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The Rice Processing Industry in Nepal: Constraints and Opportunities

Agricultural Sciences 2020年第11期11卷 1060-1080页

作者： krishna dev joshi Santosh Upadhyay Pashupati Chaudhary Suchit Shrestha Kamal Bhattarai Bhaba Prasad Tripathi International Rice Research Institute Nepal Office Vegetable Crops Development Centre Lalitpur Nepal Agriculture and Forestry University Rampur Chitwan Nepal Karma Group of Companies Kathmandu Nepal International Rice Research Institute (IRRI) Strategic Innovation Platform Metro Manila Philippines Institute of Crop Science (ICropS) College of Agriculture and Food Science University of the Philippines Los Ba&#241 os (UPLB) Los Ba&#241 os Philippines

A rice mill survey covering diverse rice processing companies in terms of their milling output, type of technology and year of establishment was conducted to understand the current situation of the rice milling industry and to identify enablers and barriers to its growth in Nepal. Coarse rice varieties dominate Nepal’s rice processing industry, with a 42% share by total weight, followed by medium rice (34%) and fine varieties (less than 7%). Polished white rice (Arwa) was the dominant rice type in Nepal in the survey, followed by parboiled and steamed rice. The price and profit margins increased from coarse to fine rice varieties and from Arwa to parboiled and steamed rice. The cost of milling also followed a similar trend. The rice milling industry in Nepal largely influences the adoption or non-adoption of any specific type of rice variety by dictating specific brands in the market and this has important implications for rice research and development. The rice processing industry of Nepal was unable to compete with the Indian rice milling industry because of: 1) low profit margins due to the high cost of rice production and procurement, 2) a lack of economies of scale, 3) a lack of milling technologies for long and extra-long and steamed rice in the country and a lack of investment to modernize rice milling technology, and 4) unavailability of paddy throughout the year locally. Millers were willing to upgrade their rice milling technology to include high throughput parboiling, steamed rice as well as long and extra-long grain rice. This will be a strategic decision in counteracting the ever-increasing rice imports in Nepal. We believe that the findings of the study will be vital for formulating an appropriate rice research, development and rice processing strategy for Nepal to achieve food and nutritional security and the Sustainable development Goals.

关键词： Rice Industry Grain Quality Economy of Scale Rice Varieties Rice Imports Value Chain Processing Technology Efficiency Profit Margins New Strategy Nepal

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Wheat Yield Response to Foliar Fungicide Application against Leaf Rust Caused by Puccinia triticina

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Journal of Agricultural Science and Technology(A) 2017年第3期7卷 160-168页

作者： krishna dev joshi Ghulam Ullah Attiq Ur Rehman Muhammad Makky Javaid Javed Ahmad Makhdoom Hussain Angela Pacheco Ibni Amin Khalil Amanullah Baloch International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center (CIMMYT) Islamabad 44000 Pakistan Wheat Research Institute Faisalabad 38000 Pakistan International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center (CIMMYT) Texcoco Edo. de México CP 56130 Mexico Cereal Crops Research Institute Nowshera 24100 Pakistan

A study was conducted on reducing the yield loss of wheat due to leaf rust caused by Puccinia triticina with foliar application of fungicides during the 2014-2015 and 2015-2016 growing seasons at the Wheat Research Institute in Faisalabad, Pakistan. Three fungicides： Folicur （tebuconazole） at 300 mL/ha, Nativo （tebuconazole ＋ trifloxystrobin） at 300 g/ha and Tilt （propiconazole） at 500 mL/ha were applied single or two times to Morocco and Sehar-06 wheat varieties used in the trial. The trial plots were first sprayed at the Zadok＇s scale （ZS） 3 stage and second sprayed between ZS 4.3 and 5.4 stages. The greenness of the trial crop was measured using GreenSeeker. Foliar application of fungicides significantly reduced the loss of grain yield and 1,000-grain weight （TGW） of wheat due to leaf rust in comparison to the control without fungicides application. Of the three fungicides, two times spray of Nativo reduced the grain yield loss of leaf rust susceptible mega wheat variety Sehar-06 by 45%-56% and the loss of TGW by 42%, also giving the highest marginal return in the trial. Single application of Nativo was equally effective as two times spray of Folicur in reducing the loss of wheat grain yield. Two times spray of Folicur was found to be the second choice of fungicide for reducing the yield loss of wheat. The research identified suitable fungicides for reducing the yield loss of wheat due to leaf rust and also generated important scientific knowledge required to manage a sudden outbreak of leaf rust to ensure food security.

关键词： Wheat variety leaf rust yield loss yield response foliar spray of fungicide resistance breeding.

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Sedimentological evidence of climate-tectonic interaction in the upper Satluj catchment of NW Himalaya

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Journal of Mountain Science 2024年第6期21卷 1978-1991页

作者： joshi Moulishree JALAL Poonam Department of Geology Kumaun UniversityNainitalUttarakhand 263001India

Quaternary valley fill deposits in the Upper Satluj Valley of NW Himalaya act as archives of changing climate-tectonic dynamics in a *** landforms help in decoding the relationship between climate and *** region is traversed by several active faults and thrusts such as the Kaurik-Chango Fault(KCF)and Sangla Detachment(SD),thereby making upper Satluj Valley tectonically *** parameters such as width of valley floor(Vfw),Normalized Steepness Index(KSn)and geomorphological evidences such as the presence of huge strath terraces,narrowing of the river valley and palaeolake deposits point towards the tectonically active nature of the *** arid,high elevation region is also climatically sensitive as it falls in a transient climatic zone which receives rainfall only during abnormal monsoon *** rainfall causes outburst floods,a common phenomenon in the area due to the blocking of headwater in the upper reaches of the Satluj *** a result,the Quaternary sequence is modified from time to *** transition from hypo concentrated deposits to channel deposits and ponding events are prominent in the depositional sequence,resulting from a response to *** studied Quaternary sediments reveal that the Trans-Himalayan region of the upper Satluj valley is affected by tectonic-climate variability,making it vulnerable to geohazards.

关键词： Himachal Pradesh Quaternary Lithofacies association Tectonics Climate

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Yield and Profit from New and Old Wheat Varieties Using Certified and Farmer-Saved Seeds

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Journal of Agricultural Science and Technology(B) 2016年第3期6卷 141-150页

作者： krishna dev joshi Attiq Ur Rehrnan Ghulam Ullah Amanullah Baloch Makhdoom Hussain Javed Ahmad Mohammad Ishaq Gulzar Ahmad Nadeem Abroad Syed Haider Abbas Maqsood Qamar Mumtaz Abroad Abid Ilyas Dar Badar-uddin Khokhar Muhammad Sajid Akhlaq Hussain Muhammad Imtiaz International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center (CIMMYT) Islamabad 44000 Pakistan Wheat Research Institute Faisalabad 38000 Pakistan Cereal Crops Research Institute Nowshera 24100 Pakistan Barani Agricultural Research Institute Chakwa148800 Pakistan National Agriculture Research Centre lslamabad 44000 Pakistan Engro Fertilizers Limited Lahore 54000 Pakistan Wheat Research Institute Sakrand 67210 Pakistan Pride Seed Company Mardan 23200 Pakistan

Wheat is a strategic crop for food security in Pakistan with predominance of smallholder farmers. Farmer-saved seed （FSS） is used nearly by 75% of farmers for wheat production. Frequent variety or seed replacement is uncommon even among large-scale farmers, and certified seed （CS） is mostly bought to verify the value of new varieties. Replacing old and obsolete varieties by new high yielding disease resistant varieties is key to transferring new genetic gains to farmers. For the first time in Pakistan, on-farm factorial experiments involving seven new and five old wheat varieties and their corresponding CS and FSS were conducted. A total of 49 farmers representing major wheat cropping patterns throughout the country participated in these trials in the 2014 and 2015 wheat growing seasons. Analysis of variance revealed that there was highly significant difference between wheat varieties and between seed classes. New variety ＋ CS gave 33.8% more grain yield as well as higher marginal return over farmers＇ variety ＋ FSS. Grain yield and returns from new variety ＋ FSS and farmers＇ variety ＋ CS were at par. Scientific knowledge generated in this research demonstrated that use of CS ＆new wheat varieties is best option, while growing new varieties with FSS is a second choice for the advantages accruing from their built-in genetic traits of economic importance over growing CS of old and obsolete varieties. Having more flexible seed system will help accelerate the delivery of new genetic gains to farmers＇ fields.

关键词： Certified seed farmer-saved seed variety and seed replacement smallholder farmers yield return varietal popularization.

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Temperature field characteristics of CF/PEEK thermoplastic composites formed by automated fiber placement using hot gas torch with slit structure nozzle

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Chinese Journal of Aeronautics 2024年第6期37卷 392-409页

作者： Ziang JIN Shouzheng SUN Sunil Chandrakant joshi Zhenyu HAN Hongya FU State Key Laboratory of Robotics and System Harbin Institute of TechnologyHarbin 150001China School of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering Nanyang Technological UniversitySingapore 639798Singapore

In-situ consolidation forming of high-performance thermoplastic composites by Automated Fiber Placement(AFP)is of significant interest in *** the laying process,the heating temperature has a great influence on the quality of the formed components.A threedimensional heat transfer finite element model of Carbon Fiber(CF)/Polyether Ether Ketone(PEEK)heated by Slit Structure Nozzle Hot Gas Torch(SSNHGT)assisted AFP is *** influence of gas flow rate,heat transfer distance,and laying speed on heating temperature is *** results show that the overall temperature increases and then decreases as the gas flow rate *** the increase in heat transfer distance and laying speed,the overall temperature ***,the gas flow rate has the greatest influence on the temperature of CF/PEEK being heated,followed by the laying speed and finally the heat transfer ***,the model can also be extended to other fiber-reinforced polymer composites formed by hot gas torch assisted AFP,which can guide the optimization of process parameters for subsequent heating temperature control.

关键词： Fiber reinforced plastics Thermoplastics Heating temperature Automated fiber placement CF/PEEK

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Impact of increasing one-carbon metabolites on traumatic brain injury outcome using pre-clinical models

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Neural Regeneration Research 2024年第8期19卷 1728-1733页

作者： Sanika M.joshi Theresa Currier Thomas Nafisa M.Jadavji College of Osteopathic Medicine Midwestern UniversityGlendaleCAUSA Department of Biomedical Sciences Midwestern UniversityGlendaleCAUSA Department of Child Health College of Medicine–PhoenixUniversity of ArizonaPhoenixAZUSA College of Veterinary Medicine Midwestern UniversityGlendaleCAUSA Department of Neuroscience Carleton UniversityOttawaCanada

Traumatic brain injury is a major cause of death and disability worldwide,affecting over 69 million individuals ***-carbon metabolism has been shown to have beneficial effects after brain damage,such as ischemic ***,whether increasing one-carbon metabolite vitamins impacts traumatic brain injury outcomes in patients requires more *** aim of this review is to evaluate how one-carbon metabolites impact outcomes after the onset of traumatic brain ***,Web of Science,and Google Scholar databases were searched for studies that examined the impact of B-vitamin supplementation on traumatic brain injury *** search terms included combinations of the following words:traumatic brain injury,dietary supplementation,one-carbon metabolism,and *** focus of each literature search was basic science *** year of publication in the literature searches was not *** analysis of the literature has shown that dietary supplementation of B-vitamins has significantly improved the functional and behavioral recove ry of animals with traumatic brain injury compared to *** r,this improvement is dosage-dependent and is contingent upon the onset of supplementation and whether there is a sustained or continuous delive ry of vitamin supplementation post-traumatic brain *** details of supplementation post-traumatic brain injury need to be further ***,we conclude that B-vitamin supplementation improves behavioral outcomes and reduces cognitive impairment post-traumatic brain injury in animal model *** investigation in a clinical setting should be stro ngly considered in co njunction with current medical treatments for traumatic brain injury-affected individuals.

关键词： folic acid nicotinamide one-carbon metabolism riboflavin traumatic brain injury vitamin B12 vitamin B2 vitamin B3

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Optimization of variables and assessment of in-vitro and in-vivo antihyperlipidemic activity of Eudragit RS nanoparticles containing simvastatin

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Particuology 2024年第7期90卷 189-198页

作者： Bina Gidwani Vishal Jain Veenu joshi Ravindra Kumar Pandey Shiv Shankar Shukla Amber Vyas Columbia Institute of Pharmacy Raipur(C.G.)India University Institute of Pharmacy Pt Ravishankar Shukla UniversityRaipur(C.G.)India Center for Basic Science and Research Pt Ravishankar Shukla UniversityRaipur(C.G.)India

Simvastatin, a BCS class II drug, is associated with poor aqueous solubility, first-pass metabolism and short half-life. In the present work, nanoparticles were prepared and evaluated. Optimization of formulation and process parameters was done through the use of independent and dependent variables. Preliminary studies were done to determine suitable range of the concentration of Eudragit polymer (10%–30%) and the ratio of drug to polymer (1:1 to 1:5) for the formation of nanoparticles by emulsification and a solvent evaporation technique. Results revealed that the mean size of nanoparticles was affected by stirring speed from 5000 RPM, 8000 RPM, and 12000 RPM. The results of increase in association efficiency and percent yield with increase in amount of drug from 100 mg, 150 mg, and 200 mg in selected range were observed. In-vitro release studies showed that two formulations possess highest initial burst and slow sustained drug release. There was 2.93-fold decrease in total cholesterol and 3.27-fold increases in triglyceride level during in-vivo study.

关键词： Simvastatin Eudragit RS 100 Nanoparticles Hyperlipidemia

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Technological advancements in millet dehulling and polishing process: An insight into pretreatment methods, machineries and impact on nutritional quality

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Grain & Oil Science and Technology 2024年第3期7卷 186-195页

作者： Shagolshem Mukta Singh Jayasree joshi T P.Srinivasa Rao Agricultural and Food Engineering Department Indian Institute of Technology KharagpurKharagpurWest Bengal 721302India

Millets are widely recognized for their nutritional significance;however, the methods employed for their processing are currently lacking. This article primarily focuses on the advanced technologies and progressions in millet dehulling and polishing. These technologies operate based on the fundamental principles of compression-shearing, abrasion-friction, and centrifugal-impact forces. Processing of millets can be challenging because of the physical characteristics and tight attachment of hull and bran to the endosperm. However, several dehullers have been designed to solve this problem for different kinds of millets. In addition, the nutritional and anti-nutritional characteristics undergo alterations due to both dehulling and polishing processes. These alterations are thoroughly examined and discussed in this article. Specifically, anti-nutrients such as tannins and phytate are predominantly found in the outer pericarp of the grain and experience a reduction after undergoing dehulling and polishing. The nutritional properties are also subjected to a reduction;however, this reduction can be mitigated by subjecting the grains to certain pretreatments before dehulling and polishing. These treatments serve to enhance dehulling efficiency and nutrient digestibility while simultaneously reducing the presence of anti-nutrients. Novel thermal and non-thermal methodologies such as microwave, hydrothermal, high-pressure processing, and ohmic heating can be employed for processing millets, thereby diminishing the loss of nutrients. Additional research can be carried out to investigate their impact on the dehulling and polishing of millets.

关键词： Millets Dehulling Polishing Pretreatment Novel thermal and non-thermal techniques

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Hydrothermal treatment of pearl millet grains:Effects on nutritional composition,antinutrients and flour properties

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Grain & Oil Science and Technology 2024年第2期7卷 87-95页

作者： P.Prashanth T.Jayasree joshi Shagolshem Mukta Singh P.Srinivasa Rao Agricultural and Food Engineering Department Indian Institute of Technology KharagpurKharagpurWest Bengal 721302India

Pearl millet(Pennisetum glaucum)is one of the major millets with high nutritional *** crop exhibits exceptional resilience to drought and high ***,the processing of pearl millet poses a significant challenge due to its high lipid content,enzyme activity,and presence of ***,it becomes imperative to enhance the quality and prolong the shelf life of pearl millet flour by employing suitable *** treatment in the food industry has long been seen as promising due to its potential to reduce microbial load,inactivate enzymes,and improve nutrient *** study aims to investigate the effects of hydrothermal treatment on the quality characteristics of pearl *** independent variables of the study were soaking temperature(35,45,55℃),soaking time(2,3,4 h),and steaming time(5,10,15 min).Treatment conditions had a statistically significant effect on nutrient *** antinutrients like tannins and phytates were reduced by 0.99% to 5.94% and 0.36% to 6.00%,respectively,after the *** activity decreased significantly up to 10% with the treatment *** findings of this study could potentially encourage the use of pearl millet flour in the production of various food items and promote the application of hydrothermal treatment in the field of food processing.

关键词： Pearl millet Hydrothermal treatment Nutritional properties Antinutrients

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Poplar Plantation as an Agroforestry Approach:Economic Benefits and Its Role in Carbon Sequestration in North India

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Journal of Resources and Ecology 2024年第4期15卷 880-888页

作者： Rajeev joshi Bharat SHARMA Hukum SINGH Nabin DHAKAL Santosh AYER Tek MARASENI College of Natural Resource Management Faculty of ForestryAgriculture and Forestry UniversityUdayapurKatari 56310Nepal Sustainable Initiatives for the Community(SIFC) Kathmandu 44600Nepal Forest Research Institute PO New ForestDehradun 248006India Institute for Life Sciences and the Environment University of Southern QueenslandToowoombaQLD 4350Australia

Poplar has gained popularity among farmers of Punjab,Haryana,Western Uttar Pradesh,and the foothills of Uttarakhand and Himachal Pradesh due to their fast growth rate and suitability for industrial uses such as pulp and timber *** poplar trees into agroforestry systems optimizes land resources and economic gains,as successful techniques have been developed to coordinate crop timing and arrangements *** poplar trees with agricultural crops provides additional income streams for farmers and contributes to soil conservation,biodiversity enhancement,and other environmental *** in these regions typically employ effective spacing of 5 m×4 m for block plantation and 1 m×3 m for row *** the present study,a systematic literature review encompassing 137 English-language journal articles was conducted to assess the economic benefits of Poplar using discounted cash flow(DCF)analysis,considering short-rotation poplar(SRC)and very short-rotation poplar(vSRC)plantations alongside annual *** findings revealed that increasing canopy density led to a decline in crop yields by 37%,70%,and 99% at canopy densities of 30%,60%,and 90%,respectively,from early spring to ***-benefit analysis in Saharanpur district,India,indicated average annual net returns of USD 346.36 for Poplar-based agrisilviculture,while monoculture yielded USD 140.73 per ***,economic analysis in Yamunanagar and Haridwar districts showed benefit-cost ratios ranging from 2.35 to ***,Poplar block and boundary plantations were found to sequester significantly more carbon in long-lived biomass,serving as substitutes for fossil fuels(5.45 and 1.84 t ha-1 yr-1)in poplar-based systems with block and boundary *** study suggested expanding spacing between tree rows may mitigate resource competition between plantations and *** study inferred that Poplar-based agroforestry may play a crucial role in climate mit

关键词： agroforestry poplar economic viability carbon sequestration India

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