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活性氮和世界:200年的变化

AMBIO－人类环境杂志 2002年第2期31卷 64-71页

作者： james n.galloway Ellis B.Cowling 王宁美国弗吉尼亚大学北卡罗莱纳州立大学

本文通过将19世纪后期和20世纪后期的氮流动情况进行对比,分析了食物和能源生产对全球氮循环的影响。我们虽然对人类产生的活性氮的数量及其释放到环境所产生的主要影响有了充分的认识,但是,我们对于环境库中氮的累积速度缺乏了解,由于... 详细信息

本文通过将19世纪后期和20世纪后期的氮流动情况进行对比,分析了食物和能源生产对全球氮循环的影响。我们虽然对人类产生的活性氮的数量及其释放到环境所产生的主要影响有了充分的认识,但是,我们对于环境库中氮的累积速度缺乏了解,由于积累在环境中的氮具有阶式效应,因此,对其在环境中的积累尚有不明之处。未来活性氮的产生、分布状况及其形成速度增加的可能性(尤其是在亚洲)存在巨大的区域性差异,因而需要制定'总活性氮措施',以优化食物和能源生产,保护环境系统。

关键词：人类食物氮循环氮阶式效应环境活性氮世界变化

2020年:人口增长和发展对氧化氮沉降的影响

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人类环境杂志 1994年第2期23卷 120-123页

作者： james n.galloway HiramLevy Ⅱ Prasad S.Kasibhatla 刘文新朱志辉美国弗吉尼亚大学美国国家海洋大气局佐治亚理工学院

由于当今世界人口已达53亿,矿物燃料和生物量的燃烧已经大大增加了固定氮向全球大气的排放。在2020年,估计世界人口将达85亿,假定那时欠发达国家的人均能源消费比1980年增加100%,我们预测较发达地区(例如北美洲)的氮沉积总量将增加25%... 详细信息

由于当今世界人口已达53亿,矿物燃料和生物量的燃烧已经大大增加了固定氮向全球大气的排放。在2020年,估计世界人口将达85亿,假定那时欠发达国家的人均能源消费比1980年增加100%,我们预测较发达地区(例如北美洲)的氮沉积总量将增加25%左右。另外,欠发达地区(例如东南亚和拉丁美洲)的活性氮沉积将至少增加1倍,而北半球海洋区域的氮沉积将增加50%以上。虽然我们也预测南半球大部分地区(特别是非洲、热带东太平洋、南大西洋和印度洋)由矿物燃料产生的氮沉积会显著增加,但这些地区的生物量燃烧和氮氧化物的天然来源(闪电和源于生物的土壤排放)也是重要的。氮沉积的增加对于陆地和海洋生态系统有施肥的潜力,从而导致碳的吸收。氮沉积的增加也使生态系统酸化,并增加一氧化氮(nO)、与一氧化二氮(n_2O)、碳酰硫(COS)和二硫化碳(CS_2)向大气的排放,还使森林土壤中的甲烷(CH_4)消耗减少。我们还发现,在整个北半球的大部分地区和南半球的人口密集区大气中的氮氧化物含量显著增加。这可能导致臭氧浓度增大,从而增加远方大气的氧化能力和对红外辐射的吸收能力。

关键词：世界人口氧化氮沉降生态系统

美国1961～2000年氮使用量的变化及未来趋势预测

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AMBIO－人类环境杂志 2002年第2期31卷 88-96页

作者： Robert W.Howarth Elizabeth W.Boyer Wendy J.Pabich james n.galloway 闵庆文康奈尔大学纽约州立大学美国弗吉尼亚大学

从1961～1997年,因人类活动而输入到美国的氮翻了一番,特别是在上个世纪60年代和70年代,其增长量最大。尽管无机氮肥的使用量增长最大,但矿物燃料燃烧所造成的nO_x排放,也有明显的增加。1961年,美国农业生产系统中的生物固氮量是活性氮... 详细信息

从1961～1997年,因人类活动而输入到美国的氮翻了一番,特别是在上个世纪60年代和70年代,其增长量最大。尽管无机氮肥的使用量增长最大,但矿物燃料燃烧所造成的nO_x排放,也有明显的增加。1961年,美国农业生产系统中的生物固氮量是活性氮的最大来源;到了1997年,尽管生物固氮量也有增加,但相比而言,无机氮肥的使用和nO_x的排放增加得更快,成为两个最大的氮源。1961～1997年,在输入到美国的活性氮中,有2/3发生了脱氮反应或者是被贮存在土壤与生物群落之中,有1/3输出到境外。在输出到境外的这部分氮中,通过河流流到海洋中的分量最大,其次是通过粮食和饲料出口而到其它国家以及通过大气平流传输到了海洋中。动物性蛋白的消费是美国农业系统中氮使用的主要驱动因子,如果饮食方式或农业生产方式不发生改变,在来来30年的时间里,美国肥料的使用量将继续增长,流向海洋中的氮通量将可能再增长30%,但也有可能出现下降。

关键词：美国氮使用量变化趋势预测活性氮输入输出氮循环

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活性氮:多多益善?

AMBIO－人类环境杂志 2002年第2期31卷 60-62页

作者： james n.galloway Ellis B.Cowling Sybil P.Seitzinger Robert H.Socolow 赵海珍美国弗吉尼亚大学北卡罗莱纳州立大学 Rutgers大学普林斯顿大学

尺度和范围1790年,Jean Claude Chaptal将元素周期表中的第14个元素命名为"氮"[1].两个世纪后,氮在生物地球化学过程中的作用和其作为一种必需营养元素的重大功能得到了很好的理解.我们知道,人类(以及植物和动物)的生存离不开氮;大气中... 详细信息

尺度和范围1790年,Jean Claude Chaptal将元素周期表中的第14个元素命名为"氮"[1].两个世纪后,氮在生物地球化学过程中的作用和其作为一种必需营养元素的重大功能得到了很好的理解.我们知道,人类(以及植物和动物)的生存离不开氮;大气中大量存在的氮气(n2)是植物和动物不能直接利用的一种化学形式;只有少数特殊的微生物能够将大气中的氮转化("固定")为植物、动物可以利用的活性氮(活性氮)[2];另一小群体的微生物能够将活性氮转化(反硝化)为氮气.

关键词：人类健康环境食物生产能源生产活性氮

Targeting muscle to treat Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease

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neural Regeneration Research 2024年第8期19卷 1653-1654页

作者： David Villarroel-Campos james n.Sleigh Department of neuromuscular Diseases and UCL Queen Square Motor neuron Disease Centre UCL Queen Square Institute of NeurologyUniversity College LondonLondonUK UK Dementia Research Institute University College LondonLondonUK

Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease(CMT)is a hereditary peripheral neuropathy causing muscle weakness/wasting and sensory dysfunction predominantly in limb *** patients display gait abnormalities,foot deformities,loss of sens... 详细信息

关键词： Marie sensation neuropathy

Aerosol jet printing of surface acoustic wave microfluidic devices

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Microsystems & nanoengineering 2024年第1期10卷 231-242页

作者： Joseph Rich Brian Cole Teng Li Brandon Lu Hanyu Fu Brittany n.Smith Jianping Xia Shujie Yang Ruoyu Zhong james L.Doherty Kanji Kaneko Hiroaki Suzuki Zhenhua Tian Aaron D.Franklin Tony Jun Huang Department of Biomedical Engineering Duke UniversityDurhamNC 27708USA Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering Duke UniversityDurhamNC 27708USA Department of Mechanical Engineering Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State UniversityBlacksburgVA 24061USA Thomas Lord Department of Mechanical Engineering and Materials Science Duke UniversityDurhamNC 27708USA Deptartment of Precision Mechanics Faculty of Science and EngineeringChuo UniversityTokyo 112-8551Japan Department of Chemistry Duke UniversityDurhamNC 27708USA

The addition of surface acoustic wave(SAW)technologies to microfluidics has greatly advanced lab-on-a-chip applications due to their unique and powerful attributes,including high-precision manipulation,versatility,integrability,biocompatibility,contactless nature,and rapid ***,the development of SAW microfluidic devices is limited by complex and time-consuming micro/nanofabrication techniques and access to cleanroom facilities for multistep photolithography and vacuum-based *** simplify the fabrication of SAW microfluidic devices with customizable dimensions and functions,we utilized the additive manufacturing technique of aerosol jet *** successfully fabricated customized SAW microfluidic devices of varying materials,including silver nanowires,graphene,and poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene)polystyrene sulfonate(PEDOT:PSS).To characterize and compare the acoustic actuation performance of these aerosol jet printed SAW microfluidic devices with their cleanroom-fabricated counterparts,the wave displacements and resonant frequencies of the different fabricated devices were directly measured through scanning laser Doppler ***,to exhibit the capability of the aerosol jet printed devices for lab-on-a-chip applications,we successfully conducted acoustic streaming and particle concentration ***,we demonstrated a novel solution-based,direct-write,single-step,cleanroom-free additive manufacturing technique to rapidly develop SAW microfluidic devices that shows viability for applications in the fields of biology,chemistry,engineering,and medicine.

关键词： printing wave fluid

Synthesis of carbon nitride in potassium hydroxide molten salt for efficient uranium extraction from radioactive wastewater

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Frontiers of Environmental Science & Engineering 2024年第8期18卷 89-99页

作者： Shuang Liu Junhan Luo Daniel-james Maguire Liyuan Zheng Zhe Wang Yuexiang Lu Institute of nuclear and new Energy Technology Tsinghua UniversityBeijing 100084China nuclear Research Institute for Future Technology and Policy Seoul National UniversitySeoul 08826Republic of Korea Department of Earth Sciences University of CambridgeCambridge CB23EQUK The MOE Key Laboratory of Resources and Environmental System Optimization College of Environmental Science and EngineeringNorth China Electric Power UniversityBeijing 102206China

Photocatalysis-assisted removal of uranium has been proven as an effective method for the elimination of radioactive pollution from *** this work,carbon nitride materials were synthesized in potassium hydroxide(KOH)molten salt and applied to photocatalytic uranyl *** materials were confirmed to possess the triazine-s-heptazine structure by nMR,XPS and UV-Vis characterization,and exhibited a wider visible light absorption than graphitic carbon nitride(g-C_(3)n_(4)).The photocatalytic activity of the carbon nitride materials was tailored by varying the precursor mass *** carbon nitride obtained at 80%melamine as precursor(K-Cn-80)exhibited the highest photocatalytic extraction ability and its photocatalytic reaction rate is 6.6 times faster than that of g-C_(3)n_(4).The influence of sacrificial agents was studied and the results showed that triethanolamine inhibited U(Ⅵ)photoreduction,but methanol can accelerate U(Ⅵ)photoreduction by consuming photogenerated *** unary KOH molten salt synthesis method has exceptional potential applications in the preparation of carbon nitrides,and the obtained products showed potential in extracting U(Ⅵ)from aqueous solutions for use in nuclear fuel industry and for U(Ⅵ)environmental pollution cleanup.

关键词： Uranium Carbon nitride Molten salt Photocatalysis Radioactive wastewater

Recent Ventures in Interdisciplinary Arctic Research:The ARCPATH Project

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Advances in Atmospheric Sciences 2024年第8期41卷 1559-1568页

作者： Astrid E.J.OGILVIE Leslie A.KInG noel KEEnLYSIDE François COUnILLOn Brynhildur DAVIÐSDÓTTIR níels EInARSSOn Sergey GULEV Ke FAn Torben KOEnIGK james R.MCGOODWIn Marianne H.RASMUSSOn Shuting YAnG Institute of Arctic and Alpine Research(InSTAAR) University of ColoradoBoulder CO 80303USA Stefansson Arctic Institute AkureyriÍS-600Iceland Royal Roads University BC V9B 5Y2Canada University of Bergen Bergen N-5007Norway nansen Environmental and Remote Sensing Centre Bergen N-5007Norway University of Iceland Reykjavík 102Iceland Shirshov Institute of Oceanology Moscow 117218Russia Moscow State University Moscow 11991Russia Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100045China Swedish Meteorological and Hydrological Institute SE-60176 NorrköpingSweden Danish Meteorological Institute CopenhagenØ2100Denmark Obukhov Institute of Atmospheric Physics RAS119017MoscowRussia

This paper celebrates Professor Yongqi GAO's significant achievement in the field of interdisciplinary studies within the context of his final research project Arctic Climate Predictions: Pathways to Resilient Sustainable Societies-ARCPATH(https://***/en/projects/finished-projects/arcpath). The disciplines represented in the project are related to climatology, anthropology, marine biology, economics, and the broad spectrum of social-ecological studies. Team members were drawn from the nordic countries, Russia, China, the United States, and Canada. The project was transdisciplinary as well as interdisciplinary as it included collaboration with local knowledge holders. ARCPATH made significant contributions to Arctic research through an improved understanding of the mechanisms that drive climate variability in the Arctic. In tandem with this research, a combination of historical investigations and social, economic, and marine biological fieldwork was carried out for the project study areas of Iceland, Greenland, norway, and the surrounding seas, with a focus on the joint use of ocean and sea-ice data as well as social-ecological drivers. ARCPATH was able to provide an improved framework for predicting the near-term variation of Arctic climate on spatial scales relevant to society, as well as evaluating possible related changes in socioeconomic realms. In summary, through the integration of information from several different disciplines and research approaches, ARCPATH served to create new and valuable knowledge on crucial issues, thus providing new pathways to action for Arctic communities.

关键词： Recent Ventures in Interdisciplinary Arctic Research:The ARCPATH Project

Ranking environmental and edaphic attributes driving soil microbial community structure and activity with special attention to spatial and temporal scales

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mLife 2024年第1期3卷 21-41页

作者： Vadakattu V.S.R.Gupta james M.Tiedje CSIRO Agriculture&Food UrrbraeSouth AustraliaAustralia Centre for Microbial Ecology Michigan State UniversityEast LansingMichiganUSA

The incredibly complex soil microbial communities at small scales make their analysis and identification of reasons for the observed structures *** community structure is mainly a result of the inoculum(dispersal),the selective advantages of those organisms under the habitat-based environmental attributes,and the ability of those colonizers to sustain themselves over *** soil is protective,and its microbial inhabitants have long adapted to varied soil conditions,significant portions of the soil microbial community structure are likely ***,a substantial portion of the community will not correlate to often measured soil *** suggest that the drivers be ranked on the basis of their importance to the fundamental needs of the microbes:(i)those that supply energy,i.e.,organic carbon and electron acceptors;(i)environmental effectors or stressors,i.e.,pH,salt,drought,and toxic chemicals;(ii)macro-organism associations,i.e.,plants and their seasonality,animals and their fecal matter,and soil fauna;and(iv)nutrients,in order,n,P,and probably of lesser importance,other micronutrients,and *** relevance of drivers also varies with spatial and time scales,for example,aggregate to field to regional,and persistent to dynamic populations to transcripts,and with the extent of phylogenetic difference,hence phenotypic differences in organismal *** present a summary matrix to provide guidance on which drivers are important for particular studies,with special emphasis on a wide range of spatial and temporal scales,and illustrate this with genomic and population(rRnA gene)data from selected studies.

关键词： abundance community structure diversity functional microbiome microorganisms