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Evolving concepts in bone infection: r.defining “biofilm”,“acute vs. chr.nic osteomyelitis”, “the immune pr.teome” and “local antibiotic ther.py”

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Bone r.sear.h 2019年第3期7卷 225-242页

作者： Elysia A. Master. r.an P. Tr.mbetta Kar.n L. de Mesy Bentley Br.ndan F Boyce Ann Lindley Gill Steven r. Gill Kohei Nishitani Masahir. Ishikawa Yugo Mor.ta Hir.mu Ito Sheila N. Bello-Ir.zar.y Mar. Ninomiya James D. Br.dell Jr. Char.es C. Lee Stephanie P. Hao Ir.in Oh Chao Xie Hani A. Awad john L. Daiss john r. owen Stephen L. Kates Edwar. M. Schwar. Gowr.shankar.Muthukr.shnan Center.for.Musculoskeletal r.sear.h University of Rochester Medical Center Rochester NY USA Depar.ment of Biomedical Engineer.ng University of Rochester Medical Center Rochester NY USA Depar.ment of Pathology and Labor.tor. Medicine University of Rochester Medical Center Rochester NY USA Depar.ment of Or.hopaedics University of Rochester Medical Center Rochester NY USA Depar.ment of Micr.biology & Immunology University of Rochester Medical Center Rochester NY USA Depar.ment of Or.hopaedic Sur.er. Kyoto University Kyoto Japan Depar.ment of Or.hopaedic Sur.er. Virginia Commonwealth University Medical Center Richmond VA USA

Osteomyelitis is a devastating disease caused by micr.bial infection of bone. While the fr.quency of infection following elective or.hopedic sur.er. is low, r.tes of r.infection ar. distur.ingly high. Staphylococcus aur.us is r.sponsible for.the major.ty of chr.nic osteomyelitis cases and is often consider.d to be incur.ble due to bacter.al per.istence deep within bone. Unfor.unately, ther. is no consensus on clinical classifications of osteomyelitis and the ensuing tr.atment algor.thm. Given the high patient mor.idity,mor.ality, and economic bur.en caused by osteomyelitis, it is impor.ant to elucidate mechanisms of bone infection to infor. novel str.tegies for.pr.vention and cur.tive tr.atment. r.cent discover.es in this field have identified thr.e distinct r.ser.oir. of bacter.al biofilm including: Staphylococcal abscess communities in the local soft tissue and bone mar.ow, glycocalyx for.ation on implant har.war. and necr.tic tissue, and colonization of the osteocyte-lacuno canalicular.networ.(OLCN) of cor.ical bone. In contr.st, *** intr.cellular.per.istence in bone cells has not been substantiated in vivo, which challenges this mode of chr.nic osteomyelitis. Ther. have also been major.advances in our.under.tanding of the immune pr.teome against S. aur.us, fr.m clinical studies of ser.m antibodies and media enr.ched for.newly synthesized antibodies(MENSA), which may pr.vide new oppor.unities for.osteomyelitis diagnosis, pr.gnosis, and vaccine development. Finally, novel ther.pies such as antimicr.bial implant coatings and antibiotic impr.gnated 3D-pr.nted scaffolds r.pr.sent pr.mising str.tegies for.pr.venting and managing this devastating disease. Her., we r.view these r.cent advances and highlight tr.nslational oppor.unities towar.s a cur..

关键词： disease caused by soft tissue necr.tic tissuel

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Systemic IL-27 administr.tion pr.vents abscess for.ation and osteolysis via local neutr.phil r.cr.itment and activation

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Bone r.sear.h 2022年第4期10卷 826-837页

作者： Yugo Mor.ta Motoo Saito Javier.r.ngel-Mor.no Anthony M.Fr.nchini john r.owen john C.Mar.inez john L.Daiss Kar.n L.de Mesy Bentley Stephen L.Kates Edwar. M.Schwar. Gowr.shankar.Muthukr.shnan Center.for.Musculoskeletal r.sear.h University of Rochester Medical CenterRochesterNYUSA Division of Aller.y Immunology and RheumatologyDepartment of MedicineUniversity of Rochester Medical CenterRochesterNYUSA Depar.ment of Envir.nmental Medicine University of Rochester School of Medicine and DentistryRochesterNYUSA Depar.ment of Or.hopedic Sur.er. Virginia Commonwealth UniversityRichmondVAUSA Depar.ment of Or.hopedics University of Rochester Medical CenterRochesterNYUSA Depar.ment of Pathology and Labor.tor. Medicine University of Rochester Medical CenterRochesterNYUSA

Inter.eukin-27 is a pleiotr.pic cytokine whose functions dur.ng bacter.al infections r.main contr.ver.ial,and its r.le in patients with *** osteomyelitis is *** addr.ss this knowledge gap,we completed a clinical study and obser.ed elevated ser.m IL-27 levels(20-fold higher.Pr.d with healthy ***,IL-27 ser.m levels wer. 60-fold higher.in patients immediately following septic death than in uninfected patients(Pr.le of *** test this hypothesis,we evaluated *** osteomyelitis in WT and IL-27r.^(−/−)mice with and without exogenous IL27 induction by intr.muscular.injection of r.AV-IL-27p28 or.r.AV-GFP,*** found that IL-27 was induced at the sur.ical site within 1 day of *** infection of bone and was expr.ssed by M0,M1 and M2 macr.phages and osteoblasts but not by ***,exogenous IL-27p28(~2 ng·mL^(−1) in ser.m)deliver. amelior.ted soft tissue abscesses and per.implant bone loss dur.ng infection,accompanied by enhanced local IL-27 expr.ssion,significant accumulation of r.r.t^(+)neutr.phils at the infection site,a decr.ase in r.NK^(+) cells,and compr.mised osteoclast *** effects wer. not obser.ed in IL-27r.^(−/−)mice compar.d with WT mice,suggesting that IL-27 is dispensable for.immunity but mediates r.dundant immune and bone cell functions dur.ng *** vitr. studies and bulk r.A-seq of infected tibiae showed that IL-27 incr.ased nos1,nos2,il17α,il17f,and r.r. expr.ssion but did not dir.ctly stimulate ***,these r.sults identify a novel phenomenon of IL-27 expr.ssion by osteoblasts immediately following *** infection of bone and suggest a pr.tective r.le of systemic IL-27 in osteomyelitis.

关键词： abscess pr.tective immunity

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Entr.py gener.tion in bypass tr.nsitional boundar. layer.flows

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Jour.al of Hydr.dynamics 2014年第5期26卷 669-680页

作者： GEOr.E Joseph owen Landon D. XING Tao MCELIGOT Donald M. Cr.PEAU john C. BUDWIG r.lph S. NOLAN Kevin P. Depar.ment of Mechanical Engineer.ng College of EngineeringUniversity of IdahoMoscowIdaho 83843USA Univer.ity of Idaho Idaho FallsIdaho 83402USA Univer.ity of Idaho BoiseIdaho 83702USA Imper.al College London London SW7-28ZUK

The pr.mar. objective of this study is to evaluate the accur.cy of using computational fluid dynamics （CFD） tur.ulence models to pr.dict entr.py gener.tion r.tes in bypass tr.nsitional boundar. layer. flows under.zer. and adver.e pr.ssur. gr.dients. Entr.py gener.tion r.tes in such flows ar. evaluated employing the commer.ial CFD softwar., ANSYS FLUENT. Var.ous tur.ulence and tr.nsitional models ar. assessed by compar.ng their.r.sults with the dir.ct numer.cal simulation （DNS） data and two r.cent CFD studies. A solution ver.fication study is conducted on thr.e systematically r.fined meshes. The factor.of safety method is used to estimate the numer.cal er.or.and gr.d uncer.ainties. Monotonic conver.ence is achieved for.all simulations. The r.ynolds number.based on momentum thickness, r.o, skin-fr.ction coefficient, Cf, appr.ximate entr.py gener.tion r.tes, S, dissipation coefficient, Cd , and the inter.ittency, y, ar. calculated for.bypass tr.nsition simulations. All r.ynolds aver.ged Navier.Stokes （r.NS） tur.ulence and tr.nsitional models show impr.vement over.pr.vious CFD r.sults in pr.dicting onset of tr.nsition. The tr.nsition SST k - ω 4 equation model shows closest agr.ement with DNS data for.all flow conditions in this study due to a much finer.gr.d and mor. accur.te inlet boundar. conditions. The other.r.NS models pr.dict an ear.y onset of tr.nsition and higher.boundar. layer.entr.py gener.tion r.tes than the DNS shows.

关键词： entr.py gener.tion bypass tr.nsition r.ynolds aver.ged Navier.Stokes (r.NS) tr.nsitional boundar. layer tur.ulence models

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Decar.onising ener.y: The developing inter.ational activity in hydr.gen technologies and fuel cells

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Jour.al of Ener.y Chemistr. 2020年第12期29卷 405-415页

作者： john Meur.g Thomas Peter.P.Edwar.s Peter.J.Dobson Gar. P.owend Depar.ment of Mater.als Science&Metallur.y University of CambridgeCambridge CB30FSUK King Abdulaziz City for.Science and Technology(KACST)-Oxfor. Centr. of Excellence in Petr.chemicals and Inor.anic Chemistr. Labor.tor. University of OxfordOxford OX13QRUK The Queen’s College University of OxfordOxford OX14AWUK Annwvyn Solutions(Independent Consultant) BromleyKent BR13DWUK

Hydr.gen technologies and fuel cells offer.an alter.ative and impr.ved solution for.a decar.onised ener.y *** cells ar. electr.chemical conver.er.;tr.nsfor.ing hydr.gen (or.ener.y sour.es containing hydr.gen) and oxygen dir.ctly into *** hydr.gen fuel cell,invented in 1839,per.its the gener.tion of electr.cal ener.y with high efficiency thr.ugh a non-combustion,electr.chemical pr.cess and,impor.antly,without the emission ofits point of ***,despite numer.us effor.s to exploit the obvious attr.ctions of hydr.gen technologies and hydr.gen fuel cells,var.ous challenges have been encounter.d,some of which ar. r.viewed ***,however.given the exigent need to ur.ently seek low-car.on paths for.humankind’s ener.y futur.,numer.us countr.es ar. advancing the deployment of hydr.gen technologies and hydr.gen fuel cells not only for.tr.nspor.,but also as a means of the stor.ge of excess r.newable ener.y fr.m,for.example,wind and solar.***,hydr.gen is also being blended into the natur.l gas supplies used in domestic heating and tar.eted in the decar.onisation of cr.tical,lar.e-scale industr.al pr.cesses such as steel *** br.efly r.view specific examples in countr.es such as Japan,South Kor.a and the People’s r.public of China,as well as selected examples fr.m Eur.pe and Nor.h Amer.ca in the utilization of hydr.gen technologies and hydr.gen fuel cells.

关键词： Decar.onisation Hydr.gen Ener.y Hydr.gen Economy Fuel cells Envir.nment Sustainability

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Development of Model Fer.ented Fish Sausage fr.m Mar.ne Species: A Pilot Physicochemical Study

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Food and Nutr.tion Sciences 2013年第12期4卷 1229-1238页

作者： Sar.m Khem owen A. Young john D. r.ber.son john D. Br.oks School of Applied Sciences AUT University Auckland New Zealand School of Applied Sciences AUT University Auckland New Zealand.

Mar.ne fish, hoki (Macr.r.nus novaezealandiae), kahawai (Ar.ipis tr.tta) and tr.vally (Pseudocar.nx dentex) wer. used to develop fer.ented fish models to emulate Asian examples. The for.ulations compr.sed gr.und fish, car.ohydr.te, gar.ic and salt, but no added cultur.. The car.ohydr.te was cooked r.ce or.glucose. The mixtur.s wer. extr.ded into open-ended 50 mL plastic syr.nges, sealed and incubated at 30℃?for.96 h. The syr.nge piston was pr.gr.ssively advanced to yield test samples. The endogenous lactic acid bacter.a wer. capable of fer.enting glucose, but not cooked r.ce. After.glucose fer.entation, the tr.atments contained ar.und 8.7 log cfu·g-1 (fr.m 3.3) with the pH r.nge of 4.38 to 5.08 (fr.m ar.und 6.3), depending on the species. Har.ness, spr.nginess and cohesiveness of tr.atments all incr.ased with fer.entation, except for.hoki, which was subject to an endogenous pr.teolytic activity. Color.development var.ed with species: light r.flectance (L*) of the tr.vally and kahawai tr.atments incr.ased, while the a* (r.dness) and b* (yellowness) values wer. static. Hoki exhibited the least color.changes except for.yellowness, which incr.ased mar.edly. Possible r.asons for.this ar. discussed. Pr.teolysis was gr.atest for.tr.vally. Lipid oxidation was least for.hoki, notably the species with the lowest fat content. The tr.vally tr.atment gener.ted the highest concentr.tion of amines, but values wer. lower.than r.por.ed for.fer.ented fish sausage in Asia, possibly because of r.w mater.al hygiene status. The physiochemical outcomes indicated that tr.vally (as pieces unsuited for.sale as fillets) would be best suited to this food pr.duct class. Suitable species could be identified in other.fisher.es.

关键词： Mar.ne Fish Lactic Fer.entation Textur. Sausage Biogenic Amines

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Hyper.ension in Zimbabwe: A meta-analysis to quantify its bur.en and policy implications

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Wor.d Jour.al of Meta-Analysis 2015年第1期3卷 54-60页

作者： Mutsa Pamela Mutowo john Chamunor.a Mangwir. Paula Lor.elly Alice owen Andr. MN r.nzaho School of Public Health and Pr.ventive Medicine Monash Univer-sity Zimbabwe Diabetes Association PO Box 1797 Harare Zimbabwe Centr. for.Health Economics Clayton Campus Monash University School of Social Science and Psychology University of Western Sydney Sydney 2751 New South Wales Australia

AIM: To estimate the pooled pr.valence of hyper.ension in Zimbabwe and descr.be its tr.nd since independence in 1980 using secondar. sour.e ***: MEDLINE, EMBASE and Scopus databases fr.m Apr.l 1980 to December.2013 wer. sear.hed for.population and community based studies on the pr.valence of hyper.ension among adults(≥ 18 year.) in Zimbabwe. The key wor.s used wer. "pr.valence", "epidemiologic studies", "hyper.ension" or."high blood pr.ssur.", based on the cut-off(≥ 140 mm Hg systolic blood pr.ssur. and/or.≥ 90 mm Hg diastolic blood pr.ssur.). We conducted a meta-analysis on the published studies, using the r.ndom-effects model to estimate the pooled ***: The sear.h r.tr.eved 87 publications, of which four.studies met the selection cr.ter.a. The four.studies had a total of 4829 study par.icipants between 1997 and 2010 acr.ss 5 pr.vinces in Zimbabwe. Two studies wer. in ur.an ar.as, while the other.two had mixed study settings(ur.an and r.r.l). The over.ll pooled pr.valence of hyper.ension was 30%(95%CI: 19%, 42%, I2= 98%, χ2 = 164.15, P = 0.00).CONCLUSION: Our.r.sults show a high pr.valence of hyper.ension in Zimbabwe, with ur.an ar.as having higher.pr.valence than r.r.l ar.as.

关键词： Hyper.ension High blood pr.ssur. Pr.valence Meta-analysis Zimbabwe

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r.imagining lar.e r.ver.management using the r.sist-Accept-Dir.ct(r.D)fr.mewor. in the Upper.Mississippi r.ver

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Ecological Pr.cesses 2023年第1期12卷 645-664页

作者： Nicole K.War. Abigail J.Lynch Er.k A.Beever.Joshua Booker.Kr.sten L.Bouska Holly Embke Jeffr.y N.Houser.john F.Kocik Joshua Kocik David J.Lawr.nce Mar. Gr.ce Lemon Doug Limpinsel Madeline r.Magee Br.an M.Maitland owen McKenna Andr.w Meier.john M.Mor.on Jeffr.y D.Muehlbauer.r.ber. Newman Devon C.Oliver.Heidi M.r.ntala Gr.g G.Sass Aar.n Shultz Laur. M.Thompson Jennifer.L.Wilkening Minnesota Depar.ment of Natur.l r.sour.es Lake CityMN 55041USA U.S.Geological Sur.ey National Climate Adaptation Science CenterRestonVA 22041USA U.S.Geological Sur.ey Northern Rocky Mountain Science CenterBozemanMT 59715USA Depar.ment of Ecology Montana State UniversityBozemanMT 59715USA U.S.Fish and Wildlife Ser.ice National Wildlife Refuge SystemOak HarborOH 43449USA U.S.Geological Sur.ey Upper Midwest Environmental Sciences CenterLa CrosseWI 54603USA U.S.Geological Sur.ey Midwest Climate Adaptation Science CenterSt.PaulMN 55108USA NOAA NEFSC OronoME 04473USA Univer.ity of Nebr.ska-Lincoln LincolnNE 68503USA National Par. Ser.ice Climate Change Response ProgramFort CollinsCO 80525USA U.S.Fish and Wild-life Ser.ice National Wildlife Refuge SystemBloomingtonMN 55437USA Habitat Conser.ation Division NOAAAlaska RegionAnchorageAK 99513USA Wisconsin Depar.ment of Natur.l r.sour.es MadisonWI 53703USA Aquatic Sciences Center Center for LimnologyUW-MadisonMadisonWI 53706USA U.S.Geological Sur.ey Northern Prairie Wildlife Research Center and Midwest Climate Adaptation Science CenterJamestownND 58401USA U.S.Ar.y Cor.s of Engineer. La CrescentMN 55947USA Alaska Wildlife Alliance AnchorageAK 99520USA U.S.Geological Sur.ey Alaska Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research UnitUniversity of Alaska FairbanksFairbanksAK 99775USA Univer.ity of Nor.h Dakota Grand ForksND 58202USA Minnesota Depar.ment of Natur.l r.sour.es DuluthMN 55804USA Wisconsin Depar.ment of Natur.l r.sour.es Boulder JunctionWI 54512USA Gr.at Lakes Indian Fish and Wildlife Commission(GLIFWC) OdanahWI 54861USA U.S.Geological Sur.ey National Climate Adaptation Science Centerand School of Natural ResourcesUniversity of TennesseeKnoxvilleTN 37996USA U.S.Fish and Wildlife Ser.ice National Wildlife Refuge SystemFort CollinsCO 80526USA

Backgr.und Lar.e-r.ver.decision-maker. ar. char.ed with maintaining diver.e ecosystem ser.ices thr.ugh unpr.c-edented social-ecological tr.nsfor.ations as climate change and other.global str.ssor. *** inter.onnected,dendr.tic habitats of r.ver.,which often demar.ate jur.sdictional boundar.es,gener.te complex management ***,we explor. how the r.sist–Accept–Dir.ct(r.D)fr.mewor. may enhance lar.e-r.ver.management by pr.moting coor.inated and deliber.te r.sponses to social-ecological tr.jector.es of *** r.D fr.me-wor. identifies the full decision space of potential management appr.aches,wher.in manager. may r.sist change to maintain histor.cal conditions,accept change towar. differ.nt conditions,or.dir.ct change to a specified futur. with novel *** the Upper.Mississippi r.ver.System,manager. ar. facing social-ecological tr.nsfor.ations fr.m mor. fr.quent and extr.me high-water.*** illustr.te how r.D-infor.ed basin-,r.ach-,and site-scale decisions could:(1)pr.vide cr.ss-spatial scale fr.ming;(2)open the entir. decision space of potential management appr.aches;and(3)enhance coor.inated inter.jur.sdictional management in r.sponse to the tr.jector. of the Upper.Mississippi r.ver.*** The r.D fr.mewor. helps identify plausible long-ter. tr.jector.es in differ.nt r.aches(or.subbasins)of the r.ver.and how the associated social-ecological tr.nsfor.ations could be managed by alter.ng site-scale *** r.ach-scale objectives may r.pr.or.tize how,wher.,and when site conditions could be alter.d to contr.bute to the basin goal,given the basin’s plausible tr.jector.es of change(e.g.,by coor.inating action acr.ss sites to alter.habitat connectivity,diver.ity,and r.dundancy in the r.ver.mosaic).Conclusions When faced with long-ter. systemic tr.nsfor.ations(e.g.,>50 year.),the r.D fr.mewor. helps explicitly consider.whether.or.when the basin vision or.goals may no longer.be achievable,and dir.ct options may open y

关键词： Ecosystem Management Tr.nsfor.ation Social-ecological system Anthr.pocene Climate change Basin planning Cr.ss-scale inter.ctions

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r.view of the r.le of abdominal imaging in ir.itable bowel syndr.me

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Wor.d Jour.al of r.diology 2018年第11期10卷 143-149页

作者： r.char. G Kavanagh john O'Gr.dy Br.an W Car.y owen J O'Connor.Michael M Maher Depar.ment of r.diology Cork University Hospital Depar.ment of Gastr.enter.logy Cork University Hospital APC Micr.biome Ir.land University College Cork

The r.le of r.diologic imaging in the investigation of ir.itable bowel syndr.me(IBS) r.mains a subject of debate and ther. is some evidence, fr.m r.cent studies of utilization of imaging in IBS, which focused on associated costs and r.diation exposur., that imaging is being used r.latively widely in these patients. This r.view aims to assess cur.ent best evidence to accur.tely define the r.le of r.diologic imaging in IBS patients. Pr.mar. and secondar. liter.tur. sear.hes wer. per.or.ed. Evidence suggests that the lack of "r.d flag" or.alar. featur.s in IBS patients should r.assur. the clinician that the diagnosis of IBS is cor.ect and United States and United Kingdom guidelines r.commend no r.diologic imaging for.IBS patients if alar. featur.s ar. not pr.sent. In patients pr.senting with IBS symptoms and alar. featur.s, r.diologic testing may be used to exclude an alter.ative diagnosis and the imaging modality should be chosen based on the most likely alter.ative diagnosis.

关键词： Abdominal imaging r.me cr.ter.a Ir.itable bowel syndr.me

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Ar.tic spr.ng: the ar.ival biology of migr.nt bir.s

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动物学报 2004年第6期50卷 948-960页

作者： john C.WINGFIELD Noah owen-ASHLEY Z.Mor.an BENOWITZ-Fr.D-Er.CKS Shar.n E.LYNN Thomas P.HAHN Har.ka WADA Cr.agh Br.-UNEr.Simone L.MEDDLE L.Michael r.MEr. Depar.ment of Zoology Box 351800.University of WashingtonScattleWashington 98195USA Depar.ment of Zoology Box 351800University of Wsshington.Scattle.Washington 98195USA Depar.ment of Biology College of WoosterWoasterOhio 44691USA Section of Neur.biology Physiology and BehaviorUniversity of CaliforniaDavisCalifornis 95616USA Integr.tive Biology Patterson LabsRm 141University of TexasAustinTexas 78712USA Labor.tor. of Neur.endocr.nology School of Biomedical and Clinical Laborstory SciencesUnivereity of Edinburgh.Hugh Robson BuildingGeorge SquareEdinbungh EH89XD.UK Depar.ment of Biology Tuftus UniversityMedfordMassachusetts 02155.USA

On ar.ival in the Ar.tic, migr.nt bir.s must adjust their.physiology and behavior.to unpr.dictable snow cover. weather. food sour.es and pr.dator.pr.ssur.. In other.wor.s they must be r.sistant to envir.nmental per.ur.ations (str.ss) so that they can migr.te to their.tundr. nesting ar.as and settle on ter.itor.es as soon as possible. They can then begin br.eding as soon as when envir.nmental conditions become favor.ble. They do this par.ly by using micr.-habitats such as ar.as wher. snow depth is low, and patches of tundr. that melt out r.pidly (especially near.willows Salix sp). Gr.und temper.tur.s incr.ase dr.matically within hour. after.exposur. to sun; and inver.ebr.te activity begins simultaneously. Wind speeds ar. attenuated almost completely within 10 cm of the gr.und in willows and tussock tundr.. The combination of these conditions pr.vides an ideal r.fuge, especially for.passer.ne migr.nts in ear.y spr.ng. However. if conditions wor.en, the bir.s can leave. Ther. ar. adjustments of the adr.nocor.ical r.sponses to str.ss because ar.tic conditions in spr.ng ar. potentially sever., at least compar.d with winter.ng gr.unds to the south. Secr.tion of cor.icoster.ne in r.sponse to acute str.ss is enhanced at ar.ival in males, accompanied by a decr.ase in sensitivity to negative feedback and a change in r.sponsiveness of the adr.nal cor.ex cells to adr.nocor.icotr.pin. Ther. is also an incr.ase in levels of cor.icoster.ne-binding globulin (CBG) so that the actions of cor.icoster.ne ar. buffer.d accor.ing to the sever.ty of envir.nmental conditions. r.gulation at the level of genomic r.ceptor., par.icular.y the low affinity glucocor.icoster.id-like r.ceptor.for.cor.icoster.ne in br.in and liver. may be impor.ant; and non-genomic actions of cor.icoster.ne may play a major.r.le too. In other.wor.s, the hor.one-behavior.system associated with ar.ival biology is highly flexible.

关键词： Ar.tic Migr.tion Str.ss Adr.nal Cor.icoster.ne r.ceptor

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john McCar.hy谈专家系统

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计算机科学 1990年第6期17卷 1-4页

作者： owen,K 王献昌

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