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Sources and environmental fate of pyrogenic polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons(PAHs)in the Arctic

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Emerging contaminants 2019年第1期5卷 128-142页

作者： Jennifer E.Balmer Hayley Hung Yong Yu Robert J.Letcher derek c.g.muir Arctic Monitoring and Assessment Programme Fram CentrePO Box 6606 Langnes9296TromsøNorway Department of Biology The Citadel171 Moultrie StreetCharlestonSC29409USA Air Quality Processes Research Section Environment and Climate Change Canada4905 Dufferin StreetTorontoOntarioM3H 5T4Canada Northeast Institute of geography and Agroecology Chinese Academy of SciencesChangchun130102China Ecotoxicology and Wildlife Health Division Environment and Climate Change CanadaNational Wildlife Research CentreCarleton UniversityRaven RoadOttawaOntarioK1A 0H3Canada Environment and climate change canada Canada Centre for Inland Waters867 Lakeshore RoadBurlingtonONL7S 1A1Canada

Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons(PAHs)are large class of hydrophobic,semi-volatile organic contaminants that may enter the environment from both natural sources and anthropogenic *** PAHs arise from the incomplete combustion of fossil fuels and organic matter and following dispersal via long-range transport and may subsequently deposit in surface waters,soils and sediments of remote regions,including the *** current review summarizes and discusses Arctic data that is available for combustion-derived PAHs between 2004 and early 2018,focusing largely on data collected from remote,unexploited Arctic regions and from studies that provide some evidence of a pyrogenic *** increasing use of attribution ratios,which aid in discriminating PAHs from petrogenic or pyrogenic sources,suggest PAHs found in Arctic marine waters and sediment predominantly originate from natural underwater seeps,while those measured in air,freshwater,and terrestrial environments are likely to have originated from atmospheric and combustion-derived *** efforts indicate that atmospheric PAHs in the canadian and Norwegian Arctic are likely to have originated in the northern hemisphere e predominantly from Western Russia,northern Europe,and North *** Asia appears to be a minor source of PAHs to the Arctic,despite contributing more than 50%of global PAH *** comparison to the growing data for atmospheric PAHs,environmental data for these compounds in terrestrial and freshwater environments remain *** have been detected in Arctic biota from terrestrial,freshwater and marine environments,indicating exposure,however,levels are generally low,as most organisms efficiently metabolize parent ***,PAH emissions are expected to decline in the future,however models suggest the Arctic may not experience the same magnitude of decline projected for other world ***,future changes in climate may contribute to a re-volatilizati

关键词： contaminants Air Biota Pyrogenic Petrogenic Review

Hexachlorobutadiene(HcBD)contamination in the Arctic environment:A review

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Emerging contaminants 2019年第1期5卷 116-122页

作者： Jennifer E.Balmer Hayley Hung Katrin Vorkamp Robert J.Letcher derek c.g.muir Arctic Monitoring and Assessment Programme Fram CentrePO Box 6606 Langnes9296TromsøNorway Department of Biology The Citadel171 Moultrie StreetCharlestonSC29409USA Air Quality Processes Research Section Environment and Climate Change Canada4905 Dufferin StreetTorontoOntarioM3H 5T4Canada Aarhus University Department of Environmental ScienceArctic Research CentreFrederiksborgvej 3994000RoskildeDenmark Ecotoxicology and Wildlife Health Division Environment and Climate Change CanadaNational Wildlife Research CentreCarleton UniversityRaven RoadOttawaOntarioK1A 0H3Canada Environment and climate change canada Canada Centre for Inland Waters867 Lakeshore RoadBurlingtonONL7S 1A1Canada

Hexachlorobutadiene(HcBD)is a halogenated hydrocarbon that is primarily produced as an unintentional byproduct in the manufacture of chlorinated *** between HcBD and other persistent organic pollutants(POPs)led to its listing in 2015 for global regulation under the Stockholm convention on ***'s toxicity and propensity for long-range transport means there is special concern for its potential impacts on Arctic *** present review comprehensively summarizes all available information of the occurrence of HcBD in the Arctic environment,including its atmospheric,terrestrial,freshwater and marine ecosystems and ***,reports of HcBD in Arctic environmental media are *** has been measured in Arctic air collected from monitoring stations in Finland and canada,yet there is a dearth of data for other abiotic matrices(***,sediments,glacier ice,freshwaters and seawater).Low HcBD concentrations have been measured in Arctic terrestrial and marine biota,which is consistent with laboratory studies that indicate that HcBD has the potential to bioaccumulate,but not to *** data for Arctic biota suggest that terrestrial birds and mammals and seabirds,have comparatively higher HcBD concentrations than fish and marine mammals,warranting additional *** spatial and temporal trends in HcBD concentrations in the Arctic are currently limited,future monitoring of HcBD in the Arctic will be important for assessing the impact of global regulations newly-imposed by the Stockholm convention on POPs.

关键词： POPs Air Biota contaminants Long-range transport Review

Modeling historical budget for β-Hexachlorocyclohexane(HcH)in the Arctic Ocean:A contrast to α-HcH

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Environmental Science and Ecotechnology 2023年第2期14卷 18-28页

作者： Pu-Fei Yang Robie W.Macdonald Hayley Hung derek c.g.muir Roland Kallenborn Anatoly N.Nikolaev Wan-Li Ma Li-Yan Liu Yi-Fan Li International Joint Research center for Persistent Toxic Substances(IJRc-PTS) State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and EnvironmentSchool of EnvironmentHarbin Institute of TechnologyHarbin150090China International Joint Research center for Arctic Environment and Ecosystem(IJRc-AEE) Polar AcademyHarbin Institute of TechnologyHarbin150090China Institute of Ocean Sciences Department of Fisheries and OceansSidneyBCV8L 4B2Canada centre for Earth Observation Science University of ManitobaWinnipegR3T 2N2Canada Air Quality Processes Research Section Environment and Climate Change CanadaTorontoOntarioCanada canada centre for Inland Waters Environment and Climate Change CanadaBurlingtonOntarioCanada Faculty of chemistry Biotechnology and Food Sciences(KBM)Norwegian University of Life Sciences(NMBU)NOe1433 AsNorway Institute of Natural Sciences North-Eastern Federal UniversityRussia IJRc-PTS-NA TorontoOntarioM2N 6X9Canada

The historical annual loading to,removal from,and cumulative burden in the Arctic Ocean for β-hexachlorocyclohexane(β-HcH),an isomer comprising 5e12%of technical HcH,is investigated using a mass balance box model from 1945 to *** the 76 years,loading occurred predominantly through ocean currents and river inflow(83%)and only a small portion via atmospheric transport(16%).β-HcH started to accumulate in the Arctic Ocean in the late 1940s,reached a peak of 810 t in 1986,and decreased to 87 t in 2020,when its concentrations in the Arctic water and air were~30 ng m^(-3)and~0.02 pg m^(-3),*** though β-HcH and α-HcH(60e70%of technical HcH)are both the isomers of HcHs with almost identical temporal and spatial emission patterns,these two chemicals have shown different major pathways entering the *** from α-HcH with the long-range atmospheric transport(LRAT)as its major transport pathway,β-HcH reached the Arctic mainly through long-range oceanic transport(LROT).The much higher tendency of β-HcH to partition into the water,mainly due to its much lower Henry's Law constant than α-HcH,produced an exceptionally strong pathway divergence with β-HcH favoring slow transport in water and α-HcH favoring rapid transport in *** concentration and burden of β-HcH in the Arctic Ocean are also predicted for the year 2050 when only 4.4-5.3 t will remain in the Arctic Ocean under the influence of climate change.

关键词： β-Hexachlorocyclohexane Arctic Ocean Mass balance model Budget Air-water exchange

Levels and trends of current-use pesticides(cUPs)in the arctic:An updated review,2010-2018

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Emerging contaminants 2019年第1期5卷 70-88页

作者： Jennifer E.Balmer Adam D.Morris Hayley Hung Liisa Jantunen Katrin Vorkamp Frank Riget Marlene Evans Magali Houde derek c.g.muir Arctic Monitoring and Assessment Programme Fram CentrePO Box 6606Langnes9296TromsøNorway Department of Biology The Citadel171 Moultrie StreetCharlestonSCUSA Environment and climate change canada National Wildlife Research CenterOttawaCanada Air Quality Processes Research Section Environment and Climate Change CanadaTorontoOntarioCanada Air Quality Processes Research Section Environment and Climate Change CanadaEgbertOntarioCanada Aarhus University Department of Environmental ScienceArctic Research CentreRoskildeDenmark Aarhus University Department of BioscienceRoskildeDenmark Aquatic Ecosystem Protection Research Division Environment Canada11 Innovation BlvdSaskatoonSKS7N 3H5Canada Environment and climate change canada St.Lawrence CenterMontrealQuebecCanada Environment and climate change canada Canada Centre for Inland WatersBurlingtonOntarioCanada

global regulations and many regional and national controls restrict the use of substances that exhibit the potential for environmental persistence and long-range ***,many current-use pesticides(cUPs)continue to be newly discovered in remote regions,including the *** present review serves as an update,summarizing newly available information for cUPs in the Arctic environment and biota published from 2010 to *** 2010,at least seven new cUPs have been measured in Arctic media:2-methyl-4-chlorophenoxyacetic acid(McPA),metribuzin,pendimethalin,phosalone,quizalofop-ethyl,tefluthrin and *** the large number of pesticides in current use,the number measured in the Arctic is very limited,however,modelling studies have identified additional cUPs as potential Arctic contaminants that have yet to be investigated in the *** to their recent detection,reports of cUPs in the Arctic are limited,but *** have been reported in a wide range of abiotic Arctic matrices,including air,snow,ice,freshwater and seawater,indicating their capacity for long-range atmospheric transport,however,concentrations are generally low in comparison to legacy pesticides and other persistent organic pollutants(POPs).Recent food-web studies indicate cUPs can enter Arctic terrestrial and marine food chains,however,in contrast to POPs,the highest concentrations of many cUPs were found in lower trophic-level organisms,and the lowest concentrations detected in animals at the highest trophic levels(i.e,ringed seals,polar bear,caribou,and wolves)indicating significant trophic *** detection of cUPs in the remote Arctic ecosystem reinforces the need for continued monitoring of both known and potential Arctic pollutants to prevent impacts on human and environmental health as the global arsenal of pesticides used in agriculture continuously changes.

关键词： POPs contaminants Air Biota Long-range transport Persistence

Future climate change decreases multi-pathway but increases respiratory human health risks of PAHs across china

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National Science Open 2024年第2期3卷 128-147页

作者： Jiaao Bao Xinghui Xia Ying Zhu Bingxiang Zhao Erxue gu Yanan Liu Xiao Yun Zhenrui Zhang Nannan Xi Yong geng Ying Xu Zhifeng Yang derek c.g.muir Key Laboratory of Water and Sediment Sciences of Ministry of Education State Key Laboratory of Water Environment SimulationSchool of EnvironmentBeijing Normal UniversityBeijing 100875China State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Environmental Health Impact Assessment of Emerging contaminants School of Environmental Science and EngineeringShanghai Jiao Tong UniversityShanghai 200240China college of Urban and Environmental Sciences Laboratory for Earth Surface ProcessesSino-French Institute for Earth System SciencePeking UniversityBeijing 100871China National climate center China Meteorological AdministrationBeijing 100081China Key Laboratory for city cluster Environmental Safety and green Development of the Ministry of Education Institute of Environmental and Ecological EngineeringGuangdong University of TechnologyGuangzhou 510006China Aquatic contaminants Research Division Environment and Climate Change CanadaBurlington L7S 1A1Canada

Future climate change will affect the environmental fate of hydrophobic organic contaminants(HOcs)and associated human health risks,yet the extent of these effects remains ***,we couple a high-resolution environmental multimedia model with a bioaccumulation model to study the multimedia distribution of 16 priority polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons(PAHs),a group of HOcs,and assess future PAH-related human health risks under varying climate change scenarios over china at a continental *** removing the effects of PAH emission changes,we find that the total PAH concentrations would decrease in the air,freshwater,sediment,soil,and organisms,while the high-molecular-weight PAH would increase in the air with climate warming from 1.5°c to 4°***,the multi-pathway exposure human health risks predominately influenced by dietary ingestion are expected to decrease by 1.7%–20.5%,while the respiratory risks are projected to rise by 0.2%–5.8%in the ***,the persistently high multi-pathway human health risks underscore the need for reducing future PAH emissions by 69%compared with 2009 levels in *** study demonstrates the urgency of limiting PAH emissions under future climate change for public health and highlights the importance of including the contribution of dietary ingestion in human health risk assessment.

关键词： polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons future climate change human health risks emission reduction

Estimating the size and travel distance of Klapperhorn Mountain debris flows for risk analysis along railway, canada

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International Journal of Sediment Research 2008年第3期23卷 275-282页

作者： c. derek MARTIN Dept. civil and Environmental Engineering University of Alberta Edmonton Alberta Canada T6G 2W2Drs.

Debris flows occurring on Klapperhorn Mountain in the Yellowhead Pass in the canadian Rocky Mountains pose a significant hazard to railway operations at the base of the mountain. The size (volume) and travel distance of these debris flows play an important role in assessing the risk to the railway. gIS analysis, airphoto interpretation together with field work were undertaken on two debris flows located at track mileage 54.0 and 54.3. characteristics of these two debris flow events were analyzed, including debris flow path morphology and event behavior. Their sizes and travel distances were estimated using an empirical-statistical model (UBcDFLOW) under different initiation conditions. Their potential impact on the railway bridge was evaluated using a bridge blockage ratio.

关键词： Debris flow Size Travel distance Railway

Factor of safety of strain-softening slopes

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Journal of Rock Mechanics and geotechnical Engineering 2020年第3期12卷 473-483页

作者： Hossein Rafiei Renani c.derek Martin Klohn crippen Berger Ltd. VancouverCanada Department of civil and Environmental Engineering University of AlbertaEdmontonCanada

Stability analysis of strain-softening slopes is carried out using the shear strength reduction method and Mohr-coulomb model with degrading cohesion and friction *** e ffect of strain-softening behavior on the slope factor of safety is investigated by performing a series of analyses for various slope geometries and strength *** charts and equations are developed to estimate the factor of safety of strain-softe ning slopes from the results of traditional stability analysis based on perfectly-plastic *** example applications including an open pit mine in weak rock and clay shale slope with daylighting bedding planes are *** results of limit equilibrium analysis and shear strength reduction method with perfectly-plastic models were in close *** perfectly-plastic models with peak strength properties led to overly optimistic results while adopting residual strength properties gave excessively conservative *** shear strength reduction method with a strain-softening model gave realistic factors of safety while accounting for the process of strength degradation.

关键词： Slope stability analysis Factor of safety ratio Shear strength reduction Perfectly-plastic behavior Open pit slope clay shale slope

Bank erosion in an Andean páramo river system: Implications for hydro-development and carbon dynamics in the neotropical Andes

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Journal of Mountain Science 2019年第2期16卷 243-255页

作者： derek J.MARTIN christopher ELY Beverley c.WEMPLE Department of geography and Planning Appalachian State University Department of geography University of Vermont

The páramo of the Northern Andes provide critically important ecosystem services to the Northern Andean region in the form of water provisioning and carbon sequestration, both of which are a result of the páramo?s organic-rich soils. Little is known, however, about the hydro-geomorphic characteristics of the rivers that drain these ecosystems. With impending plans for widespread hydro-development and increasing implementation of carbon-sequestering compensation for ecosystem services programs in the region it is imperative that we develop a thorough understanding of the hydrogeomorphic role that rivers play in this unique ecosystem. The objective of this study was to quantify bank erosion along an Amazonian headwater stream draining a small, relatively undisturbed páramo catchment to gain a better understanding of the natural erosion regime and the resulting sediment contributions from this unique ecosystem. This study implemented a combination of field, laboratory, and geographic Information Systems techniques to quantify bank erosion rates and determine a bank erosion sediment yield from the Ningar River, a small páramo catchment(22.7 km^2) located in the eastern Andean cordillera of Ecuador. Results show that bank erosion rates range from 3.0 to ≥ 390.0 mm/yr, are highly episodic, and yield at least 487 tons of sediment annually to the Ningar River. These results imply that 1) páramo ecosystems substantially contribute to the sediment load of the Amazon River basin; 2) bank erosion is a potentially significant flux component of basin-scale carbon cycles in páramo ecosystems; and 3) hydrologic alteration campaigns(dam building) will likely critically alter these contributions and concomitantly disconnect a critical source of sediment and nutrients to downstream ecosystems.

关键词： Bank erosion Páramo Fluvial geomorphology Andes

Measuring powder flowability with a modified Warren Spring cohesion tester

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Particuology 2011年第2期9卷 148-154页

作者： Salam A.Mohammed Ezzat c.Abdullah derek geldart Abdul Aziz A.Raman Department of chemical Engineering Faculty of EngineeringUniversity of Malaya Powder Research Ltd. Harrogate& University of Leeds

The measurement of powder flowability is a major concern for most industrial processes that deal with the handling of bulk solids as raw materials, intermediates, or products. The development of devices that measure the flowability of non-aerated powders has not progressed as rapidly as might have been hoped since most research activities have been based on various types of shear testers intended to aid the design of hoppers. A new flowability indicator named as weighted cohesion （WS） is established using newly improved version of direct cohesion texture. A cornerstone of the proposed technique is that the procedure is automated, using a digital Warren Spring tester called Warren Spring-University of Malaya cohesion tester （WSUMcT）, thus making results operator-insensitive. Besides being a practical tool to diagnose the cohesion of experimental powders, the ratio between measured cohesion （using WSUMcT） and aerated density （using Hosokawa PT-S） provides us with a powerful technique to research fundamental particle internal cohesion forces directly and use these data to indicate the flowability. In this work, a series of fine （9.4μm） and coarse （60 μm） porous silica gel particle mixtures, and mixtures of fine （28μm） and coarse （72 μm） glass ballotini as well, were used as test powders. The results from these tests agree well with relative flowability determined on our newly driven indicator using WSUMcT. The validation of aerated weighted cohesion （WSA） as a flowability indicator was authenticated by comparing the conducted parameter with established measured Hausner ratio （HR） and angle of repose （AoR）.

关键词： Flowability cohesion strength Hausner ratio Particle sizeAngle of reposecohesive powder