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Hepatitis C virus control among persons who inject drugs requires overcoming barriers to care

World Journal of Gastroenterology 2013年第44期19卷 7846-7851页

作者： Marija Zeremski jon e zibbell Anthony D Martinez Steven Kritz Bryce D Smith Andrew H Talal Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology Weill Cornell Medical College New YorkNY 10065 United States Division of Viral Hepatitis Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Atlanta GA 30333United States Division of Gastroenterology Hepatology and Nutrition State University of New York at Buffalo Buffalo NY 14203 United States Addiction Research and Treatment Corporation Brooklyn NY 11201 United States

Despite a high prevalence of hepatitis C virus(HCV)infection,the vast majority of persons who inject drugs(PWID)have not engaged in HCV care due to a large number of *** about the infection among both PWID and providers remains an important challenge as does discrimination faced by PWID in conventional health care *** providers also remain hesitant to prescribe antiviral therapy due to concerns about adherence and relapse to drug use resulting in ***,however,as a result of improvements in treatment efficacy combined with professional society and government endorsement of HCV treatment for PWID,a pressing need exists to develop strategies to engage these individuals into HCV *** this article,we propose several strategies that can be pursued in an attempt to engage PWID into HCV *** advocate that multidisciplinary approaches that utilize health care practitioners from a wide range of specialties,as well as co-localization of medical services,are strategies likely to result in increased numbers of PWID entering into HCV *** of HCV therapy after stabilization through drug treatment is an additional strategy likely to increase PWID engagement into HCV *** full impact of direct acting antivirals for HCV will only be realized if innovative approaches are pursued to engage all HCV infected individuals into treatment.

关键词： Treatment of hepatitis C Viral infection Human immunodeficiency virus Hepatitis C virus coinfection Persons who inject drugs Obstacles to treatment

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Implications for brainstem recovery from studies in primates after sensory loss from arm

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Neural Regeneration Research 2024年第3期19卷 479-480页

作者： Jamie L.Reed Hui-Xin Qi jon H.Kaas Department of Psychology Vanderbilt UniversityNashvilleTNUSA

For decades,researchers have known that when neurons lose their activating inputs,they can atrophy and even *** example,removing sensory nerve inputs from the arm to the spinal cord after amputation or cutting the spinal nerves can shrink the post-synaptic target zones(e.g.,Woods et al.,2000).From touch receptors for the hand and arm,primary nerve afferents enter the spinal cord,and axons travel in the dorsal columns to target the cuneate nucleus(Cu)of the brainstem on the same side of the body(Figure 1).When sensory loss is unilateral,the overwhelming result is for the associated primary target zone to shrink in total size(cross-sectional area),as compared to the size of the opposite side.

关键词： brainstem shrink removing

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A simple modification to the classical SIR model to estimate the proportion of under-reported infections using case studies in flu and COVID-19

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Infectious Disease Modelling 2024年第4期9卷 1147-1162页

作者： Leonid Kalachev jon Graham erin L.Landguth Mathematical Sciences University of MontanaMissoulaUSA Center for Population Health Research School of Public and Community Health SciencesUniversity of MontanaMissoulaUSA

Background:Under-reporting and,thus,uncertainty around the true incidence of health events is common in all public health reporting *** the problem of underreporting is acknowledged in epidemiology,the guidance and methods available for assessing and correcting the resulting bias are ***:We aim to design a simple modification to the Susceptible e Infected e Removed(SIR)model for estimating the fraction or proportion of reported infection ***:The suggested modification involves rescaling of the classical SIR model producing its mathematically equivalent version with explicit dependence on the reporting parameter(true proportion of cases reported).We justify the rescaling using the phase plane analysis of the SIR model system and show how this rescaling parameter can be estimated from the data along with the other model ***:We demonstrate how the proposed method is cross-validated using simulated data with known disease cases and then apply it to two empirical reported data sets to estimate the fraction of reported cases in Missoula County,Montana,USA,using:(1)flu data for 2016e2017 and(2)COVID-19 data for fall of ***:We establish with the simulated and COVID-19 data that when most of the disease cases are presumed reported,the value of the additional reporting parameter in the modified SIR model is close or equal to one,so that the original SIR model is appropriate for data ***,the flu example shows that when the reporting parameter is close to zero,the original SIR model is not accurately estimating the usual rate parameters,and the re-scaled SIR model should be *** research demonstrates the role of under-reporting of disease data and the importance of accounting for underreporting when modeling simulated,endemic,and pandemic disease *** reporting the“true”number of disease cases will have downstream impacts on predictions of disease dynamics.A simple parameter adjustment

关键词： Modeling of epidemics SIR type models flu and COVID-19 Under-reporting parameter Proportion of reported disease cases

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Batch Active Learning for Multispectral and Hyperspectral Image Segmentation Using Similarity Graphs

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Communications on Applied Mathematics and Computation 2024年第2期6卷 1013-1033页

作者： Bohan Chen Kevin Miller Andrea L.Bertozzi jon Schwenk Department of Mathematics University of CaliforniaLos Angeles520 Portola PlazaLosAngeles90095CAUSA Oden Institute for Computational engineering and Sciences University of Texas at Austin201 E 24th StAustin 78712TXUSA Los Alamos National Laboratory Los AlamosNM 87545USA

Graph learning,when used as a semi-supervised learning(SSL)method,performs well for classification tasks with a low label *** provide a graph-based batch active learning pipeline for pixel/patch neighborhood multi-or hyperspectral image *** batch active learning approach selects a collection of unlabeled pixels that satisfy a graph local maximum constraint for the active learning acquisition function that determines the relative importance of each pixel to the *** work builds on recent advances in the design of novel active learning acquisition functions(e.g.,the Model Change approach in arXiv:2110.07739)while adding important further developments including patch-neighborhood image analysis and batch active learning methods to further increase the accuracy and greatly increase the computational efficiency of these *** addition to improvements in the accuracy,our approach can greatly reduce the number of labeled pixels needed to achieve the same level of the accuracy based on randomly selected labeled pixels.

关键词： Image segmentation Graph learning Batch active learning Hyperspectral image

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Phenotypic plasticity of labile traits in the wild

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Current Zoology 2013年第4期59卷 485-505页

作者： jon e. BROMMeR Department of Biology University Hill 20014 University of Turku Finland ARONIA Research and Development Institute Novia Applied University and Abo Akademi University Raseborgsvaigen 9 10600 Ekenas Finland

Individual-based studies allow quantification ofphenotypic plasticity in behavioural, life-history and other labile traits The study of phenotypic plasticity in the wild can shed new light on the ultimate objectives （1） whether plasticity itself can evolve or is constrained by its genetic architecture, and （2） whether plasticity is associated to other traits, including fitness （selection）. I describe the main statistical approach for how repeated records of individuals and a description of the environment （e） allow quantification of variation in plasticity across individuals （Ixe） and genotypes （Gxe） in wild populations. Based on a literature review of life-history and behavioural studies on plasticity in the wild, I discuss the present state of the two objectives listed above. Few studies have quantified Gxe of labile traits in wild populations, and it is likely that power to detect statistically sig- nificant Gxe is lacking. Apart from the issue of whether it is heritable, plasticity tends to correlate with average trait expression （not fully supported by the few genetic estimates available） and may thus be evolutionary constrained in this way. Individ- ual-specific estimates of plasticity tend to be related to other traits of the individual （including fitness）, but these analyses may be anti-conservative because they predominantly concern stats-on-stats. Despite the increased interest in plasticity in wild popula- tions, the putative lack of power to detect Gxe in such populations hinders achieving general insights. I discuss possible steps to invigorate the field by moving away from simply testing for presence of Gxe to analyses that ＇scale up＇ to population level proce-sses and by the development of new behavioural theory to identify quantitative genetic parameters which can be estimated

关键词： Individual-level plasticity Life history Animal personality Linear mixed model Animal model Wild population Longitudinal study

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Reducing the loss of genetic diversity associated with assisted colonization-like introductions of animals

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Current Zoology 2015年第5期61卷 827-834页

作者： Jaana KeKKONeN jon e. BROMMeR Department of Biosciences University of Helsinki Helsinki Finland Department of Biology University of Turku Turku Finland

Translocations, especially assisted colonizations, of animals are increasingly used as a conservation management tool. In many cases, however, limited funding and other logistic challenges limit the number of individuals available for transloeation. In conservation genetics, small populations are predicted to rapidly lose genetic diversity which can deteriorate population survival. Thus, how worried should we be about the loss of genetic diversity when introducing small, isolated populations？ Historical species introductions provide a means to assess these issues. Here we review 13 studies of ＂assisted colonization-like＂ introductions of animals, where only a small known number of founders established an isolated population without secondary contact to the source population. We test which factors could be important in retaining genetic diversity in these cases. In many cases, loss in heterozygosity （-12.1%） was detected, and more seriously the loss in allelic richness （-27.8 %）. Number of founders seemed to have an effect but it also indicated that high population growth rate could help to retain genetic diversity, i.e. future management actions could be effective even with a limited number of founders if population growth would be enhanced. On the contrary, translocated organisms with longer generation times did not seem to retain more genetic diversity. We advocate that, where possible, future studies on translocated animals should report the loss of genetic diversity （both heterozygosity and allelic richness）, which is essential for meta-analyses like this one for deepening our understanding of the genetic consequences of assisted colonization, and justifying management decisions [Current Zoology 61 （5）： 827-834, 2015].

关键词： Introduced species Loss of genetic diversity Number of founders Conservation management Population growth rate Generation time

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In vivo evidence of IGF-I–estrogen crosstalk in mediating the cortical bone response to mechanical strain

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Bone Research 2014年第1期2卷 55-60页

作者： Subburaman Mohan Chetan Girijanand Bhat jon e Wergedal Chandrasekhar Kesavan Musculoskeletal Disease Center VA Loma Linda Healthcare System Department of Medicine Loma Linda University Department of Biochemistry Loma Linda University Department of Physiology Loma Linda University

Although insulin-like growth factor-I （IGF-I） and estrogen signaling pathways have been shown to be involved in mediating the bone anabolic response to mechanical loading, it is not known whether these two signaling pathways crosstalk with each other in producing a skeletal response to mechanical loading. To test this, at 5 weeks of age, partial ovariectomy （pOVX） or a sham operation was performed on heterozygous IGF-I conditional knockout （H IGF-I KO） and control mice generated using a Cre-loxP approach. At 10 weeks of age, a 10 N axial load was applied on the right tibia of these mice for a period of 2 weeks and the left tibia was used as an internal non-non-loaded control. At the cortical site, partial estrogen loss reduced total volumetric bone mineral density （BMD） by 5% in control pOVX mice （P=0.05, one-way ANOVA）, but not in the H IGF-I KO pOVX mice. At the trabecular site, bone volume/total volume （BV/TV） was reduced by 5%-6% in both control pOVX （P〈0.05） and H IGF-I KO pOVX （P=0.05） mice. Two weeks of mechanical loading caused a 7 %-8% and an 11%-13% （P〈0.05 vs. non-loaded bones） increase in cortical BMD and cortical thickness （***）, respectively, in the control sham, control pOVX and H IGF-I KO sham groups. By contrast, the magnitude of cortical BMD （4%, P=0.13） and *** （6%, P〈0.05） responses were reduced by 50% in the H IGF-I KO pOVX mice compared to the other three groups. The interaction between genotype and estrogen deficiency on the mechanical loading-induced cortical bone response was significant （P〈0.05） by two-way ANOVA. Two weeks of axial loading caused similar increases in trabecular BV/TV （13%-17%） and thickness （17%-23%） in all four groups of mice. In conclusion, partial loss of both estrogen and IGF-I significantly reduced cortical but not the trabecular bone response to mechanical loading, providing in vivo evidence of the above crosstalk in mediating the bone response to loading.

关键词： bone IGF estrogen crosstalk in mediating the cortical bone response to mechanical strain

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The past,present,and future of the Siberian Grouse(Falcipennis falcipennis)under glacial oscillations and global warming

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Avian Research 2022年第1期13卷 57-63页

作者： Wendong Xie Kai Song Siegfried Klaus jon e.Swenson Yue-Hua Sun Key Laboratory of Animal ecology and Conservation Biology Institute of ZoologyChinese Academy of SciencesBeijing100101China College of Life Science Hebei UniversityBaoding071002China Lindenhöhe 5 D-07749JenaGermany Faculty of environmental Sciences and Natural Resource Management Norwegian University of Life SciencesPO Box 5003NO-1432ÅsNorway

Global climate change has a significant effect on species,as environment conditions change,causing many species'distributions to *** the last three million years,the earth has experienced glacial oscillations,forcing some species to survive in ice-free refugia during glacial periods and then disperse *** this study,by assessing the potential distribution of Siberian Grouse(Falcipennis falcipennis),we used Global Circular Models and Representative Concentration Pathways to model their pattern of range changes during glacial oscillations and the potential impact of present global *** used 158 location records of Siberian Grouse to generate a full climate model using 19 bioclimate variables in *** discarded variables with a correlation coefficient larger than 0.8 and relatively lower modeling contributions between each pair of correlated *** the remaining variables,we created a normally uncorrelated simple climate model to predict the possible distribution of Siberian Grouse from the most recent Ice Age to present and to *** we added geographical data and the human interference index to construct a multiple factor full model to evaluate which were important in explaining the distribution of Siberian *** Total Suitability Zone(P≥0.33)of Siberian Grouse is about 243,000km^(2) and the Maximum Suitability Zone(P≥0.66)is 36,000km^(2) and is confined to the Russian Far *** habitat modeling suggested that annual precipitation,annual mean temperature,and the distance from lakes are the most explanatory variables for the current distribution of Siberian *** distribution center moved to the southeast during the Last Glacial Maximum and spread back to the northwest after the ice melted and temperatures *** total area range of Siberian Grouse experienced a dramatic loss during the Last Glacial *** warming is presently forcing the Siberian Grouse to migrate northward with a contraction of

关键词： Climate change Falcipennis falcipennis Ice age refugia Last glacial maximum

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Some paradoxical observations about spheroidal graphite degeneracy

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China Foundry 2018年第6期15卷 457-463页

作者： Jacques Lacaze jon Sertucha CIRIMAT Université de ToulouseBP 44362F-31030ToulouseFrance Investigaeiòn y Desarrollo de Procesos Metalúrgicos IK4-AzterlanAliendalde auzunea 6E-48200Durango(Bizkaia)Spain

Differential thermal analysis experiments have been performed on samples machined from Y2-blocks cast with different high-silicon spheroidal graphite irons. Depending on magnesium, silicon, cerium and antimony content, the as-cast microstructure showed various levels of chunky graphite in the central part of the blocks. In contrast, the microstructure of the materials after remelting and resolidification during differential thermal analysis consisted of lamellar or compacted graphite. The formation of chunky graphite in the as-cast microstructure is rationalized using an index or silicon equivalent that has been recently suggested. The differences in the microstructures after differential thermal analysis are discussed in terms of available free magnesium. emphasis is finally put on the striking differences in characteristic size of the microstructures made of compacted graphite as compared to lamellar graphite and chunky graphite. This leads to tentative conclusions about growth of compacted and chunky graphite which would be worthy of further experimental investigations.

关键词： high-silicon spheroidal graphite iron graphite degeneracy compacted graphite chunky graphite

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New evidence for a Cretaceous Age for a Mesozoic Nonmarine Bivalve Assemblage from Paekto-dong, Sinuiju City, The Democratic People’s Republic of Korea

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Acta Geologica Sinica(english edition) 2019年第6期93卷 1607-1613页

作者： CholGuk WON KwangSik SO SuHyang jon Department of Paleontology Faculty of Geology Kim Il Sung University

The Sinuiju Formation in Paekto-dong,Sinuiju City in the Democratic People's Republic of Korea has yielded Mesozoic nonmarine bivalve fossils,which is the first occurrence of such in the *** on these fossil specimens,a new Cretaceous bivalve assemblage,the Arguniella yanshanensis-Sphaerium anderssoni Assemblage is *** assemblage includes Arguniella yanshanensis,*** and Sphaerium anderssoni and can be compared with the Jehol *** age of the Sinuiju Formation is also clarified and on the basis of the bivalves and the presence of a eosestheria–ephemeropsis–Lycoptera(e–e–L)assemblage,the formation is not Upper Jurassic,but Lower Cretaceous in age.

关键词： biostratigraphy nonmarine bivalves Sinuiju Formation early Cretaceous DPRK

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