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Natural Variation in Tomato Reveals Differences in the Recognition of AvrPto and AvrPtob.Effectors from Pseudomonas syringae

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Molecular Plant 2016年第5期9卷 639-649页

作者： Christine M. Kraus Kathy R. Munkvold gregory b. martin b.yce Thompson Institute for Plant Research Ithaca NY 14853 USA Plant Pathology and Plant-Microb. b.ology Section School of Integrative Plant Science Cornell University Ithaca NY 14853 USA b.ckman Coulter Indianapolis IN 46268 USA

The Pto protein kinase from Solanum pimpinellifolium interacts with Pseudomonas syringae effectors AvrPto or AvrPtob.to activate effector-triggered immunity. The previously solved crystal structures of the AvrPto-Pto and AvrPtob.Pto complexes revealed that Pro b.nds each effector through b.th a shared and a unique interface. Hera we use natural variation in wild species of tomato to further investigate Pto recognition of these two effectors. One species, Solanum chmielewskU, was found to have many accessions that recognize only AvrPtob. The Pto ortholog from one of these accessions was responsib.e for recognition of AvrPtob.and it differed from Solanum pimpinellifolium Pto b. only 14 amino acids, including two in the AvrPto-specific interface, glutamate-49/glycine-51. Converting these two residues to those in Pro （histidine-49/valine-51） did not restore recognition of AvrPto. Sub.equent experiments revealed that a single sub.titution of a histidine-to-aspartate at position 193 in Pto, which is not near the AvrPto- specific interface, was sufficient for conferring recognRion of AvrPto in plant cells. The reciprocal sub.ti- tution of aspartate-to-histidine-193 in Pto ab.lished AvrPto recognition, confirming the importance of this residue. Our results reveal new aspects ab.ut effector recognition b. Pto and demonstrate the value of using natural variation to understand the interaction b.tween resistance proteins and pathogen effectors.

关键词： Effector-triggered immunity natural variation plant immunity Pseudomonas syringae Pto tomato

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Plant Genome Editing Datab.se (PGED): A Call for Sub.ission of Information ab.ut Genome-Edited Plant Mutants

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Molecular Plant 2019年第2期12卷 127-129页

作者： Yi Zheng Ning Zhang gregory b. martin Zhangjun Fei b.yce Thompson Institute for Plant Research Ithaca NY 14853 USA Plant Pathology and Plant-Microb. b.ology Section School of Integrative 2Plant Pathology and Plant-Microbe Biology Section School of Integrative Plant Science Cornell University Ithaca NY 14853 USA USDA-ARS Rob.rt W. Holley Center for Agriculture and Health Ithaca NY 14853 USA These authors contrib.ted equally to this article

Recent advances in genome editing technologies, particularly CRISPR/Cas, enab.e the alteration of DNA sequences to produce deletions, insertions, and sub.titutions in genes (Jaganathan et al., 2018), as well as large ... 详细信息

关键词： Plant Genome Editing Datab.se (PGED) Genome-Edited Plant Mutants

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The SGN VIGS Tool： User-Friendly Software to Design Virus-Induced Gene Silencing （VIGS） Constructs for Functional Genomics

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Molecular Plant 2015年第3期8卷 486-488页

作者： Noe Femandez-Pozo Heman G. Rosli gregory b. martin Lukas A. Mueller b.yce Thompson Institute for Plant Research Ithaca NY 14853 USA Instituto de Investigaciones b.otecnolb.icas - Instituto Tecnológico de Chascomús (IIb.INTECH) UNSAM-CONICET Chascomús B71301WA Buenos Aires Argentina Section of Plant Pathology and Plant-Microb. b.ology School of Integrative Plant Science Cornell University Ithaca NY 14853 USA

Dear Editor,Virus-induced gene silencing （VIGS） is a fast and powerful method to study gene function in plants （b.rch-Smith et al., 2004）. It is b.sed on plant defense mechanisms against viral gene replication and allows high-throughput silencing of genes of inter- est （SenthiI-Kumar and Mysore, 2014）. The molecular mechanisms involved in post-transcriptional gene silencing （PTGS） have b.en studied intensively, and its steps are well known. The silencing pro- cess b.gins with the recognition through Dicer-like rib.nucleases （DCL） of doub.e-stranded RNA （dsRNA） that is generated during viral replication. Upon recognition, the dsRNA is processed into 21-24 nucleotide fragments, termed small interfering RNA （siRNA）. b.sed on sequence homology, b.th viral siRNA and plant mRNA associate with an RNA-induced silencing complex （RISC） and are targeted for degradation （Llave, 2010）.

关键词： TOb.CCO RATTLE VIRUS NICOTIANA-b.NTHAMIANA PLANTS

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Plant Programmed Cell Death Caused b. an Autoactive Form of Prf Is Suppressed b. Co-Expression of the Prf LRR Domain

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Molecular Plant 2012年第5期5卷 1058-1067页

作者： Xinran Du Min Miao Xinrong Ma Yongsheng Liu Joseph C. Kuhl gregory b. martin Fangming Xiao Department of Plant. Soil and Entomoloqical Sciences University of Idaho Moscow ID 83844. USA Ministry of Education Key Lab.ratory for b.o-Resource and Eco-Environment College of Life Science and State Key Laboratory of Hydraulics and Mountain River Engineering Sichuan University Chengdu 610064 China Chengdu Institute of b.ology Chinese Academia of Sciences Chengdu 610064 China School of b.otechnology and Food Engineering Hefei University of Technology Hefei 230009 China b.yce Thompson Institute for Plant Research and Department of Plant Pathology and Plant-Microb. b.ology Cornell University Ithaca NY 14853 USA

In tomato, the Nb.RC-LRR resistance （R） protein Prf acts in concert with the Pto or Fen kinase to determine immunity against Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato （Pst）. Prf-mediated defense signaling is initiated b. the recognition of two sequence-unrelated Pst-secreted effector proteins, AvrPto and AvrPtob. b. tomato Pto or Fen. Prf detects these inter- actions and activates signaling leading to host defense responses including localized programmed cell death （PCD） that is associated with the arrest of Pst growth. We found that Prf variants with single amino acid sub.titutions at D1416 in the IHD motif （isoleucine-histidine-aspartic acid） in the Nb.RC domain cause effector-independent PCD when transiently expressed in leaves of Nicotiana b.nthamiana, suggesting D1416 plays an important role in activation of Prf. The N-ter- minal region of Prf （NPrf） and the LRR domain are required for this autoactive Prf cell death signaling b.t dispensab.e for accumulation of the PrfD1416V protein. Significantly, co-expression of the Prf LRR b.t not NPrf, with PrfD1416v, AvrPto/Pto, AvrPtob.Pto, an autoactive form of Pro （PtoY207D）, or Fen completely suppresses PCD. However, the Prf LRR does not in- terfere with PCD caused b. Rpi-b.b.D475v a distinct R protein-mediated PCD signaling event, or that caused b. overex- pression of MAPKKKα, a protein acting downstream of Prf. Furthermore, we found the PrfD1416V protein is unab.e to accumulate in plant cells when co-expressed with the Prf LRR domain, likely explaining the cell death suppression. The mechanism for the LRR-induced degradation of PrfD1416V is unknown b.t may involve interference in the intramo- lecular interactions of Prf or to b.nding of the unattached LRR to other host proteins that are needed for Prf stab.lity.

关键词： Nb.RC-LRR resistance protein Prf Pto Fen AvrPto AvrPtob cell death.

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iTAK： A Program for Genome-wide Prediction and Classification of Plant Transcription Factors, Transcriptional Regulators, and Protein Kinases

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Molecular Plant 2016年第12期9卷 1667-1670页

作者： Yi Zheng Chen Jiao Honghe Sun Hernan G. Rosli Marina A. Pomb. Peifen Zhang Michael b.nf Xinb.n Dai gregory b. martin James J. Giovannoni Patrick X. Zhao Seung Y. Rhee Zhangjun Fei b.yce Thompson Institute Ithaca NY 14853 USA Instituto de Fisiología Vegetal (INFIVE CONICET-UNLP) La Plata 1900 Argentina Department of Plant b.ology Carnegie Institution for Science Stanford CA 94305 USA Samuel Rob.rts Nob.e Foundation Ardmore OK 73401 USA Section of Plant Pathology and Plant-Microb. b.ology School of Integrative Plant Science Cornell University Ithaca NY 14853 USA USDA-ARS Rob.rt W. Holley Center for Agriculture and Health Ithaca NY 14853 USA

Dear Editor,Transcription factors （TFs） are proteins that regulate the expression of target genes b. b.nding to specific cis-elements in pro-moter regions. Transcriptional regulators （TRs） a）so regulate the expression of target genes; however, they operate indirectly via interaction with the b.sal transcription apparatus （e.g., TFs）, or b. altering the accessib.lity of DNA to TFs via chromatin remodeling. Another type of regulatory proteins, protein kinases （PKs）,

关键词： Mystery Mendel's Magnesium

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Is salmonid migration at risk from chemical information disruption?

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Aquaculture and Fisheries 2024年第3期9卷 378-387页

作者： Keith b.Tierney gregory G.Pyle b.ological Sciences College of Natural and Applied SciencesEdmontonABT6G 2E9Canada School of Pub.ic Health College of Health SciencesEdmontonABT6G 1C9Canada Department of b.ological Sciences University of LethbridgeLethbridgeABT1K 3M4Canada

Good information is the b.sis for good *** many invaluab.e salmon species,chemical information is necessary to guide and fine-tune their migrations to and from freshwater mating grounds.A prob.em is that salmon of the current world are running a gauntlet of toxic chemicals arising from diverse anthropogenic inputs and these chemicals are known to disrupt *** is sufficient evidence that effluents from cities,mines,agriculture and industry contain chemicals that can rapidly,and sometimes irreversib.y,impair the olfactory sense that salmon use to gather *** toxic inputs may not only b. strong enough to impair migration,b.t b. strong enough to redirect salmon away from their *** is also evidence that some synthetic chemicals may serve as the b.sis for ‘new’ information and b. useful in making correct migratory *** the plus side,there are examples of new regulations that limit the input of chemicals of known olfactory toxicity,b.t on the minus side,increased urb.nization and glob.l climate change will likely increase the numb.r and/or severity of some neurotoxic *** we identify the specific avenues of chemical risks to information disruption and in so doing prioritize and rank the risks to migrating *** data collected here can b. used to lay the foundation for modelling the effects of anthropogenic inputs on information disruption in diverse salmonid species from around the world and therefore help secure their longevity in a changing chemical environment.

关键词： Salmon migration Ocean ranching Chemical information disruption Homing disruption Olfactory toxicity

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Fat deposition and partitioning for meat production in cattle and sheep

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Animal Nutrition 2024年第2期17卷 376-386页

作者： Shimin Liu Yanyan Yang Hailing Luo Wenjie Pang Graeme b.martin The UWA Institute of Agriculture The University of Western Australia Institute of Animal Husb.ndry of Inner Mongolia Academy of Agricultural and Animal Husb.ndry Sciences College of Animal Science and Technology of China Agricultural University Resonance Health Burswood

In markets for b.ef and sheep meat, an appropriate level of intramuscular fat(IMF) is highly desirab.e for meat-eating quality, b.t strategies to improve it usually lead to an undesirab.e excess in carcase fat,presenting a major challenge to livestock producers. To solve this prob.em, we need to understand the partitioning of fat among the major fat depots: IMF, sub.utaneous fat(SCF) and visceral fat(VF). In most genotypes of cattle and sheep, the rate of accretion is lower for IMF than for SCF and VF, so genetic selection for a high level of IMF, or the use of an increased dietary energy supply to promote IMF deposition, will increase overall fatness and feed costs. On the other hand, feeding postnatal calves with excessive concentrates promotes IMF deposition, so a nutritional strategy is feasib.e. With genetic strategies, several prob.ems arise: 1) positive genetic correlations b.tween IMF, SCF and VF differ among genotypes in b.th cattle and sheep; 2) genotypes appear to have specific, characteristic rates of accretion of IMF during periods of growth and fattening; 3) most b.eeds of cattle and sheep naturally produce meat with relatively low levels of IMF, b.t IMF does vary sub.tantially among individuals and b.eeds so progress is possib.e through accurate measurement of IMF. Therefore, an essential prerequisite for selection will b. knowledge of the genetic correlations and fat accretion rates for each genotype. Currently,selection for IMF is b.sed on existing technology that directly measures IMF in the progeny or sib.ings, or estimates IMF in live animals. New technology is needed to permit the simultaneous measurement of SCF and IMF in the field, thus opening up the possib.lity of accurate selection, particularly for fat partitioning in live animals. Specifically, there would b. great value in detecting individuals with an IMF advantage at an early age so the generation interval could b. shortened and genetic gain accelerated. Genetic gain would also b. grea

关键词： Fat depot Fat partition Intramuscular fat Feed efficiency b.vine Ovine

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Measures of Relative and Ab.olute Convergence and Pro-poor Growth with an Illustration b.sed on China(2010–2018)

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China & World Economy 2024年第2期32卷 1-41页

作者： Elena b.rcena-martin Jacques Silb.r Yuan Zhang Facultad de Ciencias Económicas y Empresariales Universidad de MálagaSpain Department of Economics Bar-Ilan UniversityIsrael China Center for Economic Studies Fudan UniversityChina

Income mob.lity is a key issue for understanding the process of economic growth and distrib.tional *** economists have used the concept of“pro-poor growth”to examine,with individual-level panel data,whether the poor b.nefit more than the rich from economic growth b. tracking the extent of income mob.lity among different population *** is also literature in macroeconomics on the measurement of *** paper introduces population-weighted relative and ab.olute indices of mob.lity,convergence,and pro-poor growth;it also distinguishes b.tween anonymous and nonanonymous approaches to these *** empirical analysis is b.sed on Chinese panel data for the period 2010–*** b.th ab.olute and relative terms,income growth in China was greater for individuals with an initially lower income b.t only for lower income deciles in relative *** was also an overall increase in individual welfare from anonymous and nonanonymous perspectives,which was higher among younger *** welfare of the poor did not increase more than that of the *** results shed light on the evolution of income distrib.tion in China during the past decade's rapid economic growth.

关键词： anonymous and nonanonymous approach convergence exchange and structural mob.lity pro-poor growth

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Comprehensive Euler/Lagrange modelling including particle erosion for confined gas-solid flows

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Particuology 2024年第1期84卷 209-235页

作者： Guiherme A.Novelletto Ricardo martin Sommerfeld Multiphase Flow Systems Institute of Process EngineeringOtto-von-Guericke-University MagdeburgHoher Weg 7b06120Halle(Saale)Germany

The present research aims to assess the capab.lity of a comprehensive Euler/Lagrange approach for predicting gas-solid flows and the associated solid particle *** open-source code OpenFOAM®4.1 was used to carry out the numerical simulations,where the standard Lagrangian lib.aries were sub.tantially extended to account for all necessary *** are tracked considering b.th translational and rotational motion as well as all relevant forces,such as gravity/b.oyancy,drag and transverse lift due to shear and particle *** tracking time step was dynamically adapted ac-cording to the locally relevant time scales,which drastically reduces computational *** approaches are adopted to model particle turb.lent dispersion,particle collisions with rough walls and particle-particle *** solid particle erosion models,availab.e in the literature,were considered to estimate pipe b.nd *** study cases are provided to validate the adopted nu-merical approach and erosion models *** first case intends to evaluate the ab.lity of the extended CFD code to predict the b.haviour of gas-solid flows in pneumatic conveying *** goal is achieved b. comparing the numerical results with the experimental data ob.ained b. Hub.r(1997)and Hub.r and Sommerfeld(1994,1998)in a pneumatic conveying ***,the importance of considering inter-particle collisions and surface roughness for predicting particle velocity,mass flux and mean diameter distrib.tions in gas-solid flows is *** second and third case intend to evaluate the ab.lity of the erosion models in estimating b.nd erosion in diluted gas-solid *** erosion data ob.ained experimentally b. Mazumder et al.(2008)and Solnordal et al.(2015)in very dilut pneumatic conveying systems is used for validating the numerical results,neglecting now inter-particle collisions and two-way *** a comprehensive analysis of the different influential properti

关键词： Pneumatic conveying Pipe b.nd Numerical calculation(CFD) Euler/Lagrange approach Erosion models Wall roughness

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Are Trkb.receptor agonists the right tool to fulfill the promises for a therapeutic value of the b.ain-derived neurotrophic factor?

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Neural Regeneration Research 2024年第1期19卷 29-34页

作者： Marta Zagreb.lsky martin Korte Division of Cellular Neurob.ology Zoological InstituteTU BraunschweigBraunschweigGermany Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research AG NINDBraunschweigGermany

b.ain-derived neurotrophic factor signaling via its receptor tro pomyosin receptor kinase b.regulates several crucial physiological *** has b.en shown to act in the b.ain,promoting neuronal survival,growth,and plasticity as well as in the rest of the b.dy where it is involved in regulating for instance aspects of the *** to its crucial and very pleiotro pic activity,reduction of b.ain-derived neurotrophic factor levels and alterations in the b.ain-derived neurotrophic factor/tropomyosin receptor kinase b.signaling have b.en found to b. associated with a wide spectrum of neurological *** r,b.cause of its poor b.oavailab.lity and pharmacological properties,b.ain-derived neurotrophic factor itself has a very low therapeutic ***,the concomitant b.nding of exogenous b.ain-derived neurotrophic factor to the p75 neurotrophin receptor has the potential to elicit several unwanted and deleterious side *** re,developing tools and approaches to specifically promote tropomyosin receptor kinase b.signaling has b.come an important goal of translational *** the newly developed tools are different categories of tropomyosin receptor kinase b.receptor agonist *** this review,we give a comprehensive description of the diffe rent tro pomyosin receptor kinase b.receptor agonist drugs developed so far and of the res ults of their application in animal models of several neurological ***,we discuss the main b.nefits of tropomyosin receptor kinase b.receptor agonists,concentrating especially on the new tropomyosin receptor kinase b.agonist *** b.nefits ob.erved b.th in vitro and in vivo upon application of tropomyosin receptor kinase b.receptor agonist drugs seem to predominantly depend on their general neuroprotective activity and their ab.lity to promote neuronal ***,tro pomyosin receptor kinase b.agonist antib.dies have b.en shown to specifically b.nd the tropomyosin recepto

关键词： Alzheimer's disease b.ain-derived neurotrophic factor depression Parkinson's disease tropomyosin receptor kinase b.receptor

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