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Factors Contributing to Contamination of Street Foods in Bamako, Mali

Food and Nutrition Sciences 2024年第3期15卷 199-210页

作者： Demba Dembele Mamadou Wele Bawa Boya Haziz Sina Basile Boni Saka Konmy Adolphe Adjanohoun lamine baba-mous.a Institute of Applied Sciences University of Sciences Techniques and Technologies of Bamako Bamako Mali Laboratory of Biology and Molecular Typing in Microbiology Faculty of Science and Technology University of Abomey-Calavi Cotonou Benin National Agronomic Research Institute of Benin Cotonou Benin

The World Health Organization states that foodborne diseases are a worldwide public health issue. Although street foods can provide nutritious and affordable ready-to-eat meals for city dwellers, their health risks can outweigh the benefits. A cross-sectional study was conducted in the Bamako district, focusing on street food vendors near schools, universities, extensive markets, administrative centers, and major roads. We aimed to sample fifty (50) sellers per municipality, making 300 sellers for the Bamako district. We developed a survey sheet to collect data, and six teams rotated between the municipalities each month. Before starting the collection, the teams were provided administrative papers approved by the municipal authority. The survey revealed three types of sales sites: fixed (65%), semi-fixed (30%), and mobile (4.40%). The proportion of sellers was 26.8%, 23.2%, 19.7%, and 4.2% in municipalities III, IV, and I. In municipalities I, II, III, IV, and VI, respectively, 92%, 95.70%, 93%, 87.2%, and 100% of the sellers were female. The age distribution of sellers was 65.63%, 46.81%, 40.82%, 38.30%, 36.17%, 36%, and 32% in the 25-34 and 35 - 44 age groups. Illiteracy rates were 59.20%, 61.70%, 55.30%, 75%, and 56% in municipalities I, II, III, IV, and VI, respectively. The study identified two categories of sellers: 48.3% in type 1 and 51.7% in type 2. The first category comprised 154 sellers, and the second 165 sellers. The survey found that 66.00%, 56.00%, 48.90%, 44.90%, 38.30%, and 34.40% of municipal V, VI, III, I, II, and IV sales sites were open-air. In municipality I, 63.30% of the sites were under hangars, while in municipalities II and IV, the corresponding percentages were 51.10% and 59.40%, respectively. Moreover, 46.00%, 31.90%, 31.30%, 30.60%, and 27.70% of the sites in municipalities VI, II, IV, I, and III were located next to gutters. In conclusion, this study identified several factors that could compromise the quality of street foods sold in

关键词： Factors Source Contamination Street Food Bamako

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Safety and in Vivo Anti-Inflammatory Activity of Ethanolic Extract of Ficus umbellata (Vahl.) Leaves

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Journal of Biosciences and Medicines 2024年第3期12卷 94-112页

作者： Atchadé Pascal Tchogou Steven Amour Pyus Tanguy Vignon Chokki Gbèssohèlè Justin Behanzin Tétédé Rodrigue Christian Konfo Perside Savoeda Félicienne Agbogba Léocardie Akpoli lamine baba-mous.a Maximin Senou Alphonse Sezan Experimental and Clinical Biology Unit (UBEC) Biotechnology Research Laboratory Medical and Pharmaceutical (LaRBiMeP) Na-tional School of Biosciences and Biotechnology of Dassa-Zoumé (ENSBBA) National University of Science Technology and Engi-neering of Abomey (UNSTIM) Dassa-Zoumé Benin Laboratory of Pharmacology and Improved Traditional Medicines (LPMTA) Faculty of Science and Technology (FAST) University of Abomey-Calavi (UAC) Abomey-Calavi Benin National University of Agriculture (UNA) Schools of Science and Techniques for Preservation and Processing of Agricultural Prod-ucts (ESTCTPA) Sakété Benin Laboratory of Biology and Molecular Typing in Microbiology Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology Faculty of Science and Technology University of Abomey-Calavi Cotonou Benin

Toxicity is the totality of adverse effects, which can be functional and morphological lesions in a living organism, caused by a substance introduced in relatively high single doses or in small, repeated doses. The aim of this study was to assess the OECD-recommended acute oral toxicity and anti-inflammatory activity of ethanolic extract of Ficus umbellata leaves. Animals were given a single oral dose of 1000, 3000 and 5000 mg/Kg body weight (BW) of the extract. For the anti-inflammatory activity test, rats were given the ethanolic extract of F. umbellata leaves at doses of 100, 300 and 500 mg/Kg or aspirin® at a concentration of 100 mg/Kg PC orally, one hour before injection of 0.05 ml of 1% formalin under the plantar fascia of the rat’s right hind paw. Paw volume measurements were taken one, two and three hours after formalin injection, using an electronic caliper. After 14 days of observation, no deaths were observed in treated rats. The LD50 of ethanolic extract of Ficus umbellata leaf powder is greater than 5000 mg/Kg body weight. This extract has no significant effects on hematological parameters and on the main markers of nephrotoxicity and hepatotoxicity for a single dose of less than 5000 mg/Kg PC. It reduces formalin-induced edema. Evaluation of the percentage inhibition showed that the extract had greater anti-inflammatory activity at 3 hours after the start of the experiment. However, better inhibition of inflammatory oedema of the paw of rats treated with 500 mg/Kg was observed at 5 hours after the start of the experiment, with a percentage inhibition of 69.23 ± 1.02, compared with the reference group treated with aspirin® 100 mg/Kg, which showed an inhibition of 63.50 ± 0.98. These results show that F. umbellata leaves possess anti-inflammatory activity, which would justify their use in traditional African medicine to prevent or treat inflammation.

关键词： Ficus umbellata Toxicity Anti-Inflammatory Edema Inflammation

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Genetic Polymorphisms and Toxicities of First-Line Antituberculosis Drugs: Systematic Review of the Literature

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Journal of Tuberculosis Research 2022年第3期10卷 124-145页

作者： Sekossounon Sanni Haziz Sina lamine baba-mous.a Faculty of Health Sciences University of Abomey-Calavi Cotonou Benin Faculty of Sciences and Technology University of Abomey-Calavi Abomey-Calavi Benin

Introduction: Polymorphisms are the main genetic factors associated with toxicities of antituberculosis drugs. This literature review summarizes the polymorphisms of the genes that code for the enzymes of the metabolism of antituberculosis drugs and their transmembrane transporters. Some mechanisms of drug-associated toxicities and strategies for their management have also been described in this review. Methods: The bibliographic searches were exclusively carried out in PubMed, over a period of ten years (2010-2020). The search terms were the words “toxicity + antituberculosis drug + one or two word(s) among the following: polymorphism, genetics, mutation, SNP, HLA or haplotype”. Publications in English or French, relating to the various toxicities associated with first-line anti-tuberculosis drugs (Rifampicin, Isoniazid, Ethambutol and Pyrazinamide) administered to patients with pulmonary tuberculosis, extrapulmonary tuberculosis or co-infected with TB/HIV were included in this review. Duplicates, in vitro, in silico or drug-induced toxicity studies other than antituberculosis drugs and genetic mutations of Mycobacteria strains were not included. Results: The studies selected and included were case reports, cohort studies, original research, systematic reviews and meta-analyses on human subjects of different ethnic origins. Hepatotoxicity is the most common toxicity associated with NAT2, CYP2E1, GSTM1 and GSTT1 polymorphisms in patients on antituberculosis drugs. Other forms of toxicity, less frequent, occurring in certain patients under concomitant treatment with nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), antiretrovirals (ARVs), antibiotics or antiepileptics have also been identified. Conclusion: The genetic polymorphisms associated with the toxicities of antituberculosis drugs concern both the main enzymes of the metabolic pathways (NAT2, CYP2E1, GST) and the transmembrane transporters (SLCO1B1 and ABCB1). Other genetic polymorphisms (TXNRD1, SOD2, TYMP) have

关键词： Polymorphism Genetics SNP Toxicity Rifampicin Isoniazid

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SLCO1B1, NAT2 Polymorphisms and Pharmacokinetic Variability of Rifampicin and Isoniazid in Tuberculosis Patients from Sub-Saharan Africa

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Journal of Tuberculosis Research 2022年第3期10卷 111-123页

作者： Sekossounon Sanni Ablo Prudence Wachinou Corinne Simone Colette Merle lamine baba-mous.a Dissou Affolabi National Teaching Hospital for Tuberculosis and Pulmonary Diseases Cotonou Benin Faculty of Sciences and Technology University of Abomey-Calavi Abomey-Calavi Benin Faculty of Health Sciences University of Abomey-Calavi Cotonou Benin Special Program for Research and Training in Tropical Diseases World Health Organization Geneva Switzerland

SLCO1B1 and NAT2 polymorphisms have been associated with the variability of Rifampicin and Isoniazid pharmacokinetic (PK). The objective of this study was to identify in African patients with tuberculosis (TB) or TB/HIV co-infection, the SLCO1B1 and NAT2 polymorphisms, associated with the variability of Rifampicin and Isoniazid pharmacokinetic. TB or TB/HIV co-infected patients from Benin, Guinea, Senegal, and South Africa were included in this study. The blood samples collected were stored at -80˚C until DNA extractions. The DNA extracts were then frozen at -80˚C after quality control. Double stranded DNA of the samples were quantified using a fluorimetric method to select suitable samples for the preparation of 96-well microplates, containing 100 μl of DNA extract per well at the concentration of 20 ng/μl. Illumina HumanOmniExpress-24 v1.2 microarray genotyping was performed by an external vendor. The genotyping data were analyzed and the polymorphisms with a call rate < 95% or presenting a departure from the Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium (HWE) were excluded. The correlation between significant genetic polymorphisms, the clearance, and the AUC were tested by a multiple linear regression model using the PLINK2 software. Out of 385 samples, five (05) were excluded after quality controls. After the frequency test, 384,586 SNPs failed the Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium. Finally, 378 samples and 318,751 SNPs were included in the genetic analyses. The SLCO1B1 and NAT2 polymorphisms were associated with the variability of Rifampicin and Isoniazid PK parameters. There are SLCO1B1 and NAT2 polymorphisms carriers among TB and TB/HIV co-infected patients from Sub-Saharan Africa.

关键词： Polymorphism SLCO1B1 NAT2 Rifampicin Isoniazid

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Phenolic Profile and Antioxidant, Anti-Inflammatory Activity of Annona senegalensis, Ipomoea batatas, Terminalia superba and Psidium guajava Linn Extracts Used in Benin

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American Journal of Plant Sciences 2022年第9期13卷 1296-1310页

作者： Winsou Irène Anago Eugenie Dah-Nouvlessounon Durand Aclinou Eustache Nounagnon Martial Roko Gautier baba-mous.a lamine Laboratory of Research in Applied Biology (LARBA) EPAC University of Abomey-Calavi Cotonou Benin Laboratory of Biology and Molecular Typing in Microbiology Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology Faculty of Science and Technology University of Abomey-Calavi Cotonou Benin Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology (LBBM) FAST University of Abomey-Calavi Cotonou Benin Laboratory of Bacteriology and Parasitology (LBP) Menontin Hospital Cotonou Benin

The purpose of this study is to quantify the polyphenolic content and evaluated anti-inflammatory and antioxidant activity of four plants extracts of Annona senegalensis, Ipomoea batatas, Terminalia superba and Psidium guajava. Phenolic and flavonoid contents were determined by Folin-Ciocalteu and aluminum trichloride methods, respectively with ethanolic extract. The antioxidant activity was accessed by DPPH and FRAP methods. The results of the analysis of this study indicate that the ethanol extracts of the test plants (A. senegalensis, I. batatas, P. guajava and T. superba) are potential source of natural antioxidant and anti-inflammatory.

关键词： Antioxidant In Vivo Anti-Inflammatory Polyphenolic Ethanol Extracts

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Survey of Cereal Consumption Habits in the Community of Djougou, Benin

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Food and Nutrition Sciences 2023年第9期14卷 843-863页

作者： Mouhamed N. El-Hadji Alassane Moutawakilou J. Kisito Chabi-Sika Agossou D. P. Noumavo Haziz Sina Joseph Dossou lamine baba-mous.a Farid baba-mous.a Laboratoire de Microbiologie et des Technologies Alimentaires Faculté des Sciences et Techniques Université d’Abomey-Calavi Abomey-Calavi Bénin Agro Sciences Laboratory (ASL) Abomey-Calavi Bénin Agence Béninoise de Sécurité Sanitaire des Aliments Ministère de l’Agriculture de l’Elevage et de la Pèche Cotonou Bénin Laboratoire de Biologie et de Typage Moléculaire en Microbiologie Faculté des Sciences et Techniques Université d’Abomey-Calavi Abomey-Calavi Bénin Laboratoire de Bioingénierie des Procédés Alimentaires Faculté des Sciences Agronomiques Université d’Abomey-Calavi Abomey-Calavi Bénin

The cereal group occupies a prominent place in the dietary habits of people in northern Benin and there is little recent information on cereal consumption. This study aims to assess the consumption, acquisition and supply of cereals to households in the community of Djougou. A semi-directive survey with KoBoCollect was conducted among 369 households to collect individual cereal food consumption data. The survey data processed by statistical tools showed that the most consumed cereals are maize (95%, p = 0.887), millet (58%, p = 0.755), rice (55%, p = 0.753), sorghum (15%, p = 0.635), wheat (5%, p = 0.920) and fonio barely 5%. The most common mode of acquisition in Djougou is purchase (50%, p = 0.947) but donation is also observed (25%, p = 0.988) as well as production observed in 20.6% of households. Purchases are made from retailers in local markets (45%, p = 0.920) but also in streets and alleys (30%, p = 0.765). The most widely used preservation technique is drying at room temperature (70%, p = 0.995). Households most often dry in the areas provided in the field (50%, p = 0.783) and at home (40%, p = 0.643). The preferred storage location is the kitchen (60%, p = 0.790). The bedroom (20%, 0.669) and the store (15%, 0.522) are the alternative places for storing cereals. In addition, the supply costs of cereals increased between 2020 and 2021. This vertiginous rise in prices is due, among other things, to the covid19 pandemic. The various data generated not only make it possible to have fresh data but also to invest them in the assessment of health risks for the achievement of a high level of protection of the health and life of consumers.

关键词： Cereals Survey Consumption Data Food Safety Benin

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Diversity, Chemical Compositions and Beneficial Effects of Some Spices and Aromatic Leaves Consumed in Benin and in the World: Critical Review

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American Journal of Plant Sciences 2023年第5期14卷 569-598页

作者： Carole Vikou Josiane Semassa Zoriţa Diaconeasa Gautier Roko Majoie Tohoyessou Durand Dah-Nouvlessounon Haziz Sina Andreea Stanilă lamine baba-mous.a Laboratory of Biology and Molecular Typing in Microbiology Faculty of Science and Technology University of Abomey-Calavi Abomey-Calavi Benin Republic Faculty of Food Science and Technology University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine of Cluj-Napoca Cluj-Napoca Romania

Spices and aromatic plants are products of plant origin used in food. They are used for the preparation of remedies, for seasoning dishes or for preserving food. This review takes stock of the diversity of spices and aromatic herbs, the chemical composition, the different properties and forms of use of six spices and aromatic herbs commonly used in Benin and around the world. These are Zingiber officinalis (ginger), Curcuma longa (curcuma), Syzygium aromaticum (clove) and three aromatic herbs Petroselinum crispum (parsley), Rosmarinus officinalis (rosemary), and Laurus nobilis (laurel). The methodology used is that of documentary research oriented towards the consultation of previous scientific documents that have highlighted the different pharmacological activities of the different species of spices and aromatic plants targeted. It is important to note that more than twenty plant species are used as spices and aromatic plants in Benin and around the world. Chemically, these different spices and aromatic herbs contain certain secondary metabolites such as flavonoids, tannins, coumarins, alkaloids, steroids, terpenes, saponins, and polyphenols. This diversity of secondary metabolites alone or in a possible synergy may be responsible for many beneficial properties attributed to spices and aromatic herbs.

关键词： Spices Aromatic Leaves Pharmacological Effects Humans

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Status of Techniques Used to Control Moulds in Maize Storage in Africa

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Agricultural Sciences 2022年第1期13卷 49-64页

作者： Halfane Lehmane Rafiatou Ba Durand Dah-Nouvlessounon Haziz Sina Gautier Roko Farid T. Bade Akim Socohou Adolphe Adjanohoun lamine baba-mous.a Laboratory of Biology and Molecular Typing in Microbiology Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology Faculty of Sciences and Techniques University of Abomey-Calavi Cotonou Benin Institut National des Recherches Agricoles du Bénin Cotonou Benin

In Benin, the preservation of maize is a real problem involving important physical and chemical properties losses. Physical losses are due by rodents, pests and insects and chemical losses are mainly due to fungal infection. Several methods, products and practices are used by farmers to overcome these problems. The methods used do not always control the losses caused by fungal infection. The objective of the study was to make a bibliographic synthesis of the impacts induced by the items, practices and methods used to overcome the chemical losses of maize. In the search for information, the library of the Ministry of Agriculture, Livestock and Fisheries was consulted;the archives of the library of the University of Abomey-Calavi and the National Institute of Agricultural Research of Benin were also consulted. Thus, chemicals such as sofagrain, Pyrimiphos-Methyl, Thiamethoxam, Pyrimiphos-Methyl, Permethrin, Deltamethrin, fumigant are used to control physical attacks on maize. Ash and plants species such as neem tree (Azadirachta indica) are generally used for the preservation and storage of maize seeds. In addition, chemicals such as arsenious anhydride and zinc phosphide are used for the preservation of corn. The use of these molecules and chemical products has negative impacts on human health and the environment. Of all the methods used, no treatment is still popularized for the reduction of the chemical losses caused by the fungal infection in corn storage.

关键词： Impact Aflatoxins Cereals Conservation Africa

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Purification of Moringa oleifera Leaves Protease by Three-Phase Partitioning and Investigation of Its Potential Antibacterial Activity

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American Journal of Plant Sciences 2023年第1期14卷 64-76页

作者： Adam Abdoulaye Agossou D. P. Noumavo Durand Dah-Nouvlessounon Messan A. B. Ohin Hasan Bayraktar Farid T. Bade Honoré S. Bankole lamine baba-mous.a Farid baba-mous.a Laboratoire de Microbiologie et des Technologies Alimentaires Faculté des Sciences et Techniques Université d’Abomey-Calavi Abomey-Calavi Bénin Laboratory of Biology and Molecular Typing in Microbiology Faculty of Science and Technology University of Abomey-Calavi Abomey Calavi Benin Department of Nutrition and Dietetics Faculty of Health Sciences Yuksek Ihtisas University Balgat-Ankara Turkey Unité de Recherche en Microbiologie Appliquée et Pharmacologie des Substances Naturelles Ecole Polytechnique d’Abomey-Calavi Abomey-Calavi Benin

One of plant-based products for dental care is plant-based proteolytic enzymes which are principally proteases. In order not to damage the protein and bioactive content, an efficient method should be employed for their purifications. As such, three-phase partitioning (TPP) was used to purify protease from moringa (Moringa oleifera). TPP is an emerging, promising, non-chromatographic and economical technology which is simple, quick, efficient and often one-step process for the separation and purification of bioactive molecules from natural sources. It involves the addition of salt (ammonium sulphate) to the crude extract followed by the addition of an organic solvent (butanol). The protein appears as an interfacial precipitate between upper organic solvent and lower aqueous phases. The various conditions such as ammonium sulphate, ratio of crude extract to t-butanol and pH which are required for attaining efficient purification of the protease fractions were optimized. Under optimized conditions, it was seen that, 35% of ammonium sulphate saturation with 1:0.75 ratio of crude extract to t-butanol at pH 7 gave 4.94-fold purification with 96.20% activity yield of protease in the middle phase of the TPP system. The purified enzyme from Moringa oleifera has no antimicrobial effect on the pathogenic bacteria tested. However, this purified enzyme, can be considered as a promising agent, cheap, and safe source which is suitable for using in various industries.

关键词： Three-Phase Partitioning Moringa oleifera Protease Protein Purification Antimicrobial

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Diversity and Distribution of Staphylococcal Chromosomal Cassettes Mec (SCCmec) Types I, II and III in Coagulase-Negative Staphylococcal Strains Isolated from Surfaces and Medico-Technical Materials of the University Hospital of Abomey-Calavi/Sô-Ava

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American Journal of Molecular Biology 2022年第3期12卷 122-133页

作者： Nanoukon Chimene Cachon Fresnel Djèdatin Gustave Sina Haziz Socohou Akim Dado Aurel Kougblènou Enorck Badé Farid Agbangla Clémént baba-mous.a lamine Saïd Laboratoire de Biologie Moléculaire et de Bio-Informatique Appliquée à la Génomique Ecole Nationale Supérieure de Bioscience et de Biotechnologies Appliquées Université Nationale des Sciences Technologies Ingénierie et Mathématique Dassa-Zoumè Bénin Laboratoire de Biochimie Biologie Moléculaire et Environnement Faculté des Sciences et Techniques Université d’Abomey-Calavi Abomey-Calavi Bénin Laboratoire de Biologie et de Typage Moléculaire en Microbiologie Faculté des Sciences et Techniques Université d’Abomey-Calavi Abomey-Calavi Bénin Laboratoire de Génétique Moléculaire et d’Analyse des Génomes Faculté des Sciences et Techniques Université d’Abomey-Calavi Abomey-Calavi Bénin

The coagulase-negative staphylococci (CoNS) have long been considered to be low pathogenicity. The possibility of a horizontal transfer of resistance and virulence genes from S. aureus to CoNS could increase the pathogenicity of these bacteria. The objective of this work is to contribute to a better knowledge of the pathogenicity of (CoNS) strains isolated from surfaces and medico-technical materials of the University Hospital of Abomey-Calavi/Sô-Ava. Seventy strains of CoNS isolated from surfaces and medico-technical materials of the University Hospital of Abomey-Calavi were tested for methicillin resistance. The resistance to methicillin was evaluated phenotypically by the resistance of the strains to cefoxitin and then confirmed by the search for the mecA gene using PCR. The genes encoding staphylococcal chromosomal cassette (SCCmec) types I, II and III originally found in S. aureus were tested in CoNS by multiplex PCR using specific primers. All the strains studied showed resistance to methicillin. However, only 28.5% (20/70) carried the mecA gene. SCCmec was identified in only 17.14% (12/70) of these strains. Four strains carried mecA gene as well as one of the three types of SCCmec searched. SCCmec types I, II and III were identified in CoNS strains studied. SCCmec type I was the most frequent chromosomal cassette in mecA+ strains, only or in association with another SCCmec. The study also revealed methicillin-resistant strains carrying SCCmec lacking the mecA gene. Finally, 60% (12/20) of the strains were found to be non-typeable. Our results show that CoNS strains present a high resistance to methicillin and the source of this resistance in the CoNS of our study is not only the mecA gene. There is also a high diversity of SCCmec, justified by a large number of non-typeable CoNS strains. The mecA− SCCmec+ methicillin-resistant strains deserve to be sequenced for further studies.

关键词： Coagulase Negative Staphylococci mecA Staphylococcal Chromosomal Cassette

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