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The Early-Middle Triassic Supervolcano in the Yangtze Block,South China and associated obstacles to biotic recovery

Geoscience Frontiers 2024年第1期15卷 69-83页

作者： Haifeng Chen Hao Zou MSantosh Huawen Cao franco pirajno Changcheng Huang Mingcai Hou State Key Laboratory of Oil and Gas Reservoir Geology and Exploitation Chengdu University of TechnologyChengduSichuan 610059China College of Earth Science Chengdu University of TechnologyChengduSichuan 610059China School of Earth Sciences and Resources China University of GeosciencesBeijing 100083China Department of Earth Science University of AdelaideAdelaideSA 5005Australia Yonsei Frontier Lab Yonsei UniversitySeoulSouth Korea Centre of Exploration Targeting The University of Western Australia35 Stirling HighwayCrawleyWA 6009Australia

The end-Permian mass extinction was one of the major global crises spanning the entire Early Triassic or *** of volcanos were one of the factors that delayed the biotic recovery after this *** eruptions can cause catastrophic effects on global environment,climate,and *** we investigate the tuff layers from Early-Middle Triassic boundary in the Yangtze Block and identify a supervolcano eruption *** zircon U-Pb ages of the section-Langdai,section-Daijiagou and section-Longmendong tuff samples are 247.1±1.9 Ma,247.6±2.0 Ma and 247.7±1.7 Ma,*** ages mark the Olenekian-Anisian *** zircon grains from the tuff layers have negativeεHf(t)(-15.3 to-0.8),two-stage Hf model(TDM2)ages(1.7 to 2.2 Ga)and display high-δ18O values(mostly>10‰).Clay minerals and quartz dominate the rock *** whole rock compositions show that the tuff layers were derived from magma of intermediate to felsic composition,which formed by the remelting of Paleoproterozoic materials of continental *** volcanic eruption site is located in the Jinshajiang-Ailaoshan-Song Ma suture zone in the southwestern margin of the Yangtze Block.A combination of the closure of the Paleo-Tethys Ocean Basin and the collision of the Indochina Block and South China contributed to the eruption,which was a supervolcano eruption under the active continental margin arc *** speculate that this supervolcano eruption might have contributed to the delayed biotic recovery after the end-Permian mass extinction.

关键词： Early-Middle Triassic Tuff layer Supervolcano Yangtze Block Biotic recovery

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Subaerial hot springs and near-surface hydrothermal mineral systems past and present,and possible extraterrestrial analogues

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Geoscience Frontiers 2020年第5期11卷 1549-1569页

作者： franco pirajno Centre for Exploration Targeting(CET) The University of Western Australia35Stirling HighwayCrawleyWA6009Australia

The principal features,geotectonic settings and association with near-surface hydrothermal mineral systems of ancient and present subaerial hot springs,fumaroles and geysers are herein *** and geysers usually occur in volcanic craters and are in most cases,part and parcel of hot spring *** hot springs are characterised by siliceous-and carbonate-rich chemical sediments,such as sinters and travertines,*** are commonly enriched in various metalliferous *** springs surface discharges are also characterised by pools,which exhibit bright colours due to the presence of ***-day examples discussed in this paper,include the fumaroles and hot springs of the White Island volcano(New Zealand),the world-renowned Yellowstone caldera(USA)and the Afar region of the East African Rift *** Afar triangle,in the northern part of East African Rift System,provides a good example of hot springs associated with evaporative *** Tuli-Sabi-Lebombo triple junction rifts were formed during the^180 Ma Karoo igneous event in southern Africa,of which the Tuli arm is the failed rift(aulacogen),as is the Afar *** Tuli rift is effectively an unusual,if not unique,tectono-thermal setting,because it comprises Karoo-age hot springs systems and associated vein stockworks and breccias,which includes the Messina Cu deposit as well as currently active hot springs with sinter deposits probably due to post-Karoo *** pipes in ignimbrites of the Erongo Volcano-Plutonic Complex in Namibia are *** is followed by an example of banded chert rocks in the Killara Formation of the Palaeoproterozoic Capricorn Orogen(Western Australia),interpreted as hot spring chemical sediments,which also show evidence of"fossil"microbial *** paper ends with a brief overview of possible analogues of hot springs on planet Mars.

关键词： Subaerial hot springs Fumaroles Chemical sediments Hydrothermal systems Afar Erongo volcano-plutonic complex

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Textures, trace element compositions, and sulfur isotopes of pyrite from the Honghai volcanogenic massive sulfide deposit:Implications for ore genesis and mineral exploration

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Science China Earth Sciences 2023年第4期66卷 738-764页

作者： Zhiyuan SUN Xiaohua DENG franco pirajno School of Resources and Civil Engineering Suzhou UniversitySuzhou 234000China Beijing Institute of Geology for Mineral Resources Co. Ltd.Beijing 100012China Key Laboratory of Western China’s Mineral Resources and Geological Engineering Ministry of EducationSchool of Earth Science and ResourcesChang’an UniversityXi’an 710054China Centre for Exploration Targeting School of Earth and EnvironmentUniversity of Western AustraliaCrawleyWA 6008Australia

In this paper, we present textures, trace element compositions, and sulfur isotope data for pyrite from the Honghai volcanogenic massive sulfide deposit to place new constraints on the source and evolution of the ore-forming fluids and provide insights into the ore genesis with implications for future exploration. The Honghai deposit consists of upper lenticular ores comprising massive sulfides that are underlain by stockwork and disseminated sulfides. The textural and isotopic characteristics of the synsedimentary framboidal pyrite(Syn-Py) indicate its formation by biogenetic processes. Coarse-grained pyrite generations(M-Py1, M-Py2, and M-Py3) from the massive sulfides have high Au, Ag, Cu, Zn, Pb, Sb, and Tl concentrations and low Co, Se, Te, Ti, and Sn concentrations, indicating that they precipitated from metal-rich, low-to intermediate-temperature,oxidizing fluids. The high Te, Ti, and Sn concentrations and high Co/Ni ratios in the massive pyrite(M-Py4) associated with magnetite in the massive sulfide lenses, as well as the high Ti, V, Cr, and Ni concentrations and low Al, Mn, and Zn concentrations in the magnetite, suggest that the coexisting M-Py4 and magnetite precipitated under oxidizing and hightemperature(300℃ to 500℃) conditions. In contrast, pyrite grains from the underlying stockwork and veins(V-Py1, V-Py2, and V-Py3) are characterized by low Au, Ag, Cu, Zn, Pb, Sb, and Tl concentrations coupled with high Co, Se, Te, and Ti concentrations and high Co/Ni ratios, which are interpreted in terms of reducing and high-temperature ore-forming fluids. The large variations in δ^(34)S values from-6.4‰ to +29.9‰ suggest that the ore-forming fluids were derived from magmatic source that were significantly modified by seawater. The spatial variations of trace element assemblages of pyrite from different levels of the main massive orebodies can be used as an indicator for mineral exploration of Cu-Zn ores in the Honghai *** no significant difference in

关键词： Pyrite Trace element compositions Sulfur isotopes Ore-forming fluids Honghai volcanogenic massive sulfide deposit

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Fluidization: An Important Process in the Formation of the Qiyugou Au-bearing Breccia Pipes in Central China

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Acta Geologica Sinica(English Edition) 2007年第2期81卷 226-238页

作者： ZHANG Yuanhou ZHANG Shihong franco pirajno College of Earth Sciences Jilin University Changchun Jilin 130061 China State Key Laboratory of Geological Processes and Mineral Resources China University of Geosciences Beijing 100083 China Geological Survey of Western Australia 100 Plain Street Perth WA6004 Australia

Fluidization processes based on experiments are reviewed to gain some useful insights and comparisons with those that occur in hydrothermal systems. Field and petrographic work, and microscope observation were carried out on samples from the Qiyugou Au-bearing breccia pipes from the East Qinling region, Henan Province. Evidence from macro- and micro-textures suggests that the style of breccias in the Qiyugou area can be grouped into three types：（1） jigsaw fit-stockwork texture, in which the interval between clasts is marked by fractures or filled with calcite or quartz veins; （2） larger breccias that are supported by smaller breccias, rock flour and alteration materials; in this type clasts moved over short distances, creating open spaces; （3） fluidized texture, where the clasts of different lithologies have rounded shapes. These observations are compared with those resulting from experiments on fluidization processes. The results of this comparison suggest that fluidization is an important geological process in the formation of the Qiyugou Au-bearing breccia pipes and gold mineralization. In addition, fluidization processes such as expansion, bubbling, slugging, channeling and spouting must have contributed to the formation of the pipes and were conducive to the development of gold mineralization. In the Qiyugou breccia pipes, gold mineralization occurs as disseminations, in stockwork veins, and open space infills. The ore zones form subparallel sheets that are nearly perpendicular to the walls of the pipes.

关键词： fluidization breccia pipe gold mineralization Qiyugou Cretaceous Henan Qinling China

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SHRIMP Zircon U-Pb Dating of Alkaline Dykes in the Pobei Area,Beishan Rift,Xinjiang Autonomous Region,China:Implications for Tectonic Setting and Mantle Plume Events

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Acta Geologica Sinica(English Edition) 2012年第4期86卷 879-884页

作者： MAO Jingwen franco pirajno ZHANG Zuoheng WAN Yusheng MLR Key Laboratory of Metallogeny and Mineral Assessment Institute of Mineral ResourcesChinese Academy of Geological Sciences Geological Survey of Western Australia 100 Plain StreetEast PerthWA 6004Australia MLR key Laboratory of Metallogeny and Mineral Assessment Institute of Mineral ResourcesChinese Academy of Geological Sciences Institute of Geology Chinese Academy of Geological Sciences

In the Beishan rift in the eastern Tianshan orogen, Xinjiang Province, a N-S-trending dyke swarm is present in the Pobei area. The swarm cuts through the 270-290 Ma mafic-ultramafic intrusions associated with Ni-Cu sulphide mineralization. These mafic-ultramafic intrusions are typically found along E-W major faults in the Tianshan orogenic belts. We report SHRIMP U-Pb dating of zircons from a dyke of alkaline composition, which yielded a mean age of 252~9 Ma. Alkaline dykes of the same age are found in the Altay region of Siberia. This age is younger than the 270-290 Ma intraplate magmatic events that produced the mafic-ultramafic intrusions in the region, but in general agreement with the 250-260 Ma Permian plume event that gave rise to the Siberian traps and the Emeishan flood basalts in SW China. We suggest that there is a link between the Emeishan event and the dyke swarm in the Beishan rift and that the intraplate magmatism at 270-290 Ma reflects an early stage of mantle plume activity. The N-S trending dyke swarm in the Beishan rift may represent a later stage in the evolution of mantle plume activity in the NW and SW of China. We also speculate that in Beishan rift and possibly elsewhere in the Tianshan region, the dykes fed basaltic volcanism, whose products have since been eroded due to the strong uplift of the Tianshan orogen as a result of the IndiaEurasia collision in the Cenozoic.

关键词： Alkaline dykes SHRIMP tectonic setting mantle plume China

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Besshi-type mineral systems in the Palaeoproterozoic Bryah Rift-Basin, Capricorn Orogen, Western Australia： Implications for tectonic setting and geodynamic evolution

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Geoscience Frontiers 2016年第3期7卷 345-357页

作者： franco pirajno Yanjing Chen Nuo Li Chao Li Limin Zhou Centre for Exploration Targeting University of Western Australia 35 Stirling Highway Crawley WA 6009 Australia Key Laboratory of Orogen and Crust Evolution Peking University Beijing 100871 China Xinjiang Research Center for Mineral Resources Xinjiang Institute of Ecology and Geography Chinese Academy of Sciences Urumcli 830011 China National Research Center for Geoanalysis Beijing 100037 China

In this contribution we use VMS mineral systems in the Bryah rift-basin to constrain the tectonic setting of the widespread mafic and ultramafic magmatism that characterises the rift-basin in *** distinct,but temporally closely associated,lithostratigraphic sequences,Narracoota and Karalundi Formations,are *** Karalundi Formation is the main host of VMS mineral systems in the *** Karalundi Formation consists of turbiditic and immature clastic sediments,which are locally intercalated with basaltic hyaloclastites,dolerites and banded *** propose that the basaltic hyaloclastites,dolerites and elastics and jaspilites rocks,form a distinct unit of the Karalundi Formation,named Noonyereena *** VMS mineral systems occur near the north-east trendingJenkin Fault and comprise the giant and world-class DeCrussa and the Red Bore *** nature of these deposits and their intimate association with terrigenous clastic rocks and dominantly marine mafic volcanic and subvolcanic rocks,as well as the common development of peperitic margins,are considered indicative of a Besshi-type environment,similar to that of present-day Gulf of *** Re-Os age data from a primary pyrite yielded a mean model age of 2012 ± 48 Ma,which coincides（within error） with recent published Re-Os data（Hawke et al.,2015） and confirms the timing of the proposed geodynamic *** propose a geodynamic model that attempts to explain the presence of the Narracoota and Karalundi Formations as the result of mantle plume activity,which began with early uplift of continental crust with intraplate volcanism,followed by early stages of rifting with the deposition of the Karalundi Formation（and Noonyereena Member）,which led to the formation of Besshi-type VMS *** on-going mantle plume activity and early stages of continental separation,an oceanic plateau was formed and is now represented by mafic-ultramafic rocks of the Narracoota Formation.

关键词： Bryah rift-basin DeGrussa VMS Narracoota and Karalundi Formations Besshi-type deposit Geodynamic model

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Evolution of the Mesozoic Granites in the Xiong'ershan-Waifangshan Region,Western Henan Province,China,and Its Tectonic Implications

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Acta Geologica Sinica(English Edition) 2007年第2期81卷 253-265页

作者： NAN Yigui ZHANG Shihong franco pirajno ZHANG Yuanhou State Key Laboratory Geological Processes ana Minerat Resources China University of Geosciences Beijing 100083 China Geological Survey of Western Australia 100 Plain Street East Perth WA 6004 Australia The College of Earth Sciences Jilin University Changchun 130061 China

Based on the new data of isotopic ages and geochemical analyses, three types of Mesozoic granites have been identified for the Xiong＇ershan-Waifangshan region in western Henan Province： high-Ba-Sr I-type granite emplaced in the early stage （-160 Ma）, I-type granite in the middle stage （-130 Ma） and anorogenic A-type granite in the late stage （-115 Ma）. Geochemical characteristics of the high-Ba-Sr I-type granite suggest that it may have been generated from the thickened lower crust by partial melting with primary residues of amphibole and garnet. Gradual increase of negative Eu anomaly and Sr content variations reflect progressive shallowing of the source regions of these granites from the early to late stage. New ^40Ar/^39Ar plateau ages of the early-stage Wuzhangshan granite （156.0±1.1 Ma, amphibole） and middle-stage Heyu granite （131.8±0.7 Ma, biotite） are indistinguishable from their SHRIMP U-Pb ages previous published, indicating a rapid uplift and erosion in this region. The representative anorogenic A- type granite, Taishanmiao pluton, was emplaced at -115 Ma. The evolution of the granites in this region reveals a tectonic regime change from post-collisional to anorogenic between -160 Ma and -115 Ma. The genesis of the early- and middle-stage I-type granites could be linked to delamination of subducted lithosphere of the Qinling orogenic belt, while the late-stage A-type granites represent the onset of extension and the end of orogenic process. In fact, along the Qiniing -Dabie-Sulu belt, the Mesozoic granitoids in western Henan, Dabieshan and Jiaodong regions are comparable on the basis of these temporal evolutionary stages and their initial ^87Sr/^86Sr ratios, which may suggest a similar geodynamic process related to the collision between the North China and Yangtze cratous.

关键词： granite Mesozoic high Ba-Sr, ^40Ar/^39Ar dating post-collision anorogenic western Henan

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Ar-Ar Dating of Baimazhai Nickel-Copper-(PGE) Sulphide Deposit and Its Significance, Southeast Yunnan Province, China

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Journal of China University of Mining and Technology 2006年第2期16卷 200-205页

作者： ZHANG Xue-shu QIN De-xian franco pirajno NIAN Hong Department of Geological Science Kunming University of Science and Technology Kunming Yunnan 650093 China Yunnan Non-ferrous Metals Geological Bureau Kunming Yunnan 650051 China Geological Survey of Western Australia 100 Plain Street WA 6004 Australia

The Baimazhai Ni-Cu- (PGE) sulphide deposit in southeast Yunnan Province is hosted in mafic-ultramafic intrusions associated with the Permian Emeishan large igneous province. The deposit, one of several in the province, exhibits field and petrographic features suggestive of post-magmatic modification. The mafic-ultramafic intrusions that host the Baimazhai sulphide ores show near-pervasive to pervasive hydrothermal alteration, with the sulphides be- ing spatially associated with hydrothermal minerals such as biotite, amphibole and chlorite. This intimate association suggests that the sulphide ores were subjected to deformational and hydrothermal redistribution and textural changes resulting in disseminated and brecciated ores. Geochemically the Baimazhai sulphide ores are enriched in Cu, Pd and Au which, according to published studies, reflects the action of hydrothermal fluids. Interestingly, Ar-Ar age data yielded plateau ages of about 160-170 Ma, which also supports the modification features of the sulfide ores.

关键词： mafic-ultramafic intrusions Ni-Cu-(PGE) mineralization Ar-Ar dating sulphide remobilization Baimazhai

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A review of mineral systems and associated tectonic settings of northern Xinjiang,NW China

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Geoscience Frontiers 2011年第2期2卷 157-185页

作者： franco pirajno Reimar Seltmann Yongqiang Yang CERCAMS （Centre for Russian and Central EurAsian Mineral Studies） Dept. Mineralogy Natural History Museum Cromwell Road London SW7 5BD United Kingdom Geological Survey of Western Australia 100 Plain Street East Perth WA 6004 Australia State Key Laboratory of Geological Processes and Mineral Resources China University of Geosciences 29 Xueyuan Road Beijing 100083 China

In this paper we present a review of mineral systems in northern Xinjiang, NW China, focussing on the Tianshan, West and East Junggar and Altay orogenic belts, all of which are part of the greater Central Asian Orogenic Belt （CAOB）. The CAOB is a complex collage of ancient microcontinents, island arcs, oceanic plateaux and oceanic plates, which were amalgamated and accreted in Early Palaeozoic to Early Permian times. The establishment of the CAOB collage was followed by strike-slip movements and affected by intraplate magmatism, linked to mantle plume activity, best exemplified by the 250 Ma Siberian Traps and the 280 Ma Tarim event. In northern Xinjiang, there ale numerous and economically important mineral systems. In this contribution we describe a selection of representative mineral deposits, including subduction-related porphyry and epithermal deposits, volcanogenic massive sulphides and skarn systems. Shear zone-hosted Au lodes may have first formed as intrusion-related and subsequently re-worked during strike-slip deformation. Intraplate magmatism led to the emplacement of concentrically zoned （Alaskan-style） mafic-ultramafic intrusions, many of which host orthomagmatic sulphide deposits. A huge belt of pegmatites in the Altay orogen, locally hosts world-class rare metal deposits. Roll-front,

关键词： Mineral system Porphyry and epithermaldeposits Volcanogenic massivesulphides and skarnsystems Northern Xinjiang of NWChina

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Geological and geochemical characteristics of the Baimazhai Ni-Cu-(PGE) sulphide deposit in Yunnan, China

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Chinese Journal Of Geochemistry 2007年第4期26卷 374-383页

作者： PU Chuanjie QIN Dexian NIAN Hong ZHANG Xueshu franco pirajno FAN Zhuguo Kunming University of Science and Technology Kunming 650093 China Yunnan Non-Ferrous Metals Geological Bureau Kunming 650051 China Geological Survey of Western Anstralia 100 Plain Street WA 6004 Australia

The sulphide ores of the Baimazhai deposit, although typically orthomagmatic, locally exhibit peculiar textural features and are intimately associated with hydrothermal minerals, such as biotite, amphibole and chlorite. This association suggests that the magmatic sulphide ores were subjected to hydrothermal alteration and subsequent redistribution, resulting in the observed textural features. Geochemically, the Baimazhai sulphide ores are enriched in Cu, Pd and Au, which,according to previous studies, reflects the action of hydrothermal fluids. Interestingly, Ar-Ar dating yielded the plateau ages of about 160–170 Ma, which are at odds with the established Permian age of the Emeishan large igneous province. We interpreted these younger ages as due to thermal resetting during post-Permian tectonothermal events. We have proposed a model in which tectonic movements and hydrothermal fluids related to these events modified the pre-existing magmatic sulphides. Given the degree of overprint, we suggested two possible scenarios: 1) the sulphide disseminations that surround the massive magmatic ores are the result of deformation and hydrothermal alteration; and 2) there were both magmatic massive and disseminated sulphides, in which case the scale and relocation of remobilization would have been smaller, but still detectable.

关键词：白马寨矿化作用云南硫化物

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