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Propose. Diffe.e.t Signal Proce.sing Tools for e.ficie.t Optical Wire.e.s Communications

Compute.s, Mate.ials & Continua 2022年第5期71卷 3293-3318页

作者： He.d ibrahim Abe.r D.Algarni Mahmoud Abdalla Walid e.-Shafai Fathi e.Abd e.-Samie.Naglaa F.Soliman De.artme.t of e.e.tronics and Communications e.gine.ring Faculty of EngineeringZagazig UniversityZagazig44519Egypt De.artme.t of Information Te.hnology College of Computer and Information SciencesPrincess Nourah Bint Abdulrahman UniversityRiyadhSaudi Arabia De.artme.t of e.e.tronics and e.e.trical Communications e.gine.ring Faculty of Electronic EngineeringMenoufia UniversityMenoufia32952Egypt Se.urity e.gine.ring Lab Computer Science DepartmentPrince Sultan UniversityRiyadh 11586Saudi Arabia

Optical Wire.e.s Communication(OWC)is a ne. tre.d in communication syste.s to achie.e.large.bandwidth,high bit rate.high se.urity,fast de.loyme.t,and low *** basic ide. of the.OWC is to transmit data on unguide. me.ia with *** syste. re.uire. multi-carrie. modulation such as Orthogonal Fre.ue.cy Division Multiple.ing(OFDM).This pape. studie. optical OFDM pe.formance.base. on Inte.sity Modulation with Dire.t De.e.tion(IM/DD)*** syste. re.uire. a non-ne.ativity *** pape. pre.e.ts a frame.ork for wire.e.s optical OFDM syste. that comprise.(IM/DD)with diffe.e.t forms,Dire.t Curre.t biase. Optical OFDM(DCO-OFDM),Asymme.rically Clippe. Optical OFDM(ACO-OFDM),Asymme.rically DC-biase. Optical OFDM(ADO-OFDM),and *** also conside.s channe. coding as a tool for e.ror control,channe. e.ualization for re.ucing de.e.ioration due.to channe. e.fe.ts,and inve.tigation of the.turbule.ce.*** e.aluation re.ults of the.propose. frame.ork re.e.l e.hance.e.t of *** pe.formance.of the.IM/DD-OFDM syste. is inve.tigate. ove. diffe.e.t channe. mode.s such as AWGN,log-normal turbule.ce.channe. mode.,and ce.ling bounce.channe. *** simulation re.ults show that the.Be. pe.formance.of the.IM/DD-OFDM communication syste. is e.hance. while.the.fading stre.gth is *** re.ults re.e.l also that Hamming code.,BCH code.,and convolutional code. achie.e.be.te. Be. ***,two algorithms of channe. e.timation and e.ualization are.conside.e. and *** algorithms include.the.Le.st Square.(LS)and the.Minimum Me.n Square.e.ror(MMSe..The.simulation re.ults show that the.MMSe.algorithm give. be.te. Be. pe.formance.than the.LS algorithm.

关键词： Optical communication syste.s OWC IM/DD OFDM MMSe LS ADO-OFDM DCO-OFDM ACO-OFDM

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Me.ahe.ristic Optimization for Mobile.Robot Navigation Base. on Path Planning

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Compute.s, Mate.ials & Continua 2022年第11期73卷 2241-2255页

作者： e.-Saye. M.e.-ke.awy Ze.shan Shafi Khan Abde.hame.d ibrahim Bandar Abdullah Aloyaydi He.ham Arafat Ali Ali e.Takie.de.n De.artme.t of Communications and e.e.tronics Delta Higher Institute of Engineering and TechnologyMansoura35111Egypt Faculty of Artificial Inte.lige.ce Delta University for Science and TechnologyMansoura35712Egypt Compute. Scie.ce.De.artme.t College of Engineering and Computer ScienceMustaqbal UniversityBuraidahSaudi Arabia Compute. e.gine.ring and Control Syste.s De.artme.t Faculty of EngineeringMansoura UniversityMansoura35516Egypt De.artme.t of Me.hanical e.gine.ring Qassim UniversityBuraidah51452Saudi Arabia

Re.e.tly,the.path planning proble. may be.conside.e. one.of the.most inte.e.ting re.e.rche. topics in autonomous *** is why finding a safe.path in a clutte.e. e.vironme.t for a mobile.robot is a significant re.uisite.A promising route.planning for mobile.robots on one.side.save. time.and,on the.othe. side.re.uce. the.we.r and te.r on the.robot,saving the.capital *** route.planning me.hods for the.mobile.robot have.be.n de.e.ope. and *** to our be.t knowle.ge.no me.hod offe.s an optimum solution among the.e.isting *** Swarm Optimization(PSO),a nume.ical optimization me.hod base. on the.mobility of virtual particle. in a multidime.sional space.is conside.e. one.of the.be.t algorithms for route.planning unde. constantly changing e.vironme.tal *** the.re.e.rche.s,re.ctive.me.hods are.incre.singly common and e.te.sive.y use. for the.training of ne.ral ne.works in orde. to have.e.ficie.t route.planning for mobile.*** pape. propose. a PSO We.ghte. Gre. Wolf Optimization(PSOWGWO)*** is a hybrid algorithm base. on e.hance. Gre. Wolf Optimization(GWO)with *** orde. to me.sure.the.statistical e.ficie.cy of the.propose. algorithm,Wilcoxon rank-sum and ANOVA statistical te.ts are.*** e.pe.ime.tal re.ults de.onstrate.a 25%to 45%e.hance.e.t in te.ms of Are. Unde. Curve.AUC).More.ve.,supe.ior pe.formance.in te.ms of data size.path planning time.and accuracy is de.onstrate. ove. othe. state.of-the.art te.hnique..

关键词： Mobile.robot swarm optimization robot route.planning ne.ral ne.works

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e.aluation of Appropriate.e.s of Proton Pump Inhibitors (PPIs) Use.in the.Re.ion of Sharjah, Unite. Arab e.irate. (UAe.

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Pharmacology & Pharmacy 2018年第6期9卷 149-156页

作者： Osama H. Mohame. ibrahim Mohame. e. A. Rashrash Rand Albasha Re.m Alani Sama Khadhum Same. Soliman De.artme.t of Pharmacy Practice.and Pharmacothe.ape.tics College of Pharmacy University of Sharjah Sharjah UAE De.artme.t of Clinical Pharmacy Faculty of Pharmacy Cairo University Cairo Egypt De.artme.t of Me.icinal Che.istry College of Pharmacy University of Sharjah Sharjah UAE

Background: Proton pump inhibitors (PPIs) are.drugs that re.uce.the.production of acid in the.stomach. Re.e.tly, the.use.of PPI has be.n incre.sing among communitie., whe.he. with or without pre.cription. As a part of the.he.lthcare.te.m, the.pharmacist should not only dispe.se.me.ications but also e.sure.the.appropriate.use.of the.e.me.ications. Studie. conducte. within 16 countrie. showe. substantial variation in the.appropriate.e.s of the.use.of PPI drugs. Aim: To e.aluate.the.appropriate.e.s of PPIs use.in Sharjah, UAe.base. on surve.s answe.e. by pharmacists, physicians, and patie.ts. Me.hods: A cross-se.tional surve. study was conducte. on De.e.be. 2017 at Sharjah, UAe.as an e.ample.of information obtaine. from the.Middle.e.st. Two diffe.e.t surve.s we.e.conducte. on physicians and pharmacists. Both Physicians and Pharmacists we.e.chose. randomly from Ye.low Page.. The.re.ults obtaine. from both studie. we.e.use. to de.e.op a patie.t’s surve., which was distribute. among Unive.sity of Sharjah stude.ts, the.r familie. and random pe.ple.at Shopping Malls and Clinics. Re.ults: The.re.ults obtaine. from the.patie.ts’ surve. showe. that ~39% of PPI use.s from the.re.ion of Sharjah are.25 - 44 ye.rs old. Approximate.y 79% are.using PPI according to physicians’ pre.criptions. Pre.criptions’ duration is varie. be.we.n 1 month (39%) and 6 months (22%), whe.e.52% of PPI use.s ask the.r physicians to pre.cribe.PPIs whe. ne.de.. Sugge.te. re.sons for the.use.of PPI include. inappropriate.food habits (52%), use.of othe. me.ications (16%) or bacte.ial infe.tion (13%). Around 52% of the.patie.ts did not re.e.ve.any re.omme.dations re.arding the.de.re.cribing of PPIs. According to the.pharmacists’ surve.s, an ave.age.sale.of 5 - 10 PPI package. is re.orte. pe. day, and around 50% are.sold without a pre.cription. Most pharmacists we.e.not fully aware.of the.he.lth conditions and side.e.fe.ts of PPI drugs. On the.othe. hand, physicians’ surve.s showe. that PPIs we.e.mainly pre.

关键词： Proton Pump Inhibitors De.re.cribing Appropriate Use Unite. Arab e.irate. (UAe.

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Fractional Yie.d, e.tract Composition and Variability from Jordanian Oil Shale.

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Journal of Analytical Scie.ce., Me.hods and Instrume.tation 2016年第3期6卷 51-63页

作者： Hani M. Alnawafle. Fe.as Y. Fraige.Khalid e. Tarawne. ibrahim A. Sarairahc Laila A. Al-Khatib Faculty of e.gine.ring Al-Hussein Bin Talal University Ma’an Jordan Al-Muzahmiayah Branch Faculty of Engineering King Saud University Riyadh Kingdom of Saudi Arabia Faculty of e.gine.ring Isra University Amman Jordan Faculty of Scie.ce Al-Hussein Bin Talal University Ma’an Jordan Naif Arab Unive.sity for Se.urity Scie.ce. Riyadh Kingdom of Saudi Arabia

Surface.and subsurface.oil shale.(OS) rocks in Jordan have.pote.tial e.onomic value.for the.country and still unutilize.. This re.e.rch pape. focuse. on ce.tral and southe.n OS de.osits in Jordan. Brie. characte.ization of four OS de.osits is pre.e.te.. Size.distribution te.t and e.e.e.tal analysis we.e.pe.forme.. Shale.oil was e.tracte. via thre. solvation me.hods: Soxhle. e.traction, e.traction via mixing and stirring, and lastly supe.-critical fluid e.traction. Major shale.oil fractions we.e.obtaine. from e.tract fractionation on chromatographic column. The.nucle.r magne.ic re.onance.spe.troscopy te.hnique.was use. to study qualitative.y the.fractional composition of OS e.tract. Re.ults show that all studie. OS de.osits have.quite.similar tre.d in the.r particle.size.distribution and the.r e.e.e.tal composition. The.e.OS de.osits are.found to be.varying in the.r solvation be.avior, fractional yie.d, and shale.oil composition. Highe.t yie.d is obtaine. from polar solve.ts. The.OS e.traction via solvation proce.se. is promising unde. ce.tain e.traction conditions such as supe.-critical conditions. The.solvation variability of Jordanian OS indicate. that diffe.e.t e.traction te.hnique. suit diffe.e.t OS de.osits. Such variability should be.conside.e. in any future.e.traction options.

关键词： Jordan Oil Shale Solve.t e.traction Variability Fractional Yie.d

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Diffe.e.tial e.pre.sion of ce.l cycle.re.ulators in HCV-infe.tion and re.ate. he.atoce.lular carcinoma

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World Journal of He.atology 2010年第1期2卷 32-41页

作者： Azza e.e. Bassiouny Mona M Nosse.r Mona K Zohe.ry Noha A Ame.n Ahme. M Abde.-Hadi ibrahim M ibrahim Suhe. Zada Abde.-Hake.m Saad e.-De.n Nora e.e.-Bassiouni De.artme.t of Immunology Theodor Bilharz Research Institute De.artme.t of Pathology Ce.tral Laboratory Theodor Bilharz Research Institute De.artme.t of He.ato-Gastroe.te.ology Theodor Bilharz Research Institute Biology De.artme.t American University Zoology De.artme.t Faculty of ScienceCairo University De.artme.t of He.atology Theodor Bilharz Research Institute

AIM:To inve.tigate.ce.l cycle.prote.ns in chronic he.atitis C virus infe.tion in orde. to analyze.the.r role.in the.proce.s of he.atocyte.transformation and to characte.ize.the.r prognostic prope.tie.. Me.HODS:Subje.ts of the.curre.t study include. 50 case. of chronic he.atitis C(CHC) without cirrhosis,30 case. of CHC with live. cirrhosis(LC) ,and 30 case. of he.atitis C-re.ate. he.atoce.lular carcinoma(HCC) admitte. to the.De.artme.t of He.ato-Gastroe.te.ology,The.dor Bilharz Re.e.rch Institute.TBRI) ,Giza,*** we.ge.live. biopsie.,take. during laparoscopic chole.yste.tomy,we.e.also include. as normal *** inve.tigations including urine.and stool analysis,live. function te.ts and prothrombin conce.tration;se.ologic marke.s for viral he.atitis and ultrasonography we.e.done.for all case. of the.study toge.he. with immunohistoche.ical analysis using primary antibodie. against Cyclin D1,Cyclin e.p21,p27 and Rb/p105 prote.ns. Re.ULTS:Normal we.ge.live. biopsie. didn't e.pre.s Cyclin e.or Rb/p105 immunostaining but show positive.staining for Cyclin D1,p21 and *** D1 e.pre.se. nucle.r staining that was se.ue.tially incre.se. from CHC to LC(Pe.;me.nwhile.Cyclin e.re.e.le. nucle.r positivity only in the.case.of HCCs patie.ts that was dire.tly corre.ate. to Rb/p105 *** e.pre.sion of p21 and p27 was significantly incre.se. in CHC and LC case. compare. to normal controls and HCCs with no significant diffe.e.ce.be.we.n we.l-and poorlydiffe.e.tiate. tumors.p21 showe. only a nucle.r patte.n of staining,while.p27 pre.e.te. with e.the. cytoplasmic and/or nucle.r re.ctivity in all studie. *** analysis re.e.le. a dire.t re.ation be.we.n Cyclin D1 and p21 in CHC case.(Pe.we.n Cyclin D1 and Cyclin e.in HCCs(Pe.e.,an inve.se.e.ationship was de.e.te. be.we.n Cyclin D1 and p21 or p27(Pe.we.n p21 and Rb/p105(Pe.ulation of Cyclin D1 in CHC p

关键词： Chronic he.atitis C Live. cirrhosis He.atoce.lular carcinoma Ce.l cycle Cyclin D1 Cyclin e p21 p27 Rb/p105

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Misuse.of prophylactic antibiotics and pre.ale.ce.of postope.ative.wound infe.tion in obste.rics and gyne.ology de.artme.t in a Sudane.e.hospital

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He.lth 2014年第2期6卷 158-164页

作者： Abubake. ibrahim e.bur M. A. Yousif Ahme. S. A. e. Saye. Manar e. Abde.-Rahman De.artme.t of Cardiothoracic Surge.y Al-Shaab Teaching Hospital Khartoum Sudan Faculty of Mathe.atical Scie.ce. University of Khartoum Khartoum Sudan Faculty of Pharmacy Gezira University Wad Madani Sudan Pharmacy Practice.Re.e.rch Unit (PPRU) College of Pharmacy Taif University Taif KSA Pharmacy Practice.Re.e.rch Unit (PPRU) College of Pharmacy Taif University Taif KSA

Purpose. This study was conducte. to audit prophylactic antibiotic use.and to quantify the.rate.of wound infe.tion. Me.hods: Across-se.tional prospe.tive.study was conducte. in the.Obste.rics and Gyne.ology De.artme.t in Khartoum Te.ching Hospital, Sudan during March 1st to 31st Octobe. 2010. All Patie.ts (age. >18 ye.rs) we.e.include.. Re.ults: Ove.all 725 patie.ts we.e.include.. The.pe.forme. surgical proce.ure. we.e.751;of the.e.578 (76.9%) we.e.Cae.are.n se.tions. Ove.all rate.of wound infe.tion was 7.8%. The.rate.of wound infe.tion among patie.ts ope.ate. on for cae.are.n se.tion and abdominal hyste.e.tomy was 8.3%, and 9.2%, re.pe.tive.y. Multivariate.logistic analysis showe. that body mass inde. [BMI] ≥ 30 kg/m2 OR 2.1, 95% CI (1.1 - 4.0), (P = 0.019) was the.major inde.e.de.t risk factor for occurre.ce.of wound infe.tion. e.aluation of pre.criptions’ parame.e.s against the.state. crite.ia showe. that 113 (15.8%) patie.ts we.e.give. antibiotics with ade.uate.spe.trum of activity, 611 (85.3%) give. sub-dose.s, 83 (11.6%) re.e.ve. the.first pre.pe.ative.dose.s in a prope. time.window, and 716 (100%) had prophylaxis for e.te.de. duration. Ove.all conformity to the.state. crite.ia for the.e.aluation of pre.cription’s parame.e.s was not achie.e. in all pre.criptions. Conclusions: In this se.ting, antibiotics we.e.irrationally use. and wound infe.tion rate.was high, and the.situation calls for multiple.inte.ve.tions to corre.t the.situation, through the.activation of the.infe.tion control committe. in the.hospital and de.e.opme.t of antimicrobial subcommitte. to de.e.op policie. for the.use.and auditing of prophylactic antibiotics.

关键词： Prophylactic Antibiotics Wound Infe.tion Obste.rics and Gyne.ology Sudan

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Amoxicillin–clavulanic acid induce. spe.m abnormalitie. and histopathological change. in mice

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Asian Pacific Journal of Tropical Biome.icine 2017年第9期7卷 809-816页

作者： Maha A. Fahmy Ayman A. Farghaly e.ayat A. Omara Ze.nab M. Hassan Fawzia A.e. Aly Souria M. Donya Aziza A.e. ibrahim e.saye. M. Bayoumy De.artme.t of Ge.e.ics and Cytology National Research CentreDokkiGizaEgypt De.artme.t of Pathology National Research CentreDokkiGizaEgypt De.artme.t of Che.istry of Natural Compounds National Research CentreDokkiGizaEgypt Hydrobiology De.artme.t National Research CentreDokkiGizaEgypt Biology De.artme.t Girls Science CollegeUniversity of DammamSaudi Arabia

Obje.tive. To e.plore.the.ge.otoxic pote.tial and histopathological change. induce. in live., kidne., te.tis, brain and he.rt afte. using the.antibiotic drug amoxicillin/clavulanic acid(4:1).Me.hods: The.study include. chromosomal abe.ration analysis in bone.marrow and mouse.spe.matocyte., induction of spe.m morphological abnormalitie. and histopathological change. in diffe.e.t body organs. The.drug was administrate. orally at a dose.of81 mg/kg body we.ght twice.daily(Total = 162 mg/kg/day) for various pe.iods of time.e.uivale.t to 625 mg/me.(twice.daily).Re.ults: The.re.ults re.e.le. non-significant chromosomal abe.rations induce. afte. tre.tme.t with amoxicillin/clavulanic acid(AC) in both bone.marrow and mouse.spe.matocyte. afte. 7 and 10 days tre.tme.t. On the.othe. hand, statistically significant pe.ce.tage. of spe.m morphological abnormalitie. we.e.re.orde.. Such pe.ce.tage.re.che. 8.10 ± 0.55, 9.86 ± 0.63 and 12.12 ± 0.58 at the.thre. time.inte.vals te.te.(7, 14 and 35 days afte. the.1 st tre.tme.t re.pe.tive.y)(tre.tme.t pe.forme. for 5 succe.sive.days) compare. with 2.78 ± 0.48 for the.control. The.re.ults also re.e.le. histopathological change. in diffe.e.t body organs afte. AC tre.tme.t which incre.se. with the.prolongation of the.pe.iod of the.apy. Conge.tion of ce.tral vain, live. he.orrhage.and hydropic change. in he.atocyte. we.e.notice. in the.live.. De.e.e.ative.change. we.e.found in kidne. glome.ulus and tubule. while.te.tis showe. atrophy of se.inife.ous tubule., and re.uction of spe.matoge.e.is. AC also induce. ne.rotoxicity and alte.e. brain ne.rotransmitte. le.e.s. He.orrhage.in the.myocardium, disruption of cardiac muscle.fibe.s and pyknotic nucle. in cardiomyocyte. we.e.re.orde. as side.e.fe.ts of AC in he.rt ***: The.re.ults conclude. that AC tre.tme.t induce. spe.m morphological abnormalitie. and histopathological change. in diffe.e.t body organs. Clinicians must be.aware.of such re.ults while.de.cribing the.drug.

关键词： Amoxicillin/clavulanic acid Ge.otoxicity Spe.m abnormalitie. Histopathological change.

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Parame.e. optimization of microwave.sinte.ing porous Ti-23%Nb shape.me.ory alloys for biome.ical applications

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Transactions of Nonfe.rous Me.als Socie.y of China 2018年第4期28卷 700-710页

作者： Mustafa K.ibrahim e.HAMZAH Safaa N.SAUD e.M.NAZIM A.BAHADOR Faculty of Me.hanical e.gine.ring Universiti Teknologi Malaysia Faculty of Information Scie.ce. and e.gine.ring Management & Science University

Porous Ti-23%Nb(mole.fraction)shape.me.ory alloys(SMAs)we.e.pre.are. succe.sfully by microwave.sinte.ing with e.ce.le.t oute. finishing(without space.holde.).The.e.fe.ts of microwave.sinte.ing on the.microstructure.phase.composition,phase.transformation te.pe.ature.me.hanical prope.tie. and shape.me.ory e.fe.t we.e.*** re.ults show that the.de.sity and size.of porosity vary base. on the.sinte.ing time.and te.pe.ature.in which the.smalle.t size.and the.most uniform pore.shape.are.e.hibite. with Ti-23%Nb SMA afte. be.ng sinte.e. at 900°C for 30 *** microstructure.of porous Ti-Nb SMA consists of pre.ominantα',α,andβphase. in ne.dle.like.and plate.like.morphologie.,and the.r volume.fractions vary base. on the.sinte.ing time.and ***βphase.re.re.e.ts the.large.t phase.due.to the.highe. conte.t ofβstabilize. e.e.e.t with little.inte.sitie. ofαandα'*** highe.t ultimate.stre.gth and its strain are.indicate. for the.sample.sinte.e. at 900°C for 30 min,while.the.be.t supe.e.asticity is for the.sample.sinte.e. at 1200°C for 30 *** low-e.astic modulus e.able. the.e.alloys to avoid the.proble. of“stre.s shie.ding”.The.e.ore.microwave.he.ting can be.e.ploye. to sinte. Ti-alloys for biome.ical applications and improve.the.me.hanical prope.tie. of the.e.alloys.

关键词： biome.ical Ti-23%Nb alloy microwave.sinte.ing microstructure transformation te.pe.ature me.hanical prope.tie.

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Influe.ce.of Proce.sing Parame.e.s on the.Stre.gth of Air Braze. Alumina Joints Using Aluminium Inte.laye.

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Journal of Mate.ials Scie.ce.& Te.hnology 2011年第7期27卷 641-646页

作者： A. ibrahim F. Hasan De.artme.t of Me.allurgical and Mate.ials e.gine.ring University of Engineering and TechnologyLahore Pakistan

Alumina spe.ime.s we.e.joine. toge.he. with thin aluminium inte.laye. at 750 and 900°C unde. diffe.e.t applie. pre.sure. and holding time.in air. Fle.ural stre.gth of the.joints was the. me.sure. using a standard four-point be.d te.t me.hod. Characte.ization of the.inte.face.was carrie. out to corre.ate.the.incre.se.in fle.ural stre.gth with the.applie. pre.sure. holding te.pe.ature.and time. The.study showe. that the.stre.gth of joint is affe.te. by all thre. parame.e.s, i.e., proce.sing te.pe.ature. holding time.as we.l as applie. pre.sure.

关键词： Pre.sure.assiste. air brazing Alumina Aluminum Brazing Joining and Ce.amic

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3D Multi-gate.Transistors： Conce.t, Ope.ation, and Fabrication

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Journal of e.e.trical e.gine.ring 2015年第1期3卷 1-14页

作者： Nade. She.ata Abde.-Rahman Gabe. Ahme. Naguib Ayman e. Se.my Hossam Hassan ibrahim Shoe.r Omar Ahmadie. Re.an Nabe.l De.artme.t of e.gine.ring Mathe.atics and Physics Faculty of Engineering Alexandria University Alexandria 21544 Egypt CSNP (Ce.te. of Smart Nanote.hnology and Photonics) Smart CI Research Center Alexandria University Alexandria 21544Egypt De.artme.t of e.e.trical e.gine.ring Faculty of Engineering Alexandria University Alexandria 21544 Egypt School of Scie.ce. and e.gine.ring the American University in Cairo P.O. Box 74 New Cairo 11835 Egypt

The.multi-gate.transistors such as Fin-Fe.s, Tri-gate.Fe.s, and Gate.all-around （GAA） Fe.s are.re.arkable.bre.kthrough in the.e.e.tronic industry. 3D Transistor is taking the.place.of the.conve.tional 2D planar transistor for many re.sons. 3D transistors afford more.scalability, e.e.gy e.ficie.t pe.formance.than planar transistors and incre.se.the.control on the.channe. re.ion to re.uce.the.short channe. e.fe.t, which e.able. us to e.te.d Moore.s law to furthe. e.te.t. In this pape., we.will pre.e.t a re.ie. about the.r structure. ope.ation, type. and fabrication.

关键词： Fin-Fe. transistor fabrication.

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