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Increased Light, Moderate, and Severe Clear-Air Turbulence in Response to Climate Change

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Advances in Atmospheric Sciences 2017年第5期34卷 576-586页

作者： Paul d. williams department of Meteorology University of Reading Reading RG6 6BB United Kingdom

Anthropogenic climate change is expected to strengthen the vertical wind shears at aircraft cruising altitudes within the atmospheric jet streams. Such a strengthening would increase the prevalence of the shear instabilities that generate clear-air turbulence. Climate modelling studies have indicated that the amount of moderate-or-greater clear-air turbulence on transatlantic flight routes in winter will increase significantly in future as the climate changes. However,the individual responses of light,moderate,and severe clear-air turbulence have not previously been studied,despite their importance for aircraft operations. Here,we use climate model simulations to analyse the transatlantic wintertime clear-air turbulence response to climate change in five aviation-relevant turbulence strength categories. We find that the probability distributions for an ensemble of 21 clear-air turbulence diagnostics generally gain probability in their right-hand tails when the atmospheric carbon dioxide concentration is doubled. By converting the diagnostics into eddy dissipation rates,we find that the ensembleaverage airspace volume containing light clear-air turbulence increases by 59%(with an intra-ensemble range of 43%–68%),light-to-moderate by 75%(39%–96%),moderate by 94%(37%–118%),moderate-to-severe by 127%(30%–170%),and severe by 149%(36%–188%). These results suggest that the prevalence of transatlantic wintertime clear-air turbulence will increase significantly in all aviation-relevant strength categories as the climate changes.

关键词： turbulence climate change aviation jet stream

Endoscopic management of biliary strictures after liver transplantation

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World Journal of Gastroenterology 2009年第30期15卷 3725-3733页

作者： Emmanuelle d williams Peter V draganov division of Gastroenterology University of FloridaGainesvilleFL 32610-0214United States

Bile duct strictures remain a major source of morbidity after orthotopic liver transplantation (OLT). Biliary strictures are classifi ed as anastomotic or non-anastomotic strictures according to location and are defi ned by distinct clinical behaviors. Anastomotic strictures are localized and short. The outcome of endoscopic treatment for anastomotic strictures is excellent. Nonanastomotic strictures often result from ischemic and immunological events, occur earlier and are usually multiple and longer. They are characterized by a far less favorable response to endoscopic management, higher recurrence rates, graft loss and need for retransplantation. Living donor OLT patients present a unique set of challenges arising from technical factors, and stricture risk for both recipients and donors. Endoscopic treatment of living donor OLT patients is less promising. Current endoscopic strategies for biliary strictures after OLT include repeated balloon dilations and placement of multiple side-by-side plastic stents. Lifelong surveillance is required in all types of strictures. despite improvements in incidence and long term outcomes with endoscopic management, and a reduced need for surgical treatment, the impact of strictures on patients after OLT is signifi cant. Future considerations include new endoscopic technologies and improved stents, which could potentially allow for a decreased number of interventions, increased intervals before retreatment, and decreased reliance on percutaneous and surgical modalities. This review focuses on the role of endoscopy in biliary strictures, one of the most common biliary complications after OLT.

关键词： Anastomotic strictures Bile duct diseases Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography Orthotopic liver transplantation Surgical anastomosis

Gaia Journeys: a museum-based immersive performance exploration of the Earth

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International Journal of digital Earth 2009年第1期2卷 44-58页

作者： k.C.Yu k.williams d.Neafus L.Gaston G.downing department of Space Sciences Denver Museum of Nature&ScienceDenverColoradoUSA Remedy Arts LLC New York CityNYUSA dept.Music&Entertainment Industry Studies University of Colorado at DenverDenverColoradoUSA xRez Studios Los AngelesCaliforniaUSA

Gaia Journeys is a collaborative multimedia musical and virtual reality art performance conceived by author williams,with the aid of staff at the denver Museum of Nature&*** by astronauts who spoke of seeing a border-less world from orbit,Gaia Journeys’chief goal was to deliver this experience to museum audiences via photo-realistic virtual depictions of the Earth(from orbit as well as via spherical photographic panoramas taken from the ground)choreographed to live musical *** Journeys took place in the high resolution digital‘fulldome’Gates Planetarium,withwilliams playing the violin and keyboards,enhancing a previously recorded backing track,while visuals were generated with SCISS AB’s *** eight tracks of audio were three-dimensionally spatialised to the 16.4 sound system of the Gates Planetarium,providing an immersive sound experience to match the *** audience feedback was generally positive,with great interest in repeat or similar future *** visitor evaluations suggest the potent power of the new class of digital planetaria for displaying virtual globe datasets to the public,via both multimedia entertainment like Gaia Journeys as well as traditional lectures.

关键词： digital planetarium museums immersive displays virtual reality musical performance

Review of screening for pancreatic cancer in high risk individuals

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World Journal of Gastroenterology 2011年第19期17卷 2365-2371页

作者： Alina Stoita Ian d Penman david B williams department of Gastroenterology St Vincent's Hospital 390 Victoria StreetDarlinghurst2010NSWAustralia Centre for Liver and digestive disorders Royal Infirmary of Edinburgh51 Little France CrescentEdinburghEH16 4SAUnited Kingdom

Pancreatic cancer is difficult to diagnose at an early stage and is associated with a very poor *** percent of pancreatic cancers result from genetic susceptibility and/or familial *** from families with multiple affected first-degree relatives and those with a known cancer-causing genetic mutation have been shown to be at much higher risk of developing pancreatic *** efforts have focused on detecting disease at an earlier stage to improve survival in these high-risk *** article reviews high-risk groups,screening methods,and current screening programs and their results.

关键词： Pancreatic cancer Familial cancer Cancer screening Risk factors Endoscopic ultrasound Hereditary cancer

Crustacean parasites associated with hermit crabs from the western Mediterranean Sea,with first documentation of egg predation by the burrowing barnacle Trypetesa lampas(Cirripedia:Acrothoracica:Trypetesidae)

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Integrative Zoology 2011年第1期6卷 13-27页

作者： Jason d.williams Alejandra GALLARdO Angela E.MURPHY department of Biology Hofstra UniversityHempsteadNYUSA

Parasitic isopods(family Bopyridae)and burrowing barnacles(family Trypetesidae)infesting hermit crabs were investigated from shallow subtidal collections made along the southeastern coast of Spain in 2009.A total of 713 specimens of Clibanarius erythropus(Latreille,1818)and 82 Calcinus tubularis(L.,1767)were *** shells and worm tubes inhabited by hermit crabs were collected by hand while snorkeling and were cracked to determine host species,size,sex and presence of *** species of bopyrid isopods were found on ***:the branchial parasite Bopyrissa fraiseii(Carayon,1943)and the abdominal parasite Parathelges cardonae Codreanu and Codreanu in Codreanu,*** all *** examined,Bopyrissa fraiseii was found on 0.6%of hermit crabs and *** was found on 0.3%.A redescription of *** is provided and the species is documented with light and scanning electron microscopy for the first *** Calcinus tubularis harbored parasitic isopods,but one specimen was parasitized by an unidentified rhizocephalan barnacle of the genus Septosaccus(1.2%).The burrowing barnacle Trypetesa lampas(Hancock,1849)was found associated with both hermit crab species and evidence of predation on host eggs by this barnacle is shown for the first *** lampas was found in 4.2%of the shells *** present study expands our knowledge of the parasite fauna of hermit crabs from the Mediterranean Sea and indicates that additional research is needed to determine the impact of trypetesid egg predators on hermit crab populations.

关键词： Bopyridae egg predator Isopoda parasitism Rhizocephala

The impact of sarcopenia on patients undergoing treatment for pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma

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Journal of Pancreatology 2020年第2期3卷 59-71页

作者： Amundson Julia R. williams Jelani k. Benjamin Andrew J. Witmer Hunter d.d. Roggin kevin k. department of Surgery University of Chicago Medical CenterChicagoILUSA

Introduction:Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma(PdAC)is a deadly cancer that disproportionately affects geriatric *** therapy with surgery and chemotherapy is associated with longer survival than medical treatment or supportive *** selection of patients for surgical treatment,based on patient-specific factors such as sarcopenia,may help risk-stratify patients and improve *** paper aims to review the current literature on the impact of sarcopenia and sarcopenic obesity on patients undergoing treatment for ***:The impact of sarcopenia and sarcopenia obesity on perioperative and long-term outcomes after treatment for PdAC is *** has been associated with high-grade complications,longer length of hospital,and intensive care unit stays,more frequent discharge to skilled nursing facilities and decreased utilization of adjuvant therapy in patients treated with curative intent *** obesity has been associated with more complications,high-grade complications,and hematologic *** with sarcopenic obesity may have even lower overall survival than sarcopenic ***:The effect of a pre-treatment diagnosis of sarcopenia or sarcopenic obesity on outcomes for patients undergoing treatment for PdAC remains unknown,in part due to the heterogeneity of studies and *** programs including resistance exercise and nutritional supplementation have shown benefit in sarcopenic ***:PdAC remains a deadly disease and patient-specific factors such as sarcopenia and sarcopenic obesity identified at the time of cancer diagnosis offer potential as risk stratification measures and points of ***,a paucity of standardized measurement tools,definitions,and prehabilitation regimens limits the clinical implementation of such knowledge.

关键词： Frailty Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma Sarcopenia

Landmarks in the application of electrical tomography in particle science and technology

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Particuology 2010年第6期8卷 493-497页

作者： Richard A.williams Institute of Particle Science and Engineering School of ProcessEnvironmental and Materials EngineeringUniversity of LeedsLeedsWest YorkshireLS2 9JTUK

Selected milestones in the development and use of electrical tomography in powder conveying, slurry processing and multi-phase flow are highlighted. The ability to map concentration in opaque mixtures under process-realistic conditions was a major innovation for the method and has had far reaching implications. Subsequent developments have enabled velocity information to be abstracted resulting in the ability to measure component flux and motion.

关键词： Computational fluid dynamics Fault condition and maloperation Flow measurement Flow regime identification Particle concentration Process control Process safety

Characterization of genetically engineered mouse models carrying Col2a1-cre-induced deletions of Lrp5 and/or Lrp6

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Bone Research 2015年第4期3卷 235-245页

作者： Cassie A Schumacher danese M Joiner kennen d Less Melissa Oosterhouse drewry Bart O williams Center for Cancer and Cell Biology Program in Skeletal Disease and Tumor MicroenvironmentVan Andel Research Institute

Mice carrying Collagen2a1-cre-mediated deletions of Lrp5 and/or Lrp6 were created and *** lacking either gene alone were viable and fertile with normal knee *** in which both Lrp5 and Lrp6 were conditionally ablated via Collagen2al-cre-mediated deletion displayed severe defects in skeletal development during *** addition,adult mice carrying Collagen2al-cre-mediated deletions of Lrp5 and/or Lrp6 displayed low bone mass suggesting that the Collagen2a1-cre transgene was active in cells that subsequently differentiated into *** both embryonic skeletal development and establishment of adult bone mass,Lrp5 and Lrp6 carry out redundant functions.

关键词： carrying Collagen displayed deletion engineered transgene viable embryogenesis redundant embryonic

Syntheses,structures,and reactivity of ruthenium(Ⅱ) hydride complexes containing klui's oxygen tripodal ligand

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Science China Chemistry 2010年第10期53卷 2139-2143页

作者： NG Ho-Yuen LAI Chun-Sing williams Ian d. LEUNG Wa-Hung department of Chemistry The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology

Treatment of Ru(CO)(Cl)(H)(PPh3)3 with NaLOEt (LOEt-= [CpCo{P(O)(OEt)2}3]-) afforded the hydride complex (PPh3)(CO)-LOEtRu(H) (1), which has been characterized by X-ray crystallography. Similarly, the tricyclohexylphosphine analogue, (PCy3)(CO)LOEtRu(H) (2), was synthesized from Ru(CO)Cl(H)(PCy3)2 and NaLOEt. Treatment of complex 1 with R'SO2N3 afforded the (arylsulfonyl)amido complexes LOEtRu(CO)(PPh3)(NHSO2R) (R = 2,4,6-i-Pr3C6H2 (3), 4-t-BuC6H4 (4)). The crystal structure of complex 3 has been determined. The Ru-N distance and Ru-N-S angle in 3 are 2.076(3) and 126.14(16)°, respectively. Reactions of complex 1 with acids have been studied.

关键词： ruthenium oxygen tripodal ligand hydride complex (arylsulfonyl)amido complex