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Current Zoology 2015年第4期61卷 729-738页

作者： gregory C. JENSEN Michael S. EGNOTOVICH School of Aquatic and Fishery Sciences Box 355020 University of Washington Seattle WA 98195 USA

Juveniles of the shore crab Hemigrapsus oregonensis are highly variable in color, ranging from the typical yellowish- green of adults to pure white and myriad patterns of white mottling and other disruptive markings, but large individuals with white coloration appear to be very rare. Using image analysis to quantify the relative ＂whiteness＂ of beaches, we sampled crabs from nine locations in washington State that varied widely in their amount of shell fragments and other light-colored material. The total proportion of white individuals in the different locations was strongly correlated to the proportion of white material on the beaches, but there was a striking difference between sexes. Although white specimens of both sexes declined significantly at sizes above 10 mm carapace width, white females generally persisted throughout the entire female size range on lighter-colored beaches while white males larger than 10 mm were virtually absent from all of the sampled populations. Pure white males held on dark backgrounds in captivity remained white, as they lack the dark chromatophores in their hypoderrnis needed to change color; off-white males became darker and in some cases lightened up again when transferred back to a white background. Behavioral differences between the sexes may result in differential mortality of white individuals by visual predators [Current Zoology 61 （4） 729-738, 2015 ].

关键词： Camouflage Color Polymorphism Disruptive patterns Crabs

The SGN VIGS Tool： User-Friendly Software to Design Virus-Induced Gene Silencing （VIGS） Constructs for Functional Genomics

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Molecular Plant 2015年第3期8卷 486-488页

作者： Noe Femandez-Pozo Heman G. Rosli gregory B. Martin Lukas A. Mueller Boyce Thompson Institute for Plant Research Ithaca NY 14853 USA Instituto de Investigaciones Biotecnolbgicas - Instituto Tecnológico de Chascomús (IIB-INTECH) UNSAM-CONICET Chascomús B71301WA Buenos Aires Argentina Section of Plant Pathology and Plant-Microbe Biology School of Integrative Plant Science Cornell University Ithaca NY 14853 USA

Dear Editor,Virus-induced gene silencing （VIGS） is a fast and powerful method to study gene function in plants （Burch-Smith et al., 2004）. It is based on plant defense mechanisms against viral gene replication and allows high-throughput silencing of genes of inter- est （SenthiI-Kumar and Mysore, 2014）. The molecular mechanisms involved in post-transcriptional gene silencing （PTGS） have been studied intensively, and its steps are well known. The silencing pro- cess begins with the recognition through Dicer-like ribonucleases （DCL） of double-stranded RNA （dsRNA） that is generated during viral replication. Upon recognition, the dsRNA is processed into 21-24 nucleotide fragments, termed small interfering RNA （siRNA）. Based on sequence homology, both viral siRNA and plant mRNA associate with an RNA-induced silencing complex （RISC） and are targeted for degradation （Llave, 2010）.

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Differential responses of three coastal grassland species to seawater flooding

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Journal of Plant Ecology 2017年第2期10卷 322-330页

作者： Mick E.Hanley Tom L.Gove gregory R.Cawthray Timothy D.Colmer School of Biological Sciences Plymouth UniversityDrake CircusPlymouth PL48AAEngland School of Plant Biology The University of Western Australia35 Stirling HighwayCrawley6009 WAAustralia

Aims Supratidal plant communities fulfil a vital role in coastal protec-tion,but despite an increased likelihood of seawater flooding resulting from anthropogenic climate change,we understand little about how tidal inundation affects these habitats or interactions between their component *** aim was to determine how three common coastal grassland species responded to simulated seawater flooding and how subsequent changes to their ecophysi-ology,growth and survival might affect plant-plant interactions in mixed *** Seeds of three widely distributed European coastal grassland species(Leontodon autumnalis Asteraceae,Plantago lanceo-lata Plantaginaceae and Trifolium pratense Fabaceae)were collected from a coastal grassland site in South West *** Experiment 1,we quantified changes in leaf ion(K^(+),Na^(+),Cl^(−))concentrations as a response to short-duration(0,2,8 or 24 h)immersion in seawater of the root-zone before monitoring longer-term effects on plant survival and *** a second experiment,we examined community-level responses by subjecting mixed assemblages of all three species to seawater immersion for(0,12,24 or 96 h).Important Findings When grown individually,one species(Trifolium)had markedly reduced survival with increasing soil immersion time,but a con-sistent decline in plant growth for all species with flooding dura-tion was most likely linked to osmotic and ionic stresses caused by salt ion *** mixed assemblages,all species suffered increased mortality and reduced growth following seawater flood-ing,although the relative contribution of one species(Leontodon)to total biomass increased in flooded *** thus demon-strate a number of species-specific responses to simulated seawater flooding and show that when grown together,interactions between plants are altered as a *** argue that variation in the responses of component plant species will dictate how coastal plant communities respond to,and r

关键词： climate change salinity sea-level rise soil waterlogging storm surge microcosm

The Influence of Biological Maturity on Dynamic Force-Time Variables and Vaulting Performance in Young Female Gymnasts

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Journal of Science in Sport and Exercise 2020年第4期2卷 319-329页

作者： Sylvia Moeskops Jon L.Oliver Paul J.Read John B.Cronin gregory D.Myer G.gregory Haff Isabel S.Moore Rhodri S.Lloyd Youth Physical Development Centre Cardiff School of Sport and Health SciencesCardiff Metropolitan UniversityCyncoed CampusCyncoed RoadCardiffCF52YBUK Sports Performance Research Institute New Zealand(SPRINZ) AUT UniversityAuckland 1142New Zealand Centre for Sport Science and Human Performance Waikato Institute of TechnologyHamilton 3240New Zealand Athlete Health and Performance Research Centre Aspetar Orthopaedic and Sports Medicine HospitalDohaQatar Division of Sports Medicine Cincinnati Children’s HospitalCincinnatiOH45229USA Department of Pediatrics and Orthopaedic Surgery College of MedicineUniversity of CincinnatiCincinnatiOH 45267USA The Micheli Center for Sports Injury Prevention WalthamMA 02453USA Centre for Exercise and Sports Science Edith Cowan UniversityJoondalupWA 6027Australia Australian Centre for Research into Injury in Sport and Its Prevention(ACRISP) Edith Cowan UniversityJoondalupWA 6027Australia University of Gloucestershire GloucesterGL502RHUK

Purpose This cross-sectional study investigated dynamic force-time variables and vaulting performance in young female gymnasts of different maturity *** 120 gymnasts aged 5-14 years were sub-divided into maturity groupings using percent of predicted adult height(%PAH)*** performed three jumping protocols,the squat jump(SJ),countermovement jump(CMJ)and drop jump(DJ),before completing straight jump vaults that were recorded using two-dimensional *** Jumping performance improved with biological maturity evidenced by the most mature gymnasts’producing sig-nificantly more absolute force(P0.78),impulse(P0.75)and power(P0.91)than the least mature group,resulting in the greater jump heights(P0.70).While,no significant differences were observed in relative peak force across multiple tests,measures of relative peak power did significantly increase with *** upon regression analyses,maturation was found to influence vertical take-off velocity during vaulting,explaining 41%of the variance in each jumping *** all tests,the DJ was found to have the highest predictive ability of vaulting vertical take-off velocity,explaining 55%of the total *** Biological maturation impacts jump height and underpinning mechanical variables in young female *** vertical take-off velocity appears to be influenced by maturation and various dynamic force-time variables,par-ticularly those during DJ,which had the highest explained total variance.

关键词： Youth Maturation Squat jump Countermovement jump Drop jump Gymnastics

Androgen receptor deficiency in monocytes/ macrophages does not alter adiposity or glucose homeostasis in male mice

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Asian Journal of Andrology 2018年第3期20卷 276-283页

作者： Katya B Rubinow Barbara Houston Shari wang Leela Goodspeed Kayoko Ogimoto gregory J Morton Christopher McCarty Robert E Braun Stephanie T Page Division of Metabolism Endocrinology and Nutrition Department of Medicine University of Washington School of Medicine Seattle WA 98195 USA Jackson Laboratory Bar Harbor ME 04609 USA

Androgen deprivation in men leads to increased adiposity, but the mechanisms underlying androgen regulation of fat mass have not been fully defined. Androgen receptor （AR） is expressed in monocytes/macrophages, which are resident in key metabolic tissues and influence energy metabolism in surrounding cells. Male mice bearing a cell-specific knockout of the AR in monocytes/macrophages （M-ARKO） were generated to determine whether selective loss of androgen signaling in these cells would lead to altered body composition. Wild-type （WT） and M-ARKO mice （12-22 weeks of age, n = 12 per group） were maintained on a regular chow diet for 8 weeks and then switched to a high-fat diet for 8 additional weeks. At baseline and on both the regular chow and high-fat diets, no differences in lean mass or fat mass were observed between groups. Consistent with the absence of differential body weight or adiposity, no differences in food intake （3.0 ± 0.5 g per day for WT mice vs 2.8 ± 0.4 g per day for M-ARKO mice） or total energy expenditure （0.6 ± 0.1 Kcal h-1 for WT mice vs 0.5 ± 0.1 Kcal h-1 for M-ARKO mice） were evident between groups during high-fat feeding. Liver weight was greater in M-ARKO than that in WT mice （1.5 ± 0.1 g vs 1.3 ± 0.0 g, respectively, P = 0.02）. Finally, M-ARKO mice did not exhibit impairments in glucose tolerance or insulin sensitivity relative to WT mice at any study time point. In aggregate, these findings suggest that AR signaling specifically in monocytes/macrophages does not contribute to the regulation of systemic energy balance, adiposity, or insulin sensitivity in male mice.

关键词： androgen receptor knockout mice macrophages male hypogonadism metabolic syndrome

The Feasibility and Economic Potential of Geoduck Aquaculture in Neah Bay, washington

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Journal of Agricultural Science and Technology(A) 2014年第4期4卷 291-299页

作者： Yongwen Gao Raymond Colby gregory lkeda Makah Fisheries Management Neah Bay 98357 WA USA College of Fisheries Huazhong Agricultural University Wuhan 430070 Hubei China

The geoduck clam, Panopea abrupta, is an economically important species and mainly cultured in the Southern Puget Sound of washington State. There are no examples of intertidal geoduck aquaculture in Neah Bay. Since 2011, the Makah Fisheries Management （MFM） has started a pilot project supported by the United States Department of Agriculture Rural Business Enterprise Grant （USDA-RBEG）. The MFM aquaculture practice and results showed that the Neah Bay beaches are feasible for intertidal geoduck aquaculture, and have the proper conditions to produce high quality geoduck clams. As compared to finfish culture, there is little environmental concern for geoduck aquaculture due to the natural seawater fluctuation （no artificial feeding） and the intertidal nature （no genetic mixing）. This advantage provides the opportunity for community members of all backgrounds to partake in the aquaculture process, with low investment costs for establishing a family-based geoduck farming business. Overall, the high market value and the economic potential make geoduck aquaculture an ideal candidate in development of remote and rural areas along the washington coast.

关键词： Intertidal geoduck aquaculture farming business Neah Bay beaches Makah.

Diabetes exacerbates inflammatory bowel disease in mice with dietinduced obesity

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World Journal of Gastroenterology 2023年第33期29卷 4991-5004页

作者： Kendra L Francis Kimberly M Alonge Maria Cristina Pacheco Shannon J Hu Cody A Krutzsch gregory J Morton Michael W Schwartz Jarrad M Scarlett Department of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Hepatology Seattle Children’s HospitalSeattleWA 98105United States 不详 Department of Medicinal Chemistry University of WashingtonSeattleWA 98195United States Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology Seattle Children's HospitalSeattleWA 98105United States

BACKGROUND The increased prevalence of inflammatory bowel disease(IBD)among patients with obesity and type 2 diabetes suggests a causal link between these diseases,potentially involving the effect of hyperglycemia to disrupt intestinal barrier *** To investigate whether the deleterious impact of diabetes on the intestinal barrier is associated with increased IBD severity in a murine model of colitis in mice with and without diet-induced *** Mice were fed chow or a high-fat diet and subsequently received streptozotocin to induce diabetic-range *** weeks later,dextran sodium sulfate was given to induce *** select experiments,a subset of diabetic mice was treated with the antidiabetic drug dapagliflozin prior to colitis *** included both clinical and histological measures of colitis activity as well as histochemical markers of colonic epithelial barrier *** In mice given a high-fat diet,but not chow-fed animals,diabetes was associated with significantly increased clinical colitis activity and histopathologic markers of disease *** was also associated with a decrease in key components that regulate colonic epithelial barrier integrity(colonic mucin layer content and epithelial tight junction proteins)in diet-induced obese *** of these effects of diabetes in diet-induced obese mice was ameliorated by restoring *** In obese mice,diabetes worsened clinical and pathologic outcomes of colitis via mechanisms that are reversible with treatment of ***-induced intestinal barrier dysfunction offers a plausible mechanism linking diabetes to increased colitis *** findings suggest that effective diabetes management may decrease the clinical severity of IBD.

关键词： Inflammatory bowel disease Type 2 diabetes Obesity Intestinal barrier Hyperglycemia Colitis in mice Tight junction proteins

High-throughput screening against thioredoxin glutathione reductase identifies novel inhibitors with potential therapeutic value for schistosomiasis

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Infectious Diseases of Poverty 2015年第1期4卷 300-315页

作者： Ting Li Peter D.Ziniel Pan-qing He Valerie P.Kommer gregory J.Crowther Min He Qing Liu Wesley C.Van Voorhis David L.Williams Ming-Wei wang The National Center for Drug Screening Shanghai Institute of Materia MedicaChinese Academy of SciencesShanghai 201203China Department of Immunology and Microbiology Rush University Medical CenterChicagoIL 60612USA Division of Allergy and Infectious Diseases University of WashingtonSeattleWA 98195USA

Background:Schistosomiasis,a parasitic disease also known as bilharzia and snail fever,is caused by different species of flatworms,such as Schistosoma mansoni(***).Thioredoxin glutathione reductase(TGR)from ***(SmTGR)is a well-characterized drug target for schistosomiasis,yet no anti-SmTGR compounds have reached clinical trials,suggesting that therapeutic development against schistosomiasis might benefit from additional scaffolds targeting this ***:A high-throughput screening(HTS)assay in vitro against SmTGR was developed and applied to a diverse compound *** activity was quantified with ThioGlo®,a reagent that fluoresces upon binding to the free sulfhydryl groups of the reaction product GSH(reduced glutathione).Results:We implemented an HTS effort against 59,360 synthetic *** the primary screening,initial hits(928 or 1.56%)showing greater than 90%inhibition on SmTGR activity at a final concentration of 10μM for each compound were *** tests were carried out to confirm the effects of these hits and to explore the concentration-dependent response *** a result,74 of them(0.12%)representing 17 chemical scaffolds were confirmed and showed a great concentration-dependent inhibitory trend against SmTGR,including structures previously shown to be lethal to schistosomal *** these,two scaffolds displayed a limited structure-activity *** tested in cultured larvae,39 compounds had cidal activity in 48 h,and five of them killed larvae completely at 3.125μ*** these,three compounds also killed adult worms ex vivo at concentrations between 5μM and 10μ***:These confirmed hits may serve as starting points for the development of novel therapeutics to combat schistosomiasis.

关键词： High-throughput screening Schistosomiasis Inhibitor Thioredoxin glutathione reductase

Mechanism of somatic hypermutation at the wa motif by human DNA polymerase eta

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Mechanism of somatic hypermutation at the WA motif by human ...

Refinement of saliva microRNA biomarkers for sports-related concussion

第四届中国结构生物学学术讨论会

作者： Ye Zhao Mark T.gregory Biertümpfel Yue-Jin Hua Fumio Hanaoka Wei Yang INAS Zhejiang University LMB NIDDK NIH Bethesda MD USA Max Planck Institute of Biochemistry Faculty of Science Gakushuin University

Somatic hypermutation（SHM） is programmed base substitutions in the variable regions of immunoglobulin genes for high-affinity antibody generation. Two motifs, RGYW and wa（R=purine, Y=pyrimidine, W=A or T）, have been found to be SHM hotspots. Overwhelming evidence suggests that DNA polymerase η is responsible for converting the wa motif to WG by misincorporating dGTP opposite the templating T. To elucidate the molecular mechanism, crystal structures and kinetics of human Pol η substituting dGTP for dATP in four sequence contexts, TA, AA, GA and CA, have been determined and compared. The T:dGTP wobble base pair is stabilized by Gln38 and Arg61, two uniquely conserved residues among Pol η. Weak base paring of the W（T:A or A:T） at the primer end and their distinct interactions with Pol η lead to misincorporation of G in the wa motif. TA is more mutable than AA. Finally, Pol η can extend the T:G mispair efficiently to complete the mutagenesis.

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Journal of Sport and Health Science 2023年第3期12卷 369-378页

作者： Steven D.Hicks Cayce Onks Raymond Y.Kim Kevin J.Zhen Jayson Loeffert Andrea C.Loeffert Robert P.Olympia gregory Fedorchak Samantha DeVita Zofia Gagnon Callan McLoughlin Miguel M.Madeira Scott L.Zuckerman Timothy Lee Matthew Heller Chuck Monteith Thomas R.Campbell Christopher Neville Elise Fengler Michael N.Dretsch Department of Pediatrics College of MedicinePennsylvania State UniversityHersheyPA 17033USA Department of Orthopaedics and Rehabilitation College of MedicinePennsylvania State UniversityHersheyPA 17033USA Department of Family Medicine College of MedicinePennsylvania State UniversityHersheyPA 17033USA Department of Emergency Medicine College of MedicinePennsylvania State UniversityHersheyPA 17033USA Department of Research and Development Quadrant Biosciences Inc.SyracuseNY 13210USA Department of Biology Marist CollegePoughkeepsieNY 12601USA Sports Concussion Center College of MedicineVanderbilt UniversityNashvilleTN 37212USA Department of Family Medicine College of Osteopathic MedicineNew York Institute of TechnologyOld WestburyNY 11568USA Department of Athletic Training Colgate UniversityHamiltonNY 13346USA Department of Rehabilitation Sciences Old Dominion UniversityNorfolkVA 23529USA Department of Physical Therapy Education Orthopedicsand NeuroscienceCollege of MedicineSUNY Upstate Medical UniversitySyracuseNY 13210USA Department of Exercise Science Syracuse UniversitySyracuseNY 13210USA Department of Medical Research—West Walter Reed Army Institute of ResearchUS Army Joint Base Lewis-McChordHillhurstWA 98433USA

Background:Recognizing sport-related concussion(SRC)is challenging and relies heavily on subjective symptom *** objective,biological marker could improve recognition and understanding of *** is emerging evidence that salivary micro-ribonucleic acids(miRNAs)may serve as biomarkers of concussion;however,it remains unclear whether concussion-related miRNAs are impacted by *** sought to determine whether40 miRNAs previously implicated in concussion pathophysiology were affected by participation in a variety of contact and non-contact *** goal was to refine a miRNA-based tool capable of identifying athletes with SRC without the confounding effects of ***:This case-control study harmonized data from concussed and non-concussed athletes recruited across 10 *** of salivary miRNAs within 455 samples from 314 individuals were measured with RNA ***-subjects testing was used to identify and exclude miRNAs that changed with either(a)a single episode of exercise(166 samples from 83 individuals)or(b)season-long participation in contact sports(212 samples from 106 individuals).The miRNAs that were not impacted by exercise were interrogated for SRC diagnostic utility using logistic regression(172 samples from 75 concussed and 97 non-concussed individuals).Results:Two miRNAs(miR-532-5p and miR-182-5p)decreased(adjusted p0.50;adjusted p0.70)to identify concussion.A

关键词： Biomarker Contact sports Football RNA Traumatic brain injury