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Weak measurements and quantum-to-classical transitions in free electron-photon interactions

Light(Science & Applications) 2023年第11期12卷 2519-2529页

作者： Yiming Pan eliahu cohen Ebrahim Karimi Avraham Gover Norbert Schönenberger TomášChlouba Kangpeng Wang Saar Nehemia Peter Hommelhoff Ido Kaminer Yakir Aharonov School of Physical Science and Technology and Center for Transformative Science ShanghaiTech UniversityShanghai 200031China Department of Electrical Engineering TechnionHaifa 3200003Israel Department of Physics of Complex Systems Weizmann Institute of ScienceRehovot 7610001Israel Faculty of Engineering and the Institute of Nanotechnology and Advanced Materials Bar Ilan UniversityRamat Gan 5290002Israel Department of Physics University of OttawaOttawaOntario K1N 6N5Canada Department of Electrical Engineering Physical Electronics Center for Laser-Matter Interaction(LMI)Tel Aviv UniversityRamat Aviv 6997801Israel Department of Physics Friedrich-Alexander Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg(FAU)Staudtstraße 191058 ErlangenGermany School of Physics and Astronomy Tel Aviv UniversityRamat Aviv 6997801Israel Institute for Quantum Studies Chapman UniversityOrangeCA 92866USA

How does the quantum-to-classical transition of measurement occur?This question is vital for both foundations and applications of quantum ***,we develop a new measurement-based framework for characterizing the classical and quantum free electron-photon interactions and then experimentally test *** first analyze the transition from projective to weak measurement in generic light-matter interactions and show that any classical electron-laserbeam interaction can be represented as an outcome of weak *** particular,the appearance of classical point-particle acceleration is an example of an amplified weak value resulting from weak measurement.A universal factor,exp(-Γ^(2)=2),quantifies the measurement regimes and their transition from quantum to classical,whereΓcorresponds to the ratio between the electron wavepacket size and the optical *** measurement-based formulation is experimentally verified in both limits of photon-induced near-field electron microscopy and the classical acceleration regime using a *** results shed new light on the transition from quantum to classical electrodynamics,enabling us to employ the essence of the wave-particle duality of both light and electrons in quantum measurement for exploring and applying many quantum and classical light-matter interactions.

关键词： quantum photon acceleration

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A Holevo-Type Bound for a Hilbert Schmidt Distance Measure

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Journal of Quantum Information Science 2015年第4期5卷 127-133页

作者： Boaz Tamir eliahu cohen Faculty of Interdisciplinary Studies Bar-Ilan University Ramat-Gan Israel H.H. Wills Physics Laboratory University of Bristol Bristol UK School of Physics and Astronomy Tel-Aviv University Tel-Aviv Israel

We prove a new version of the Holevo bound employing the Hilbert-Schmidt norm instead of the Kullback-Leibler divergence. Suppose Alice is sending classical information to Bob by using a quantum channel while Bob is performing some projective measurements. We bound the classical mutual information in terms of the Hilbert-Schmidt norm by its quantum Hilbert-Schmidt counterpart. This constitutes a Holevo-type upper bound on the classical information transmission rate via a quantum channel. The resulting inequality is rather natural and intuitive relating classical and quantum expressions using the same measure.

关键词： Holevo Bound Hilbert-Schmidt Norm Entanglement Measures

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Ano malous weak values via a single phot on detection

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Light(Science & Applications) 2021年第6期10卷 963-968页

作者： Enrico Rebufello Fabrizio Piacentini Alessio Avella Muriel A.de Souza Marco Gramegna Jan Dziewior eliahu cohen Lev Vaidman Ivo Pietro Degiovanni Marco Genovese INRIM Strada delle Cacce 911-10135 TorinoItaly. National Institute of Metrology Quality and Technology-INMETROAv.Nossa Senhora das Granas50Duque de CaxiasRJ 25250-020Brazil. Max-Planck-lnstitut fur Quantenoptik Hans-Kopfermann-StraBe 185748 GarchingGermany. Department fur Physik Ludwig-Maximilians-Universitat80797 MunchenGermany. Faculty of Engi neeri ng and the Institute of Nano tech nology and Advanced Materials Bar Ilan UniversityRamat Gan 5290002Israel. Raymond and Beverly Sackler School of Physics and Astronomy Tel-Aviv UniversityTel-Aviv 6997801Israel

Is it possible that a measurement of a spin component of a spin-1/2 particle yields the value 100?In 1988 Aharonov,Albert and Vaidman argued that upon pre-and postselection of particular spin states,weakening the coupling of a standard measurement procedure ensures this paradoxical *** theoretical prediction,called weak value,was realised in numerous experiments2-9,but its meaning remains very controversialsince its"anomalous"nature,i.e.z the possibility to exceed the eigenvalue spectrum,as well as its"quantumness"are *** address these questions by presenting the first experiment measuring anomalous weak values with just a single click,without the need for statistical *** measurement uncertainty is significantly smaller than the gap between the measured weak value and the nearest *** clarifying the meaning of weak values,demonstrating their non-statistical,single-particle nature,this result represents a breakthrough in understanding the foundations of quantum measurement,showing unprecedented measurement capability for further applications of weak values to quantum photonics.

关键词： quantum eigenvalue breakthrough

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On the Crucial Role of the Variational Principle in Quantum Theories

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Journal of Applied Mathematics and Physics 2017年第11期5卷 2093-2103页

作者： eliahu Comay Charactell Ltd. Tel-Aviv Israel

The paper shows that the variational principle serves as an element of the mathematical structure of a quantum theory. The experimentally confirmed properties of the corpuscular-wave duality of a quantum particle are elements of the analysis. A Lagrangian density that yields the equations of motion of a given quantum theory of a massive particle is analyzed. It is proved that if this Lagrangian density is a Lorentz scalar whose dimension is ?then the associated action consistently defines the required phase of the quantum particle. The dimension of this Lagrangian density proves that also the quantum function ?has dimension. This result provides new criteria for the acceptability of quantum theories. An examination of the first order Dirac equation demonstrates that it satisfies the new criteria whereas the second order Klein-Gordon equation fails to do that.

关键词： Quantum Theories Lagrangian Density Corpuscular-Wave Duality Dimension of the Quantum Function The Correspondence Principle

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Trans-anal endoscopic microsurgery for non- adenomatous rectal lesions

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World Journal of Gastrointestinal Surgery 2023年第11期15卷 2406-2412页

作者： Dafna Shilo Yaacobi eliahu Y Bekhor Muhammad Khalifa Tal E Sandler Nidal Issa Department of Plastic Surgery and Burns Rabin Medical CenterPetah Tikva 4941492Israel Department of Surgery Rabin Medical CenterPetah Tikva 4941492Israel Department of Anesthesiology Rabin Medical CenterPetah Tikva 4941492Israel

BACKGROUND Trans-anal endoscopic microsurgery(TEM)enables a good visualization of the surgical field and is considered the method of choice for excision of adenomas and early T1 rectal *** rectum and retro-rectal space might be the origin of uncommon neoplasms,benign and aggressive,certain require radical trans-abdominal surgery,while others can be treated by a less aggressive *** this study we report outcomes in patients undergoing TEM for rare and non-adenomatous rectal and retro-rectal lesions over a period of 11 *** Between January 2008 to December 2019 a retrospective analysis was completed for all patients who underwent TEM for non-adenomatous rectal lesion or retro-rectal mass in our *** were discharged once diet was well tolerated and no complications were *** were evaluated at 3 wk post operatively,then at 3-mo intervals for the first 2 years and every 6 mo depending on the nature of the final *** examination and rectoscopy were performed during each of the follow-up *** Out of 198 patients who underwent TEM during the study period,18 had non-adenomatous rectal or retro-rectal *** age was 47 *** mean size of the lesions was 2.9 mm,with a mean distance from the anal margin of 7.9 *** surgical time was 97.8 *** were no intra-operative neither late post-operative *** length of stay was 2.5 *** patient follow-up duration was 42 *** TEM allows for reduced morbidity given its minimally invasive *** should be familiar with the technique but careful patient selection should be *** can be used safely for uncommon rectal and selected retro-rectal lesions without compromising *** believe that it should be reasonably considered as one of the surgical methods when treating rare lesions.

关键词： Trans-anal endoscopic microsurgery Rectal lesions MicrosurgeryTrans-anal endoscopic microsurgery Rectal lesions Microsurgery

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Excision of malignant and pre-malignant rectal lesions by transanal endoscopic microsurgery in patients under 50 years of age

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World Journal of Gastrointestinal Surgery 2023年第9期15卷 1892-1900页

作者： Dafna Shilo Yaacobi Yael Berger Tali Shaltiel eliahu Y Bekhor Muhammad Khalifa Nidal Issa Department of Plastic Surgery&Burns Rabin Medical CenterPetah Tikva 4941492Israel Department of Surgery Rabin Medical Center-Hasharon HospitalPetah Tikva 4941492Israel

BACKGROUND The most common technique for treating benign and early malignant rectal lesions is transanal endoscopic microsurgery(TEM).Local excision is an acceptable technique for high-risk and elderly patients,but there are hardly any data regarding young *** To describe TEM outcomes in patients under 50 years of *** We collected demographic,clinical,and pathological data from all patients under the age of 50 years who underwent the TEM procedure at Hasharon Rabin Medical Center from January 2005 to December *** During the study period,a total of 26 patients under the age of 50 years underwent TEM *** mean age was 43.3 ***(42.0%)were *** mean operative time was 67 min,and the mean tumor size was 2.39 cm,with a mean anal verge distance of 8.50 *** major intraoperative or postoperative complications were *** median length of stay was 2 ***(26.9%)lesions were adenomas with low-grade dysplasia,four(15.4%)were high-grade dysplasia adenomas,two were T1 carcinomas(7.8%),and three were T2 carcinomas(11.5%).No residual disease was found following endoscopic polypectomy in two patients(7.8%),but four(15.4%)had other *** margins were negative in all *** recurrence was detected in one patient 33 mo following *** Among young adult patients,TEM for benign rectal lesions has excellent *** may also offer a balance between the efficacy of complete oncologic resection and postoperative quality of life in the treatment of rectal *** some cases,it may be considered an alternative to radical surgery.

关键词： Transanal endoscopic microsurgery Young adults Rectal lesions Benign lesions Malignant lesions Radical surgery alternative

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First Trimester Pregnancy Loss May Temporary Reduce the Ovarian Response during the Subsequent IVF Cycle

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Open Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology 2018年第4期8卷 344-353页

作者： Dina Levitas Avi Harlev Michael Friger Iris Har-Vardi Atif Zeadna eliahu Levitas Fertility and IVF Unit Department Of Obstetrics and Gynecology Faculty of Health Sciences Soroka Medical Center Beer-Sheva Israel Department of Epidemiology Ben-Gurion University of the Negev Beer-Sheva Israel

The aim of this study was to compare the in vitro fertilization (IVF) cycles ended by miscarriage with subsequent IVF cycles in relation to various IVF cycle parameters and pregnancy termination modalities. Comparison of pre-miscarriage to post-miscarriage IVF cycles parameters demonstrated that lower peak E2 levels (1087 ± 593 versus 1237 ± 676 pg/ml, respectively;p p p p p p < 0.05), and an increase in the conception rate (34.7% versus 42.2%, respectively) at the second post-miscarriage IVF cycle.

关键词： IVF Miscarriage First Trimester Pregnancy Loss Superovulation Ovarian Response Endometrial Thickness Conception Rates

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Is It Possible to Predict the Outcome of IVF Treatment in Poor Response Patients?

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Open Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology 2014年第12期4卷 703-709页

作者： Adi Uretzky Avraham Harlev Limor Man Eitan Lunenfeld Iris Har-Vardi Michael Friger eliahu Levitas Department of Epidemiology Faculty of Health Sciences Ben-Gurion University of the Negev Beer-Sheva Israel Fertility and IVF Unit Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology Soroka University Medical Center Beer-Sheva Israel

Poor ovarian response (POR)—retrieval of 3 or fewer eggs, is a challenging issue in IVF. A retrospective study included POR women who underwent 386 IVF cycles. The data were classified in four groups according to women’s age (years) during the treatment cycle: 1) 20 - 34 (n = 133), 2) 35 - 39 (n = 133), 3) 40 - 42 (n = 78), 4) 43 - 47 y (n = 42), and correlated with the characteristics of the population. The clinical pregnancy rates for groups 1, 2, 3, and 4 were: 23.3%, 12%, 2.6%, 4.8%, respectively. It was found to be significantly higher (p < 0.001) comparing group 1 with group 3 patients. The “take home baby” rate was much lower (p < 0.001) in group 3;there were no deliveries in group 4. Delivery rates for groups 1, 2, 3, and 4 were: 19.5%, 10.5%, 1.3% and 0%, respectively. Intraabdominal adhesions were more common (p = 0.005) as the cause of infertility in group 3 women compared to groups 2 and 1: 24.4% compared with 9% and 9.8%, respectively. According to multivariate regression analysis, the parameters that negatively reflect on the pregnancy rate in POR women are intraabdominal adhesions, POR in the past, and increased age. We suggest encouraging young POR patients to pursue IVF treatments since the “take home baby” rates are reasonably good.

关键词： IVF Poor Ovarian Response Failed IVF Treatments

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Variations in vascular endothelial growth factor levels during ovarian superovulation and reduction of ovarian hyperstimulation incidence in young women: A prospective study

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Open Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology 2013年第2期3卷 296-300页

作者： eliahu Levitas M. Huleihal E. Lunenfeld R. Gakman M. Friger G. Potashnik Department of Epidemiology Faculty of Health Sciences Ben-Gurion University of the Negev Beer-Sheva Israel Department of Immunology Faculty of Health Sciences Ben-Gurion University of the Negev Beer-Sheva Israel Fertility and IVF Unit Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology Soroka University Medical Center Beer-Sheva Israel

Variations in Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor (VEGF) levels were prospectively evaluated in 18 young women undergoing in vitro fertilization treatments according to the “Long Protocol” and a typical pattern of VEGF levels was recorded. A significant increase in VEGF concentrations was observed only when the follicles reached a mean diameter of 15.3 mm in concurrence with mature oocyte retrieval. Since an increase in VEGF levels is related to follicular vascularity and oocyte developpment, our study supports the approach that oocyte retrieval may be performed when follicles > 15 mm in diameter appear. Anticipating egg retrieval in young patients with an optimal ovarian reserve may decrease the incidence of severe ovarian hyperstimulation, without compromising the treatment results.

关键词： Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor (VEGF) In Vitro Fertilization Gonadotropin Stimulation Follicle Size Prevention of Ovarian Hyperstimulation

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Bone loss prevention in ovariectomized rats using stable amorphous calcium carbonate

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Health 2013年第7期5卷 18-29页

作者： Galit Shaltiel Elad Bar-David Oren E. Meiron Eitan Waltman Assaf Shechter eliahu D. Aflalo David Stepensky Amir Berman Berdine R. Martin Connie M. Weaver Amir Sagi Amorphical Ltd. Beer-Sheva Israel Department of Biotechnology Engineering Faculty of Engineering Sciences Ben-Gurion University of the Negev Beer-Sheva Israel Department of Food and Nutrition Purdue University West Lafayette USA Department of Life Sciences Faculty of Natural Sciences Ben-Gurion University of the Negev Beer-Sheva Israel Department of Pharmacology Faculty of Health Sciences Ben-Gurion University of the Negev Beer-Sheva Israel

In assessing the relationship between calcium supplementation and maintaining bone mass or reducing the risk of fracture, the effectiveness of calcium supplementation has never been decisive. Freshwater crayfish rely on amorphous calcium carbonate (ACC), an instable polymorph of calcium carbonate, as the main mineral in the exoskeleton and in the temporary storage organ, the gastrolith. Inspired by the crayfish model, we have previously shown an increase in calcium bioavailability in rats administered with synthetic stable ACC vs. crystalline calcium carbonate (CCC). The current study compared the effects of amorphous calcium derived from either gastrolith or synthetic ACC with those of crystalline calcium, found in commercial CCC or calciumcitrate supplements, in a bone loss prevention model. Rats were subjected to either sham or ovariectomy (OVX) operation (n^20/ group) followed by administration of food pellets supplemented with 0.5% calcium from either source over 12 weeks. Micro-computed tomography (μCT) and histomorphometric analyses revealed bone loss prevention by both gastrolith and ACC treatments, manifested by an increase in morphometric bone parameters, compared to both CCC-?and calcium citrate-treated groups. Both gastrolith and ACC treatments resulted in bone formation in the tibia cancellous bone, indicated by dynamic histomorphometry parameters, compared to either the CCC or calcium citrate treatments. Levels of urine deoxypyridinoline (DPD), suggested an anti-resorptive effect of ACC, which was also the only treatment that led to a significant increase in vertebral mechanical strength, as supported by μCT analysis of topology and orientation parameters of the vertebral trabeculae. To our knowledge, such levels of bone loss prevention by calcium supplements have never been reported. These findings thus suggest the potential of both natural (crayfish gastrolith) and, to a greater extent, synthetic ACC sources for the prevention of metabolic bone disor

关键词： Amorphous Calcium Carbonate Bone Metabolism Calcium Carbonate Calcium Citrate Gastrolith Osteoporosis Ovariectomized Rats

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