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Cichlid fish visual systems: mechanisms of spectral tuning

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Integrative Zoology 2009年第1期4卷 75-86页

作者： karen CARLETON Department of Biology University of MarylandCollege ParkUSA

Hundreds of species of cichlid fishes have evolved in the Great Lakes of *** colorful fishes are known for their ecological ***,we discuss the diversity of their visual *** have seven unique cone opsin genes,which produce visual pigments sensitive from the ultraviolet to the red end of the *** species typically express three visual pigments to produce a trichromatic visual *** species differ in which sets of opsin genes they express,visual sensitivities can differ *** addition to the large visual pigment shifts from changing gene expression,cichlids can also more finely tune visual pigments through altera-tions in opsin amino acid *** of these tuning mechanisms likely play an important role in cichlid ecology and could contribute to the evolution of cichlid diversity through speciation.

关键词： cichlid fish opsin gene vision visual pigments.

VISUAL PROGRAMMING FOR BUILDING INFORMATION MODELING:ENERGY AND SHADING ANALYSIS CASE STUDIES

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Journal of Green Building 2015年第4期10卷 28-43页

作者： karen Kensek University of Southern California School of ArchitectureWatt Hall#204Los AngelesCA 90089-0291

INTRODUCTION Although visual programming is being broadly implemented in other disciplines,it has only relatively recently become an important supplement to three-dimensional modeling programs in the architecture,engineering,and construction ***,Grasshopper in conjunction with Rhino is a leading example of a visual programming environment that is strongly supported by a user community that is developing additional functionality,but Grasshopper does not yet work directly with building information modeling(BIM)*** is relatively new,but shows considerable promise in becoming a constructive tool to complement BIM,3D modeling,and analysis programs because it includes parametric geom-etries and works with Revit,a leading BIM software *** case studies are described:extensibility of Dynamo through the use of a building energy simu-lation package,controlling a virtual model’s response through light level sensors,and interactively updating shading components for a building facade based on solar *** demonstrate that one can work directly within building information models(BIM)using a visual programming language through updating component *** case studies demonstrate the feasibility of a workflow for sustain-able design simulations that is different than that more commonly used--having a separation between design and analysis models and using a neutral file format exchange such as IFC or gbXML to transfer *** visual programming languages are still a bit uncommon in the building industry,a short background is provided to place them within the tool set of other customizable tools that designers have been developing.

关键词： visual programming language VPL building information modeling BIM Dynamo Revit Grasshopper computational design

Exploring Loss and Damage at the International Climate Change Talks

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International Journal of Disaster Risk Science 2014年第3期5卷 242-246页

作者： karen Elizabeth McNamara School of Geography Planning and Environmental ManagementThe University of QueenslandBrisbaneQLD 4072Australia

In recent years, there has been a growing need to address loss and damage as a result of climate change through international processes. At the most recent November 2013 international climate change talks in Warsaw, 194 countries negotiated the best way to establish institutional arrangements for loss and damage under the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change. Such a decision to establish these arrangements was made in 2012 in Doha in a decision known as the‘‘Doha Gateway.’’ While the 19th(2013) Conference of the Parties succeeded in delivering the Warsaw International Mechanism for Loss and Damage Associated with Climate Change Impacts, there was concern by some negotiators earlier into the conference that this would never transpire given the staunch disagreements between countries and lobbying blocks on a way forward. This article provides a brief historical overview of loss and damage at the climate change talks, and examines the key discourses defining this issue between 2011 and 2013 by analyzing submissions by lobbying blocks and member countries, and final negotiated texts. These discourses revolve around causality and solutions, compensation, and the relationship between loss and damage and adaptation.

关键词： Adaptation Climate change Loss and damage Mitigation United Nations

Application of Image Analysis Based on SEM and Chemical Mapping on PC Mortars under Sulfate Attack

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Journal of Wuhan University of Technology(Materials Science) 2014年第3期29卷 534-539页

作者：于诚孙伟 Scrivener karen School of Materials Science and Engineering Southeast University Jiangsu Key Lab of Construction Material Laboratory of Construction Materials Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (EPFL)Ecublens 1015 LausanneSwitzerland

The degradation mechanisms of cementitious materials exposed to sulfate solutions have been controversial, despite considerable research. In this paper, two methodologies of image analysis based on scanning electron microscope and chemical mapping are used to analyse Portland cement mortars exposed to sodium sulfate solution. The effects of sulfate concentration in solution and water to cement ratio of mortar, which are considered as the most sensitive factors to sulfate attack, are investigated respectively by comparing the macro expansion with microstructure analysis. It is found that the sulfate concentration in pore solution, expressed as sulfate content in C-S-H, plays a critical role on the supersaturation with respect to ettringite and so on the expansion force generated.

关键词： image analysis mapping sulfate attack pore solution

Role of complex organic arsenicals in food in aggregate exposure to arsenic

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Journal of Environmental Sciences 2016年第11期28卷 86-96页

作者： David J.Thomas karen Bradham Pharmacokinetics Branch Integrated Systems Toxicology Division National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory Offilce of Research and Development U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Research Triangle Parle NC 27709 USA Public Health Chemistry Branch Exposure Methods and Measurements Division National Exposure Research Laboratory Offilce of Researchand Development U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Research Triangle Park NC 27709 USA

For much of the world＇s population, food is the major source of exposure to *** to this non-essential metalloid at relatively low levels may be linked to a wide range of adverse health effects. Thus, evaluating foods as sources of exposure to arsenic is important in assessing risk and developing strategies that protect public health. Although most emphasis has been placed on inorganic arsenic as human carcinogen and toxicant, an array of arsenic-containing species are found in plants and animals used as foods. Here,we 2evaluate the contribution of complex organic arsenicals（arsenosugars, arsenolipids,and trimethylarsonium compounds） that are found in foods and consider their origins,metabolism, and potential toxicity. Commonalities in the metabolism of arsenosugars and arsenolipids lead to the production of di-methylated arsenicals which are known to exert many toxic effects. Evaluating foods as sources of exposure to these complex organic arsenicals and understanding the formation of reactive metabolites may be critical in assessing their contribution to aggregate exposure to arsenic.

关键词： Arsenic Arsenobetaine Arsenolipids Arsenosugars

A critical review of national physical activity policies relating to children and young people in England

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Journal of Sport and Health Science 2021年第3期10卷 255-262,F0003页

作者： Anna Chalkley karen Milton School of Sport Exercise and Health SciencesLoughborough UniversityLoughborough LE113TUUK Norwich Medical School University of East AngliaNorwich NR47TJUK

Background:There has been an increasing focus on the importance of national policy to address population levels of physical *** has been suggested that the 4 cornerstones of policy comprise(1)national guidelines on physical activity(PA),(2)setting population goals and targets,(3)surveillance or health-monitoring systems,and(4)public *** current study aimed to review the policy actions that have addressed each of these elements for children and youth in England and to identify areas of progress and remaining ***:A literature search was undertaken to identify past and present documents relevant to PA policy for children and youth in *** document was analyzed to identify content relevant to the 4 cornerstones of ***:Physical activity guidelines(Cornerstone 1)for children and youth have been in place since 1998 and reviewed *** activity targets(Cornerstone 2)have focussed on the provision of opportunities for PA,mainly through physical education in schools rather than in relation to the proportion of children meeting recommended PA *** has been much surveillance(Cornerstone 3)of children’s PA,but this has been undertaken infrequently over time and with varying inclusions of differing domains of *** has been only 1 campaign(Cornerstone 4)that targeted children and their intermediaries,Change4Life,which was an obesity campaign focussing on dietary behavior in combination with *** recently,a government infographic supporting the PA guidelines for children and young people was developed,but details of its dissemination and usage are ***:There have been many developments in national PA policy in England targeted to children and young *** area of most significant progress is national PA *** prevalence targets,streamlining surveillance systems,and investing in public education with supportive policies,environments,and opportunities would st

关键词： Physical activity Policy Public education Recommendations Surveillance

Nielsen coincidence theory on infra-solvmanifolds of Sol

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Science China Mathematics 2021年第8期64卷 1861-1884页

作者： Jong Bum Lee karen Regina Panzarin Department of Mathematics Sogang UniversitySeoul 121-742Korea Departamento de Matematica Universidade Federal de Sao CarlosSao CarlosSP 13565-905Brazil

We derive averaging formulas for the Lefschetz coincidence numbers,the Nielsen coincidence numbers and the Reidemeister coincidence numbers of maps on infra-solvmanifolds modeled on a connected and simply connected solvable Lie group of type(R).As an application,we compare our formula for the Nielsen coincidence numbers with a result of Jezierski(1992)for pairs of maps on some infra-solvmanifolds of *** all the pairs of self-maps of a nonorientable infra-solvmanifold of Sol,we determine the sets of all the possible values of the Nielsen coincidence numbers and the Reidemeister coincidence numbers.

关键词： averaging formula infra-solvmanifold Lefschetz coincidence number Nielsen coincidence number Reidemeister coincidence number Sol-geometry

Solvent-Less Vapor-Phase Fabrication of Membranes for Sustainable Separation Processes

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Engineering 2020年第12期6卷 1432-1442页

作者： Junjie Zhao karen K.Gleason State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering College of Chemical and Biological EngineeringZhejiang UniversityHangzhou 310027China Institute of Zhejiang University–Quzhou Quzhou 324000China Department of Chemical Engineering Massachusetts Institute of TechnologyCambridgeMA 02139USA

Sustainable processes for purifying water,capturing carbon,producing biofuels,operating fuel cells,and performing energy-efficient industrial separations will require next-generation ***-less fabrication for membranes not only eliminates potential environmental issues with organic solvents,but also solves the swelling problems that occur with delicate polymer ***,the activation procedures often required for synthesizing microporous materials such as metal–organic frameworks(MOFs)can be reduced when solvent-less vapor-phase approaches are *** perspective covers several vacuum deposition processes,including initiated chemical vapor deposition(iCVD),initiated plasma-enhanced chemical vapor deposition(iPECVD),solvent-less vapor deposition followed by in situ polymerization(SLIP),atomic layer deposition(ALD),and molecular layer deposition(MLD).These solvent-less vapor-phase methods are powerful in creating ultrathin selective layers for thin-film composite membranes and advantageous in conformally coating nanoscale pores for the precise modification of pore size and internal *** resulting membranes have shown promising performance for gas separation,nanofiltration,desalination,and water/oil *** development of novel membrane materials and the scaling up of high-throughput reactors for solvent-less vapor-phase processes are necessary in order to make a real impact on the chemical industry in the future.

关键词： Membrane separation Chemical vapor deposition Atomic layer deposition Molecular layer deposition Thin films Metal-organic frameworks Polymers Advanced manufacturing

Safety and efficacy outcomes of the Xen45 Gel Stent use for refractory glaucoma:a surgery series from surgeon trainees at a tertiary teaching hospital

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Eye and Vision 2020年第1期7卷 47-57页

作者： karen Hong John Lind Arsham Sheybani Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences Washington University School of MedicineSt.LouisMOUSA Barnes-Jewish Center for Outpatient Health 4901 Forest Park AvenueSt LouisMO 63110USA

Background:To study the effect of an ab interno gelatin stent(XEN45 Gel Stent,Allergan Inc.,Irvine,California,USA)on intraocular pressure(IOP)as placed by glaucoma fellowship trainees in eyes with refractory ***:A prospective noncomparative study at a tertiary training center on 28 unique eyes undergoing ab interno gelatin stent implantation by glaucoma fellowship *** was collected at baseline and postoperatively at day 1,week 1,and months 1,3,5,and *** outcome was mean IOP *** outcomes included change in number of glaucoma medication classes and visual *** outcomes included needling *** success was defined by achieving≥20%reduction in IOP with the same or fewer classes of antiglaucoma medications from baseline without the need for secondary surgical intervention and/or stent ***:At baseline,28.6%(8/28)of the subjects had prior failed incisional glaucoma surgery in a study population that was 54%African-American,with 78%with severe glaucoma(average mean deviation of−14.58 dB).Thirteen subjects terminated their clinic visits before their 12-month postoperative visit,leaving 15 subjects for end point *** IOP went from 21.6 mmHg(range 12.0–31.0,SD 6.6)at baseline to 12.5 mmHg(range 7.0–19.0,SD 3.6),a 42.1%reduction(p<0.007).All subjects decreased the number of medication classes they were taking with an average reduction of 3.8(range 2–5,SD 0.9)to 1.3(range 0–3,SD 1.0)classes,or a 65.8%decrease(p<0.006).Crude surgical success was 80.0%for the 15 subjects that followed up at 12 *** Kaplan-Meier cumulative probability of success for all 28 subjects at 12 months was 70.4%(95%CI:44.7–85.8%).Regardless of the length of follow-up,21.4%(6/28)met failure criteria:3 subjects failed because they required secondary surgical intervention,and the other 3 did not have adequate IOP *** bleb needling rate was 28.6%(8/28)and repeat was 17.9%(5/28).Conclusions:Compared to the re

关键词： XEN Investigational devices Glaucoma Gelatin stent Ab interno surgery Minimally invasive glaucoma surgery Subconjunctival drainage Gelatin microstent