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The effectiveness of the department of defense's field manual 3-11 in detecting,deterring and degrading the breach of a combat base by a human-borne with bioagent(HBBA):perceptions of security personnel

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Journal of Medical Colleges of PLA(China) 2016年第2期31卷 66-72页

作者： George Edafese Alakpa john w.collins jr Department of Professional Security Studies New Jersey City University

Background: The department of defense's field manual(FM) 3-11 is among the military's field manuals for preparing for, reacting to and recovering from chemical, biological, radiological and nuclear attacks. Since post 9-11, U.S. military service members have been deployed in the global war on terrorism. This study attempted to determine the effectiveness of the FM 3-11 in detecting, deterring or preventing a human-borne with bioagent(HBBA) terrorist breach at an entry control point(ECP).Methods: This time-specific, cross-sectional study disseminated a validated survey tool with Cronbach's α>0.82 to respondents who have had antiterrorism training and combat ECP experience. The return rate was greater than 75.0%; however, many of the respondents failed to meet the inclusion criteria. Consequently, only 26 questionnaires were included in the ***: The results revealed that while over 60.0% of the respondents either strongly agreed or agreed that biointelligence, the deployment of biodetectors and the use of biowarning systems could be effective in preventing an ECP breach by a terrorist with a bioagent, the use of protective equipment and immunization to decontaminate service members or other tactics, techniques and procedures(TTPs) would never prevent a breach. A large percentage of respondents claimed that soldiers at the ECP lacked the devices or the knowledge to detect an HBBA at an ECP, and 72.0% suggested modifying current ECP TTPs to include education, training and equipment for security personnel at military base ***: If obtained from appropriate sources and communicated to the personnel at the ECP in an effective or timely manner, the possible effectiveness of certain TTPs in the FM 3-11, specifically FM 3-11.86(intelligence), might increase.

关键词： Do D FM 3-11 Bioterrorism Breach of Combat ECP HBBA terrorist Security personnel Perception

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The possibility of a human-borne with bioagent terrorist at foreign Forward Operating Bases entry control point:the perceptions of U.S. military or security personnel,a preliminary report

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Journal of Medical Colleges of PLA(China) 2016年第1期31卷 22-27页

作者： George Edafese Alakpa john w.collins jr Department of Professional Security Studies New Jersey City University

Background:The global war on terrorism has prompted an increase in the deployment of security personnel from multi-national forces on foreign lands,especially in places where known terrorist groups are *** aim of this study was to obtain *** and security personnel's perceptions of the possibility of encountering a humanborne with bioagent(HBBA) terrorist at an entry control point(ECP).Methods:This study was a mixed-method,cross-sectional,survey-based,time-limited study.A validated,five-option Likert scale questionnaire with Cronbach's alphas of 0.82 and 0.894 for Constructs 1 and 2 was distributed to over 113 respondents with combat ***:The results indicated that 92.3% of the respondents thought it was possible for a terrorist to employ a biological agent to cause terror; 61.5% claimed it was either possible or very possible,and 26.9% claimed it was somewhat possible for a terrorist carrying a biological agent to successfully breach a combat Forward Operating Bases(FOB) ECP undetected.26.9% of the respondents agreed that "ECP soldiers are knowledgeable about bioagents(BA)",only 15.4% responded that ECP soldiers have effective devices for detecting a BA on a terrorist at an ***:Despite some limitations,this pre-study tends to indicate that while many *** or security personnel acknowledge the possibility of an HBBA terrorist breach and the vulnerability of *** post ECPs to a BA breach,the soldiers at the ECPs lack adequate knowledge or devices to effectively detect a BA on a terrorist at an ECP.

关键词： Human-borne with bioagent(HBBA) terrorist Bioterrorism Combat post ECP

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Development of a 3D model for particle-wall collision and induced rotation and its influence on particle trajectories

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Particuology 2024年第11期94卷 211-228页

作者： Cairen Miranda john Palmore jr. Department of Mechanical Engineering Virginia TechBlacksburg24060VAUSA Department of Mechanical Engineering University of WashingtonSeattle98195WAUSA

The present research focuses on improving the prediction of rotating particle *** particle-surface collision models do not accurately predict the particle rebound when taking rotation into *** data,such as the studies by Gorham and Kharaz(2000),Buck,Tang,Heinrich,Deen and Kuipers(2017),and Dong and Moys(2006)show that the Tsuji,Oshima and Morikawa(1985)model is inaccurate due to the incorrect tangential coefficient of restitution ***,Kuipers,Mohd Salleh,Stein,and Seville(2001)introduced a similar model to the work by Tsuji et al.(1985)which includes a tangential coefficient of restitution but is only in two dimensions and does not consider out of plane *** work re-derives the particle collision model from the impulse equations for binary collisions in 3D while considering rotating *** derived equations in this work compares well to experimental particle-surface impact *** implications of this model are seen by investigating erosion due to particle collision in a simple pipe *** is shown that Tsuji et al.(1985)over predicts the *** small differences in particle trajectories between the present model and the Tsuji et al.(1985)model will grow in complex flows with multiple close range particle impacts leading to inaccurate erosion predictions which will negatively impact the design of turbomachinery and pneumatic pipes.

关键词： Particle collisions CFD Rotation Three dimensional

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Late Neoproterozoic adakitic magmatism of the eastern Arabian Nubian Shield

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Geoscience Frontiers 2019年第6期10卷 1981-1992页

作者： Grant M.Cox john Foden Alan S.collins Centre for Tectonics Resources and Exploration(TRaX) Dept of Earth SciencesThe University of Adelaide

Late Neoproterozoic adakitic magmatism within the Eastern Arabian Nubian Shield has been dated at633.2±9.0 Ma(2σ).These magnas intrude the forearc Ad Dawadimi Basin,which is composed of metapelitic schists and greywacke along with ophiolitic melanges of boninitic affinity which underwent inversion and deformation by^620 *** adakitic magmatism,while intruding parts of the Ad Dawadimi Basin,predates this deformation,but is possibly coincident with basin *** adakitic magmatism requires melting of an amphibolite or eclogitic source,empirical and experimental constraints require anomalously hot supra-subduction zone *** that this magmatism immediately predates basin inversion,these magmas possibly pinpoint the timing of the slab breaking,marking the terminal stages of arc magmatism,terrane accretion and the influx of hot oceanic asthenospheric *** influx of hot asthenospheric mantle may also be responsible for postcolltsional A-type magmatism.

关键词： Arabian Nubian Shield Adakites A-type magmatism

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Next Generation Transcriptome Sequencing and Quantitative Real-Time PCR Technologies for Characterisation of the Bemisia tabaci Asia 1 mtCOI Phylogenetic Clade

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Journal of Integrative Agriculture 2012年第2期11卷 281-292页

作者： Susan Seal Mitulkumar V Patel Carl collins john Colvin David Bailey Natural Resources Institute University of GreenwichChatham Maritime Kent ME4 4TBUnited Kingdom

A programme of functional genomics research is underway at the University of Greenwich,UK,to develop and apply genomics technologies to characterise an economically-important but under-researched Bemisia tabaci（Hemiptera：Aleyrodidae）,the Asia 1 mtCOI phylogenetic group.A comparison of this putative species from India with other important *** populations and insect species may provide targets for the development of more effective whitefly control *** a first step,next-generation sequencing（NGS）has been used to survey the transcriptome of adult female whitefly,with high quality RNA preparations being used to generate cDNA libraries for NGS using the Roche 454 Titanium DNA sequencing *** assemblies constructed from the resultant sequences（301 094 reads）using the software program CLC Genomics workbench generated 3 821 core *** of a selection of these contigs with related sequences from other *** genetic groups has revealed good alignment for some genes（e.g.,HSP90）but misassemblies in other datasets（e.g.,the vitellogenin gene family）,highlighting the need for manual curation as well as collaborative international efforts to obtain accurate assemblies from the existing next generation sequence ***,data emerging from the NGS has facilitated the development of accurate and reliable methods for analysing gene expression based on quantitative real-time RT-PCR,illustrating the power of this approach to enable rapid expression analyses in an organism for which a complete genome sequence is currently lacking.

关键词： Bemisia tabaci whitefly transcriptome next generation sequencing quantitative real-time (QRT)-PCR Asia 1 mtCOI

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Investigation of normal,lateral,and oblique impact of microscale projectiles into unidirectional glass/epoxy composites

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Defence Technology（防务技术） 2022年第11期18卷 1960-1978页

作者： Christopher S.Meyer Isabel G.Catugas john w.Gillespie jr. Bazle Z.Gama Haque University of Delaware Center for Composite Materials(UD-CCM) 101 Academy StreetNewarkDE19716USA

Spacesuits and spacecraft must endure high velocity impacts from micrometeoroids. This work considers the impact of 100 μm diameter projectiles into composite targets at velocities from 0.5 km/s to 2 km/*** work begins by presenting an energy-based theoretical model relating depth of penetration(Do P)and impact force to impact velocity, characteristic time, and threshold velocity and force. Next, this work compares numerical simulations of normal impact on composites to the theoretical model. Numerical simulations are conducted with LS-DYNA and the well-known composite model, MAT-162. The numerical models consider unidirectional S2-glass fiber reinforced SC-15 epoxy composite laminates. The numerical model shows good correlation with the theoretical model. The numerical model also investigates lateral impact, parallel to the fiber direction, and oblique impact at angles from 30°to 82.5°.This work decomposes oblique impact into normal and lateral components, and compares them with normal and lateral impact results. The results show good correlation of the normal component of oblique results with the theoretical model. This numerical and theoretical study focuses on Do P, velocity, and penetration resistance force as functions of time. The theoretical model and numerical simulations are used to determine new Do P parameters: characteristic time of depth of penetration and threshold impact velocity. These models are a first step in developing the capability to predict Do P for oblique,microscale, high-speed impact on composite materials.

关键词： Microscale Hypervelocity impact Composites Erosion Penetration

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Nanoembryonic thermoelastic equilibrium and enhanced properties of defected pretransitional materials

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npj Computational Materials 2018年第1期4卷 178-184页

作者： Ye-Chuan Xu wei-Feng Rao john w.Morris jr. Armen G.Khachaturyan Department of Materials Physics and IEMMNanjing University of Information Science and TechnologyNanjing 210044China Department of Materials Science and Engineering University of CaliforniaBerkeleyCA 94720USA Department of Materials Science and Engineering Rutgers UniversityPiscatawayNJ 08854USA

Behaviors of displacive phase-transforming materials above the temperature of transformation,where abnormal thermal,elastic,magnetic properties are often observed,are mostly explained by intrinsic peculiarities in electronic/atomic ***,we show these properties may also be attributed to extrinsic effects caused by a thermoelastic equilibrium in highly defected pretransitional *** demonstrate that the stress concentration near stress-generating defects such as dislocations and coherent precipitates could result in the stress-induced transformation within nanoscale regions,producing equilibrium embryos of the product *** nanoembryos in thermoelastic equilibrium could anhysteretically change their equilibrium size in response to changes in applied stress or magnetic fields leading to superelasticity or *** response to cooling may explain the observed diffuse phase transformation,changes in the coefficient of thermal expansion and effective elastic modulus,which,in turn,may explain the invar and elinvar behaviors.

关键词： transformation equilibrium transitional

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Emerging complexity and new roles for the RIG-I-like receptors in innate antiviral immunity

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Virologica Sinica 2015年第3期30卷 163-173页

作者： john S.Errett Michael Gale jr. Center for Innate Immunity and Immune Disease Department of Immunology School of Medicine University of Washington

Innate immunity is critical for the control of virus infection and operates to restrict viral susceptibility and direct antiviral immunity for protection from acute or chronic viral-associated diseases including cancer. RIG-I like receptors(RLRs) are cytosolic RNA helicases that function as pathogen recognition receptors to detect RNA pathogen associated molecular patterns(PAMPs) of virus infection. The RLRs include RIG-I, MDA5, and LGP2. They function to recognize and bind to PAMP motifs within viral RNA in a process that directs the RLR to trigger downstream signaling cascades that induce innate immunity that controls viral replication and spread. Products of RLR signaling also serve to modulate the adaptive immune response to infection. Recent studies have additionally connected RLRs to signaling cascades that impart inflammatory and apoptotic responses to virus infection. Viral evasion of RLR signaling supports viral outgrowth and pathogenesis, including the onset of viral-associated cancer.

关键词： RIG-I MDA5 pattern recognition receptor pathogen associated molecular pattern innate immunity virus infection

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Can a multistage approach improve individual tree mortality predictions across the complex mixed-species and managed forests of eastern North America?

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Forest Ecosystems 2023年第1期10卷 21-30页

作者： Cen Chen john Kershaw jr Aaron weiskittel Elizabeth McGarrigle Center for Research on Sustainable Forests University of MaineOronoME04469USA Faculty of Forestry&Environmental Management University of New BrunswickFrederictonNBE3B 5A3Canada Nova Scotia Department of Natural Resources HalifaxNSB3J 3M8Canada

Tree mortality plays a fundamental role in the dynamics of forest ecosystems,yet it is one of the most difficult phenomena to accurately *** modeling strategies have been developed to improve individual tree mortality *** less explored strategy is the use of a multistage modeling *** improvements from this approach have remained largely *** this study,we developed a novel multistage approach and compared its performance in individual tree mortality predictions with a more conventional approach using an identical individual tree mortality model *** permanent plot data(n=9442)covering the Acadian Region of North America and over multiple decades(1965–2014)were used in this *** results indicated that the model behavior with the multistage approach better depicted the observed mortality and showed a notable improvement over the conventional *** difference between the observed and predicted numbers of dead trees using the multistage approach was much smaller when compared with the conventional *** addition,tree survival probabilities predicted by the multistage approach generally were not significantly different from the observations,whereas the conventional approach consistently underestimated mortality across species and overestimated tree survival probabilities over the large range of DBH in the *** new multistage approach also predictions of zero mortality in individual plots,a result not possible in conventional ***,the new approach was more tolerant of modeling errors because it based estimates on ranked tree mortality rather than error-prone predicted ***,this new multistage approach deserves to be considered and tested in future studies.

关键词： Tree mortality modeling Mortality disaggregation Mixed effect model Annualization Mixed forests

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Alternative expressions for stand diameter in complex forests

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Forest Ecosystems 2023年第3期10卷 328-336页

作者： Mark J.Ducey john A.Kershaw jr. Department of Natural Resources and the Environment University of New HampshireDurhamNHUSA Faculty of Forestry and Environmental Management University of New BrunswickFrederictonNBCanada

Quadratic mean diameter is the most frequently reported descriptor of the diameter distribution of *** such,it is often used as an indicator of forest stand structure,developmental stage,and ecological and economic ***,quadratic mean diameter can be heavily influenced by the presence or absence of large numbers of small stems in lower canopy strata,and it is also sensitive to left-truncation of the diameter distribution,making its interpretation across inventories with different protocols ***,we examine three alternative expressions of stand diameter:the arithmetic and quadratic mean diameter of the thickest 100 trees per hectare,and the basal area-weighted mean *** data from the United States Forest Inventory and Analysis program for New York and New England,these alternative expressions showed closer correlation with multiple stand structural variables than did quadratic mean diameter,including merchantable cubic and board foot volume per hectare,aboveground live tree carbon per hectare,and total number of live and dead standing trees greater than 40 cm diameter at breast height per hectare(previously proposed as an index of old-growth structure).Arithmetic and quadratic mean diameter of the thickest 100 trees per hectare showed nearly identical performance,and the strongest correlations across the *** develop closed-form expressions for these variables when the diameter distribution is a weibull,and illustrate their behavior relative to quadratic mean diameter for that *** the reasons for prevalence of quadratic mean diameter as an indicator remain valid,we suggest that these alternative measures should be more widely reported and analyzed to give a more informative depiction of stand structure and development in complex forests.

关键词： Forest structure Diameter at breast height weibull distribution

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