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Evolving perspectives on biofuels in the United States

Frontiers in Energy 2012年第4期6卷 379-393页

作者： lisa C. dIRKS Gary W. dIRKS Jianguo WU Global Institute of Sustainability and School of Life Sciences ArizonaState University Tempe Arizona 85287 USA Global Institute of Sustainability and School of Life Sciences ArizonaState University Tempe Arizona 85287 USA Sino-US Center forConservation Energy and Sustainability Science (SUCCESS) InnerMongolia University Hohhot 010021 China

Biofuels represent an important source of renewable energy and may play a crucial role in developing sustainable energy strategies for many countries and the world as a whole. The pros and cons of biofuels, however, have been debated both scientifically and politically. They remain a topic of controversy. In this paper, the evolvement of the perspectives and policies on biofuels in the United States in the past several decades was reviewed. Four different periods, that is, the period prior to 1978 （marked by the passage of the Energy Act in 1978）; 1978-1989 （ending with the passage of the Clean Air Act Amendments of 1990）; 1990-2004 （ending with the passage of the energy act of 2005）; and 2005 to the present, which were characterized by defining events of major policy importance were identified. Each time period was assessed using the Ostrom institutional analysis and development （IAd） framework to show the impact of the evolving interests and influences of global players on policy choices related to biofuels in the United States. The US has a long history of supporting corn-based ethanol and more recently advanced biofuels. Changes in perspectives on biofuels from largely unrelated groups led to changes in policy and market dynamics. Until the late 1990s, most perspectives and policies tended to be aligned and significantly supportive of corn-based ethanol in the United States. In the early 2000s, it became clear that the complications associated with first generation biofuels and corn-based ethanol in particular, were too numerous and too severe to overlook. The need for better options has spurred interest in new technologies and more environmentally benign feedstocks, but, there is little prospect forbiofuels playing a significant role in the near term without greater alignment among key players.

关键词： renewable energy biofuels energy sustain-ability

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Tomographic flow cytometry by digital holography

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Light(Science & Applications) 2016年第1期5卷 128-134页

作者： Francesco Merola Pasquale Memmolo lisa Miccio Roberto Savoia Martina Mugnano Angelo Fontana Giuliana d’Ippolito Angela Sardo Achille Iolascon Antonella Gambale Pietro Ferraro CNR-ISASI Istituto di Scienze Applicate e Sistemi Intelligenti‘E.Caianiello’CNR-Consiglio Nazionale delle RicerchePozzuoli 80078Italy CNR-ICB Istituto di Chimica BiomolecolarePozzuoli 80078Italy department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnology University of Naples Federico II&CEINGE-Advanced BiotechnologiesNapoli 80145Italy

High-throughput single-cell analysis is a challenging ***-free tomographic phase microscopy is an excellent candidate to perform this ***,in-line tomography is very difficult to implement in practice because it requires a complex set-up for rotating the sample and examining the cell along several *** demonstrate that by exploiting the random rolling of cells while they are flowing along a microfluidic channel,it is possible to obtain in-line phase-contrast tomography,if smart strategies for wavefront analysis are *** fact,surprisingly,a priori knowledge of the three-dimensional position and orientation of rotating cells is no longer needed because this information can be completely retrieved through digital holography wavefront numerical *** approach makes continuous-flow cytotomography suitable for practical operation in real-world,single-cell analysis and with a substantial simplification of the optical system;that is,no mechanical scanning or multi-direction probing is required.A demonstration is given for two completely different classes of biosamples:red blood cells and diatom *** accurate characterization of both types of cells is reported,despite their very different nature and material content,thus showing that the proposed method can be extended by adopting two alternate strategies of wavefront analysis to many classes of cells.

关键词： microfluidics red blood cells tomographic microscopy wavefront analysis

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Microfabrication of Bubbular Cavities in PdMS for Cell Sorting and Microcell Culture Applications

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Journal of Bionic Engineering 2008年第4期5卷 308-316页

作者： Ut-Binh T. Giang Michael R. King lisa A. deLouise department of Biomedical Engineering University of Rochester department of Biomedical Engineering Cornell University department of dermatology University of Rochester Medical Center

We describe a novel technique, low surface energy Gas Expansion Molding （GEM）, to fabricate microbubble arrays in polydimethylsiloxane （PdMS） which are incorporated into parallel plate flow chambers and tested in cell sorting and microcell cuTture applications. This architecture confers several operational advantages that distinguish this technology approach from currently used methods. Herein we describe the GEM process and the parameters that are used to control microbubble formation and a Vacuum-Assisted Coating （VAC） process developed to selectively and spatially alter the PdMS surface chemistry in the wells and on the microchannel surface. We describe results from microflow image visualization studies conducted to investigate fluid streams above and within microbubble wells and conclude with a discussion of cell culture studies in PdMS.

关键词： polydimethylsiloxane microfabrication cell culture cell sorting molding

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Effect of particle shape and size on flow properties of lactose powders

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Particuology 2012年第2期10卷 203-208页

作者： Xiaowei Fu deborah Huck lisa Makein Brian Armstrong Ulf Willen Tim Freeman Freeman Technology I Miller Court Severn Drive Tewkesbury Gloucestershire G1208DN UK Malvern Instruments Ltd Enigma Business Park Crovewood Rd. Malvern Worcestershire WRI4 IX.Z UK

The shape and size of particles are understood to affect the bulk behaviour of powders, though there are but few studies that present quantitative information on the relationship between particle shape and the flow properties of powder. This is due in part to the lack of techniques for rapidly determining both particle shape and the range of flow characteristics that describe the response of powders to the stress and shear experienced during their processing. This study presents data that quantifies the influence of particle shapeJsize of three different lactose powders on their respective flow and bulk characteristics. Two of the samples differ in size but have similar shapes; the third sample is more spherical but similar in size to one of the other two samples, The results demonstrate that in addition to particle size, particle shape significantly affect the flow characteristics of a powder over a wide range of stress conditions.

关键词： ParticleShapeSizePowder flowFlowability

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Impact of the source and serial passaging of goat mesenchymal stem cells on osteogenic differentiation potential:implications for bone tissue engineering

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Journal of Animal Science and Biotechnology 2016年第4期7卷 482-494页

作者： Hoda Elkhenany lisa Amelse Marc Caldwell Ramadan Abdelwahed Madhu dhar department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences University of Tennessee department of Surgery Faculty of Veterinary MedicineAlexandria University

Background： Adult mesenchymal stem cells （MSCs） can be conveniently sampled from bone marrow, peripheral blood, muscle, adipose and connective tissue, harvested from various species, including, rodents, dogs, cats, horses, sheep, goats and human beings. The MSCs isolated from adult tissues vary in their morphological and functional properties. These variations are further complicated when cells are expanded by passaging in culture. These differences and changes in MSCs must be considered prior to their application in the clinic or in a basic research study. Goats are commonly used as animal models for bone tissue engineering to test the potential of stem cells for bone regeneration. As a result, goat MSCs isolated from bone marrow or adipose tissue should be evaluated using in vitro assays, prior to their application in a tissue engineering project. Results： In this study, we compared the stem cell properties of MSCs isolated from goat bone marrow and adipose tissue. We used quantitative and qualitative assays with a focus on osteogenesis, including, colony forming unit, rate of cell proliferation, tri-lineage differentiation and expression profiling of key signal transduction proteins to compare MSCs from low and high passages. Primary cultures generated from each source displayed the stem cell characteristics, with variations in their osteogenic potentials. Most importantly, low passaged bone marrow MSCs displayed a significantly higher and superior osteogenic potential, and hence, will be the preferred choice for bone tissue engineering in future in vivo experiments. In the bone marrow MSCs, this process is potentially mediated by the p38 MAPK pathway. On the other hand, osteogenic differentiation in the adipose tissue MSCs may involve the p44/42 MAPK pathway. Conclusions： Based on these data, we can conclude that bone marrow and fat-derived MSCs undergo osteogenesis via two distinct signaling pathways. Even though the bone marrow MSCs are the preferred source fo

关键词： Caprine mesenchymal Osteogenesis stem cells

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Semistructured interviewing in primary care research:a balance of relationship and rigour

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Family Medicine and Community Health 2019年第2期7卷 30-37页

作者： Melissa deJonckheere lisa M Vaughn department of Family Medicine University of MichiganAnn ArborMichiganUSA department of Pediatrics University of Cincinnati College of MedicineCincinnatiOhioUSA division of Emergency Medicine Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical CenterCincinnatiOhioUSA

Semistructured in-depth interviews are commonly used in qualitative research and are the most frequent qualitative data source in health services *** method typically consists of a dialogue between researcher and participant,guided by a flexible interview protocol and supplemented by follow-up questions,probes and *** method allows the researcher to collect open-ended data,to explore participant thoughts,feelings and beliefs about a particular topic and to delve deeply into personal and sometimes sensitive *** purpose of this article was to identify and describe the essential skills to designing and conducting semistructured interviews in family medicine and primary care research *** reviewed the literature on semistructured interviewing to identify key skills and components for using this method in family medicine and primary care research ***,semistructured interviewing requires both a relational focus and practice in the skills of *** include:(1)determining the purpose and scope of the study;(2)identifying participants;(3)considering ethical issues;(4)planning logistical aspects;(5)developing the interview guide;(6)establishing trust and rapport;(7)conducting the interview;(8)memoing and reflection;(9)analysing the data;(10)demonstrating the trustworthiness of the research;and(11)presenting findings in a paper or *** interviews provide an effective and feasible research method for family physicians to conduct in primary care research *** using semistructured interviews for data collection should take on a relational focus and consider the skills of interviewing to ensure *** interviewing can be a powerful tool for family physicians,primary care providers and other health services researchers to use to understand the thoughts,beliefs and experiences of *** the utility,semistructured interviews can be intimidating and challenging for

关键词： interview qualitative thoughts

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Physical activity as a treatment of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease:A systematic review

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World Journal of Hepatology 2015年第16期7卷 2041-2052页

作者： Maureen Whitsett lisa B VanWagner department of Medicine Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine Chicago

AIM: To review the effectiveness of exercise as a therapy for nonalcoholic fatty liver disease(NAFLd) and potential benefits in treating insulin resistance and ***: Medline(EBSCOhost) and Pub Med were searched for English-language randomized controlled trials and prospective cohort studies in human adults aged ≥ 18 which investigated the various effects of exercise alone, a combination of exercise and diet, or exercise and diet coupled with behavioral modification on NAFLd from 2010 to Feburary ***: Eighteen of 2298 available studies were chosen for critical review, which included 6925 patients. Nine(50%) studies were randomized controlled trials. Five(27.8%) studies utilized biopsy to examine the effects of physical activity on hepatic histology. The most commonly employed imaging modality to determine change in hepatic steatosis was hydrogen-magnetic resonance spectroscopy. Only two studies examined the effects of low impact physical activity for patients with significant mobility limitations and one compared the efficacy of aerobic and resistance exercise. No studies examined the exact duration of exercise required for hepatic and metabolic improvement in ***: While exercise improved hepatic steatosis and underlying metabolic abnormalities in NAFLd, more studies are needed to define the most beneficial form and duration of exercise treatment.

关键词： Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease Nonalcoholicsteatohepatitis Fatty liver Exercise Obesity

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A flexible protruding microelectrode array for neural interfacing in bioelectronic medicine

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Microsystems & Nanoengineering 2022年第6期8卷 165-179页

作者： Helen Steins Michael Mierzejewski lisa Brauns Angelika Stumpf Alina Kohler Gerhard Heusel Andrea Corna Thoralf Herrmann Peter d.Jones Günther Zeck Rene von Metzen Thomas Stieglitz NMI Natural and Medical Sciences Institute at the University of Tübingen ReutlingenGermany Laboratory for Biomedical Microtechnology Department of Microsystems EngineeringUniversity of FreiburgFreiburgGermany Institute of Biomedical Electronics TU WienViennaAustria Bernstein Center Freiburg University of FreiburgFreiburgGermany BrainLinks-BrainTools University of FreiburgFreiburgGermany

Recording neural signals from delicate autonomic nerves is a challenging task that requires the development of a lowinvasive neural interface with highly selective,micrometer-sized *** paper reports on the development of a three-dimensional(3d)protruding thin-film microelectrode array(MEA),which is intended to be used for recording low-amplitude neural signals from pelvic nervous structures by penetrating the nerves transversely to reduce the distance to the *** gold pillars(O 20 or 50μm,~60μm height)were fabricated on a micromachined polyimide substrate in an electroplating *** sidewalls were insulated with parylene C,and their tips were optionally modified by wet etching and/or the application of a titanium nitride(TiN)*** microelectrodes modified by these combined techniques exhibited low impedances(~7 kΩ at 1 kHz for ∅ 50μm microelectrode with the exposed surface area of~5000μm^(2))and low intrinsic noise *** functionalities were evaluated in an ex vivo pilot study with mouse retinae,in which spontaneous neuronal spikes were recorded with amplitudes of up to 66μ*** novel process strategy for fabricating flexible,3d neural interfaces with low-impedance microelectrodes has the potential to selectively record neural signals from not only delicate structures such as retinal cells but also autonomic nerves with improved signal quality to study neural circuits and develop stimulation strategies in bioelectronic medicine,e.g.,for the control of vital digestive functions.

关键词： neural microelectrode electronic

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Incidence and determinants of sudden infant death syndrome:a population-based study on 37 million births

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World Journal of Pediatrics 2015年第1期11卷 41-47页

作者： Ghaidaa F Hakeem lisa Oddy Christina A Holcroft Haim A Abenhaim department of Obstetrics and Gynecology Jewish General HospitalMcGill University Center for Clinical Epidemiology and Community Studies Jewish General HospitalMontréalQuébecCanada

Background:The objective of our study is to measure the incidence of sudden infant death syndrome(SIdS),estimate the birth to death interval,and identify associated maternal and infant risk ***:We carried out a population-based cohort study on 37418280 births using data from the Centers for disease Control and Prevention's"Linked Birth-Infant death"and"Fetal death"data files from 1995 to *** statistics and cox-proportional hazard models were used to estimate the adjusted effect of maternal and newborn characteristics on the risk of ***:There were 24101 cases of SIdS identified for an overall 10-year incidence of 6.4 cases per 10000 *** the study period,the incidence decreased from 8.1 to 5.6 per 10000 and appeared to be most common among infants aged 2-4 *** factors inchuded maternal agedequate prenatal care,prematurity and growth ***:While the incidence of SIdS in the US has declined,it currently remains the leading cause of post-neonatal mortality,highlighting an important public health *** campaigns should be targeted towards mothers at increased risk in order to raise their awareness of modifiable risk factors for SIdS such as maternal smoking and inadequate prenatal care.

关键词： incidence risk factors sudden infant death syndrome

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Alternative methods for measurement of the global polarization of Λhyperons

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Chinese Physics C 2019年第1期43卷 103-108页

作者： Irfan Siddique Zuo-tang Liang Michael Annan lisa Qun Wang Zhang-bu Xu department of Modern Physics University of Science and Technology of China School of Physics & Key Laboratory of Particle Physics and Particle Irradiation (MOE) Physics department The Ohio State University Physics department Brookhaven National Laboratory

We propose alternative methods for measurement of the global polarization of Λ hyperons. These methods involve event averages of proton and Λ momenta in the laboratory frame. We carry out simulations using these met... 详细信息

关键词： heavy ion collisions global polarization collective flow

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