and blocked drainage system. Poor infrastructure such as drainage and sewage systems, and ocean surge were identified to be the causes of observed impacts of the December 2011 flood event in Dar es Salaam. Death cases analysis showed that 43 people were reported dead. The flood event damaged properties worth of 7.5 million Tanzania shillings. Furthermore, the Tanzania Government spent a total amount of 1.83 billion Tanzanian shillings to rescue and relocate vulnerable communities that lived-in low-lying areas of jagwani to high ground areas of mabwepande in Kinondoni district.

关键词： Extreme Rainfall Impacts Based Flood Forecasting models (IBFFms) Socio Economic Impacts Impact Based Flood Early Warning System (IBFEWS)

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