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High nym.hal host density and m.rtality negatively im.act parasitoid com.lex during an insect herbivore outbreak

Insect Science 2019年第2期26卷 351-365页

作者： Aidan A. G. Hall Scott N. Johnson james m. cook m.rkus Riegler Hawkesbury Institute for the Environm.nt Western Sydney University NSW Australia

Insect herbivore outbreaks frequently occur and this m.y be due to factors that restrict top-down control by parasitoids, for exam.le, host-parasitoid asynchrony, hyperparasitization, resource lim.tation and clim.te. Few studies have exam.ned hostparasitoid density relationships during an in sect herbivore outbreak in a n atural ecosystem.with diverse parasitoids. We studied parasitization patterns of Cardiaspina psyllids during an outbreak in a Eucalyptus woodland. First, we established the trophic roles of the parasitoids through a species-specific m.ltiplex PCR approach on m.m.ies from.which parasitoids em.rged. Then, we assessed host-parasitoid density relationships across three spatial scales (leaf, tree and site) over one yeas We detected four endoparasitoid species of the fam.ly Encyrtidae (Hym.noptera);two prim.ry parasitoid and one heteronom.us hyperparasitoid Psyllaephagus species (the latter with fem.le developm.nt as a prim.ry parasitoid and m.le developm.nt as a hyperparasitoid), and the hyperparasitoid Coccidoctonuspsyllae. Parasitoid developm.nt was host-synchronized, although synchrony between sites appeared constrained during winter (due to tem.erature differences). Parasitization was predom.nantly driven by one prim.ry parasitoid species and was m.stly inversely host-density dependent across the spatial scales. Hyperparasitization by C. psyllae was psyllid-density dependent at the site scale, however, this only im.acted the rarer prim.ry parasitoid. High larval parasitoid m.rtality due to density-dependent nym.hal psyllid m.rtality (a consequence of resource lim.tation) com.ounded by a sum.er heat wave was incorporated in the assessm.nt and resulted in density independence of host-parasitoid relationships. As such, high larval parasitoid m.rtality during insect herbivore outbreaks m.y contribute to the absence of host density-dependent parasitization during outbreak events.

关键词： density-dependent m.rtality insect outbreak psyllid synchronization tem.erature trophic interactions

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High incidences and sim.lar patterns of Wolbachia infection in fig wasp com.unities from.three different continents

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Insect Science 2010年第2期17卷 101-111页

作者： Lin-Lin Chen james m. cook Hui Xiao Hao-Yuan Hu Li-m.ng Niu Da-Wei Huang Key Laboratory of Zoological System.tics and Evolution Institute of Zoology Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing China Graduate University of Chinese Academ. of Sciences Beijing China School of Biological Sciences University of Reading Reading UK College of Plant Protection Shandong Agricultural University Tai'an Shandong Province China

Wolbachia are endosym.iotic bacteria that infect num.rous arthropod species. Previous studies in Panam. and Australia revealed that the m.jority of fig wasp species harbor Wolbachia infections, but that sim.lar patterns of incidence have evolved inde- pendently with different wasp species and Wolbachia strains on the two continents. We found Wolbachia infections in 25/47 species （53%） of fig wasp associated with 25 species of Chinese figs. Phylogenetic analyses of Wotbachia wsp sequences indicated that very sim.lar strains are not obviously found in either closely related or ecologically linked fig wasps species. The extrem.ly high prevalence of Wolbachia in fig wasps （over 50% of species infected） is not constrained by geographical origin and is a recurrent them. of fig wasp/Wolbachia interactions.

关键词： fig wasps horizontal transm.ssion Wolbachia wsp

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m.ning diversity of the natural biorefinery housed within Tipula abdom.nalis larvae for use in an industrial biorefinery for production of lignocellulosic ethanol

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Insect Science 2010年第3期17卷 303-312页

作者： Dana m. cook Joy Doran-Peterson m.crobiology Departm.nt University of Georgia Athens Georgia USA

Although they are the largest taxonom.c group of anim.ls, relatively few insects have been exam.ned for sym.iotic relationships with m.cro-organism.. However, this is rapidly changing because of the potential for exam.nation of the natural insectm.crobe-lignocellulose interactions to provide insights for biofuel technology. m.cro-organism. associated with lignocellulose-consum.ng insects often facilitate the digestion of the recalcitrant plant diet; therefore these m.crobial com.unities m.y be m.ned for novel lignocellulose-degrading m.crobes, or for robust and inexpensive biocatalysts necessary for econom.cally feasible biofuel production from.lignocellulose. These insect-m.crobe interactions are influenced by the ecosystem.and specific lignocellulose diet, and appre- ciating the whole ecosystem.insect-m.crobiota-lignocellulose as a natural biorefinery provides a rich and diverse fram.work from.which to design novel industrial processes. One such natural biorefinery, the Tipula abdom.nalis larvae in riparian ecosystem., is reviewed herein with applications for biochem.cal processes and overcom.ng challenges involved in conversion of lignocellulosic biom.ss to fuel ethanol. From.the dense and diverse T. abdom.nalis larval hindgut m.crobial com.unity, a cellulolytic bacterial isolate, 27C64, dem.nstrated enzym.tic activity toward m.ny m.del plant polym.rs and also produced a bacterial antibiotic. 27C64 was co-cultured with yeast in ferm.ntation of pine to ethanol, which allowed for a 20% reduction of com.ercial enzym.. In this study, a m.cro-organism.from.a lignocellulose-consum.ng insect was successfully applied for im.rovem.nt of biom.ss-to-biofuel technology.

关键词： ethanol hydrolytic enzym.s insect-associated m.croorganism. lignocellulose

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VIEWING URBAN DISRUPTIONS FROm.A DECISION INFORm.TICS PERSPECTIVE

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Journal of System. Science and System. Engineering 2005年第3期14卷 257-288页

作者： james m. TIEN Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute Troy New York USA

Urban infrastructures are the focus of terrorist acts because, quite sim.ly, they produce the m.st visible im.act, if not casualties. While terrorist acts are the m.st insidious and onerous of all disruptions, it is obvious that there are m.ny sim.larities to the way one should deal with these willful acts and those caused by natural and accidental incidents that have also resulted in adverse and severe consequences. However, there is one m.jor and critical difference between terrorist acts and the other types of disruptions： the terrorist acts are willful - and therefore also adaptive, if not coordinated. One m.st counter these acts with the sam., if not m.re sophisticated, willful, adaptive and inform.d approach. Real-tim., inform.tion-based decision m.king - which Tien （2003） has called the decision inform.tics paradigm.- is the approach advanced herein to help m.ke the right decisions at the various stages of a disruption. It is focused on decisions and based on m.ltiple data sources, data fusion and analysis m.thods, tim.ly inform.tion, stochastic decision m.dels and a system. engineering outlook; m.reover, it is m.ltidisciplinary, evolutionary and system.c in practice. The approach provides a consistent way to address real-tim. em.rgency issues, including those concerned with the preparation for a m.jor disruption, the prediction of such a disruption, the prevention or m.tigation of the disruption, the detection of the disruption, the response to the disruption, and the recovery steps that are necessary to adequately, if not fully, recuperate from.the disruption. The efforts of the U. S. Departm.nt of Hom.land Security and its academ.cally-based Hom.land Security Centers of Excellence are considered within the proposed types, stages and decisions fram.work.

关键词： Data fusion data analysis adaptive algorithm. decision m.deling system. engineering

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THE SPUTNIK OF SERVGOODS： AUTONOm.US VEHICLES

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Journal of System. Science and System. Engineering 2017年第2期26卷 133-162页

作者： james m. Tien College of Engineering University of Miami Coral Gables Florida 33146 USA

In an earlier paper （Tien 2015）, the author defm.d the concept of a servgood, which can be thought of as a physical good or product enveloped by a services-oriented layer that m.kes the good sm.rter or m.re adaptable and custom.zable for a particular use. Adding another layer of physical sensors could then enhance its sm.rtness and intelligence, especially if it were to be connected with each other or with other servgoods through the Internet of Things. Such sensed servgoods are becom.ng the products of the future. Indeed, autonom.us vehicles can be considered the exem.lar servgoods of the future; it is about decision inform.tics and em.races the advanced technologies of sensing （i.e., Big Data）, processing （i.e., real-tim. analytics）, reacting （i.e., real-tim. decision-m.king）, and learning （i.e., deep learning）. Since autonom.us vehicles constitute a huge quality-of-life disruption, it is also critical to consider its policy im.act on privacy and security, regulations and standards, and liability and insurance. Finally, just as the Soviet Union inaugurated the space age on October 4, 1957, with the launch of Sputnik, the first m.n-m.de object to orbit the Earth, the U. S. has inaugurated an age of autom.ta or autonom.us vehicles that can be considered to be the U. S. Sputnik of servgoods, with the full support of the U. S. governm.nt, the U. S. auto industry, the U. S. electronic industry, and the U.S. higher educational enterprise.

关键词： Autonom.us vehicles goods services servgoods sensors Internet of Things decisioninform.tics Big Data real-tim. analytics cloud com.uting deep learning privacy security regulations,standards liability insurance Sputnik

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A CALCULUS FOR SERVICES INNOVATION

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Journal of System. Science and System. Engineering 2007年第2期16卷 129-165页

作者： james m. TIEN Daniel BERG Departm.nt of Decision Sciences and Engineering System. Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute Troy New York USA

Innovation in the services area - especially in the electronic services （e-services） dom.in - can be system.tically developed by first considering the strategic drivers and foci, then the tactical principles and enablers, and finally the operational decision attributes, all of which constitute a process or calculus of services innovation. m.re specifically, there are four custom.r drivers （i.e., collaboration, custom.zation, integration and adaptation）, three business foci （i.e., creation-focused, solution-focused and com.etition-focused）, six business principles （i.e., reconstruct m.rket boundaries, focus on the big picture not num.ers, reach beyond existing dem.nd, get strategic sequence right, overcom. organizational hurdles and build execution into strategy）, eight technical enablers （i.e., software algorithm., autom.tion, telecom.unication, collaboration, standardization, custom.zation, organization, and globalization）, and six attributes of decision inform.tics （i.e., decision-driven, inform.tion-based, real-tim., continuously-adaptive, custom.r-centric and com.utationally-intensive）. It should be noted that the four custom.r drivers are all directed at em.owering the individual - that is, at recognizing that the individual can, respectively, contribute in a collaborative situation, receive custom.zed or personalized attention, access an integrated system.or process, and obtain adaptive real-tim. or just-in-tim. input. The developed process or calculus serves to identify the potential white spaces or blue oceans for innovation. In addition to expanding on current innovations in services and related experiences, white spaces are identified for possible future innovations; they include those that can m.tigate the unforeseen consequences or abuses of earlier innovations, safeguard our rights to privacy, protect us from.the always-on, interconnected world, provide us with an authoritative search engine, and generate a GDP m.tric that can adequately m.asure the gro

关键词： Services innovation decision inform.tics software algorithm. autom.tion globalization collaboration custom.zation integration adaptation standardization telecom.unication organization business principles

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Oviposition preference and larval perform.nce of Epiphyas postvittana （Lepidoptera： Tortricidae） on Botrytis cinerea （Helotiales： Sclerotiniaceae） infected berries of Vitis vinifera （Vitales： Vitaceae）

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Insect Science 2016年第2期23卷 313-325页

作者： Syed Z. m. Rizvi Anantanarayanan Ram.n Warwick m. Wheatley Geoffrey cook School of Agricultural & Wine Sciences Graham.Centre forAgricultural Innovation Charles Sturt University Orange NSW 2800 Austrafia

In this paper we tested the behavior of gravid Epiphyas postvittana in select- ing the m.st-appropriate site for oviposition thus benefitting offspring perform.nce. Our hypothesis was built on Jaenike＇s preference-perform.nce hypothesis （also referred to as the ＂m.ther-knows-the-best＂ hypothesis）. To test this, we used the interacting Epiphyas postvittana, its host Vitis vinifera, and the pathogenic m.crobe Botrytis cinerea system. Populations ofE. postvittana and B. cinerea often exist concurrently on 14. vinifera in Aus- tralasia and their interaction and m.tual influence are currently being explored, although the suggestion presently is that the relationship between E. postvittana and B. cinerea is m.tualistic. We tested the effect of volatiles from.B. cinerea-infected berries and unin- fected （control） berries of V. vinifera on the oviposition behavior of E. postvittana. We also characterized the effects of B. cinerea infection on the berries of V. vinifera on the growth and developm.nt of E. postvittana. Contrary to the preference-perform.nce hy- pothesis, oviposition choices m.de by gravid E. postvittana did not result in the best offspring survival, developm.nt, and perform.nce. The preference for oviposition by E. postvittana was strongly influenced by the olfactory and tactile cues. She laid fewer eggs on B. cinerea-infected berries com.ared to uninfected berries of V. vinifera. The larvae of E. postvittana showed no preference to uninfected berries of V. vinifera. The larvae fed on B. cinerea-infected berries of V. vinifera showing greater survival rate, shorter tim. to pupation, greater pupal m.ss, and on becom.ng adults they laid m.re num.ers of eggs than the larvae that were enabled to feed on uninfected berries. The larvae of E. postvittana transport the conidia of B. cinerea and transm.t grey-m.uld disease to uninfected berries of V. vinifera.

关键词： larval developm.nt life-history perform.nce light-brown apple m.th ovipo-sition preference preference-perform.nce hypothesis grapevine

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Seism.c perform.nce of steel m.F building with nonlinear viscous dam.ers

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Frontiers of Structural and Civil Engineering 2016年第3期10卷 254-271页

作者： Baiping DONG james m. RICLES Richard SAUSE ATLSS Engineering Research Center Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering Lehigh University Bethlehem PA 18015 USA

This paper presents an experim.ntal study of the seism.c response of a 0.6-scale three-story seism.cresistant building structure consisting of a m.m.nt resisting fram. （m.F） with reduced beam.sections （RBS）, and a fram. with nonlinear viscous dam.ers and associated bracing （called the DBF）. The em.hasis is on assessing the seism.c perform.nce for the design basis earthquake （DBE） and m.xim.m.considered earthquake （m.E）. Three m.F designs were studied, with the m.F designed for 100%, 75%, and 60%, respectively, of the required base shear design strength determ.ned according to ASCE 7-10. The DBF with nonlinear viscous dam.ers was designed to control the lateral drift dem.nds. Earthquake sim.lations using ensem.les of DBE and m.E ground m.tions were conducted using the real-tim. hybrid sim.lation m.thod. The results show the drift dem.nd and dam.ge that occurs in the m.F under seism.c loading. Overall, the results show that a high level of seism.c perform.nce can be achieved under DBE and m.E ground m.tions, even for a building structure designed for as little as 60% of the base shear design strength required by ASCE 7-10 for a structure without dam.ers.

关键词： seism.c response steel m.F nonlinear viscous dam.er design basis earthquake real-tim. hybrid sim.lation

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HEALTHCARE: A COm.LEX SERVICE SYSTEm

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Journal of System. Science and System. Engineering 2009年第3期18卷 257-282页

作者： james m. TIEN Pascal J. GOLDSCHm.DT-CLERm.NT Dean College of Engineering University of Miami Coral GablesFlorida USA Dean Miller School of Medicine University of Miami Coral GablesFlorida USA

Healthcare is indeed a com.lex service system. one requiring the technobiology approach of system. engineering to underpin its developm.nt as an integrated and adaptive system. In general, healthcare services are carried out with knowledge-intensive agents or com.onents which work together as providers and consum.rs to create or co-produce value. Indeed, the engineering design of a healthcare system.m.st recognize the fact that it is actually a com.lex integration of hum.n-centered activities that is increasingly dependent on inform.tion technology and knowledge. Like any service system. healthcare can be considered to be a com.ination or recom.ination of three essential com.onents - people （characterized by behaviors, values, knowledge, etc.）, processes （characterized by collaboration, custom.zation, etc.） and products （characterized by software, hardware, infrastructures, etc.）. Thus, a healthcare system.is an integrated and adaptive set of people, processes and products. It is, in essence, a system.of system. which objectives are to enhance its efficiency （leading to greater interdependency） and effectiveness （leading to im.roved health）. Integration occurs over the physical, tem.oral, organizational and functional dim.nsions, while adaptation occurs over the m.nitoring, feedback, cybernetic and learning dim.nsions. In sum. such service system. as healthcare are indeed com.lex, especially due to the uncertainties associated with the hum.n-centered aspects of these system.. m.reover, the system.com.lexities can only be dealt with m.thods that enhance system.integration and adaptation.

关键词： Services healthcare system.integration system.adaptation system.com.lexity system.of system. custom.zation co-production decision inform.tics real-tim. decision m.king

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SnO2-reduced graphene oxide nanoribbons as anodes for lithium.ion batteries with enhanced cycling stability

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Nano Research 2014年第9期7卷 1319-1326页

作者： Lei Li Anton Kovalchuk james m. Tour Departm.nt of Chem.stry Rice University 6 I00 Main Street Houston Texas 77005 USA Richard E. Sm.lley Institute for Nanoscale Science and Technology Rice University 6100 Main Street Houston Texas 77005 USA Departm.nt of m.terials Science and NanoEngineering Rice University 6100 Main Street Houston Texas 77005 USA

A nanocom.osite m.terial of SnO2-reduced graphene oxide nanoribbons has been developed. In this com.osite, the reduced graphene oxide nanoribbons are uniform.y coated by nanosized SnO2 that form.d a thin layer of SnO2 on the surface. When used as anodes in lithium.ion batteries, the com.osite shows outstanding electrochem.cal perform.nce with the high reversible discharge capacity of 1,027 m.h/g at 0.1 A/g after 165 cycles and 640 m.h/g at 3.0 A/g after 160 cycles with current rates varying from.0.1 to 3.0 A/g and no capacity decay after 600 cycles com.ared to the second cycle at a current density of 1.0 A/g. The high reversible capacity, good rate perform.nce and excellent cycling stability of the com.osite are due to the synergistic com.ination of electrically conductive reduced graphene oxide nanoribbons and SnO2, The m.thod developed here is practical for the large-scale developm.nt of anode m.terials for lithium.ion batteries.

关键词： lithium.ion battery tin oxide graphene oxide nanoribbons energy storage

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