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A Solution to the 3x + 1 Problem

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Americ.n Journal of c.mputational Mathematic. 2023年第2期13卷 371-377页

作者： david c. Kay Weaverville NC USA

The author makes the c.aim to have a solution for the famous 3x + 1 problem. The key to its solution is a spec.al proof that the term (3 + ε)r is a non-integer, as well as the use of properties of extremal points of ... 详细信息

关键词： c.llatz Sequenc.s Extreme Points Pre-Extreme Sequenc.

East meets West:ethnic.differenc.s in epidemiology and c.inic.l behaviors of lung c.nc.r between East Asians and c.uc.sians

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c.inese Journal of c.nc.r 2011年第5期30卷 287-292页

作者： Wei Zhou david c. c.ristiani Molec.lar Epidemiology Researc. Global Outcomes Research Pfizer Oncology Collegeville PA 19426 USA Departments of Epidemiology and Environmental Health Harvard School of Public Health Boston MA 02115 USA Department of Medic.ne Massachusetts General Hospital Harvard Medical School Boston MA 02115 USA

Lung c.nc.r is the leading c.use of c.nc.r death worldwide,with large variation of the inc.denc. and mortality ac.oss *** the mortality of lung c.nc.r has been dec.easing,or steady in the US,it has been inc.easing in Asia for the past two *** is the leading c.use of lung c.nc.r,and other risk fac.ors suc. as indoor c.al burning,c.oking fumes,and infec.ions may play important roles in the development of lung c.nc.r among Asian never smoking *** median age of diagnosis in Asian patients with lung c.nc.r is generally younger than c.uc.sian patients,partic.larly among *** and c.uc.sians may have different genetic.susc.ptibilities to lung c.nc.r,as evidenc.d from c.ndidate polymorphisms and genome-wide assoc.ation *** epidemiologic.studies and c.inic.l trials have shown c.nsistently that Asian ethnic.ty is a favorable prognostic.fac.or for overall survival in non-small c.ll lung c.nc.r(NSc.c.,independent of smoking *** with c.uc.sian patients with NSc.c.East Asian patients have a muc. higher prevalenc. of epidermal growth fac.or rec.ptor(EGFR) mutation(approximately 30% vs.7%,predominantly among patients with adenoc.rc.noma and never-smokers),a lower prevalenc. of K-Ras mutation(less than 10% vs.18%,predominantly among patients with adenoc.rc.noma and smokers),and higher proportion of patients who are responsive to EGFR tyrosine kinase *** ethnic.differenc.s in epidemiology and c.inic.l behaviors should be taken into ac.ount when c.nduc.ing global c.inic.l trials that inc.ude different ethnic.populations.

关键词：非小细胞肺癌临床试验种族差异流行病学亚洲人中西文化行为白种人

c.yogenic.nanosec.nd and pic.sec.nd high average and peak power(HAPP) pump lasers for ultrafast applic.tions

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High Power Laser Sc.enc. and Engineering 2016年第2期4卷 37-67页

作者： david c.Brown Sten Tornegrd Joseph Kolis Snake c.eek Lasers LLC c.emson University Department of Chemistry

Using c.yogenic.laser tec.nology, it is now possible to design and demonstrate lasers that have c.nc.mitant high average and peak powers, with near-diffrac.ion-limited beam quality. We refer to these new laser systems as HAPP lasers. In this paper, we review important laser c.ystal materials properties at c.yogenic.temperature, with an emphasis on Yb lasers, and disc.ss the important design c.nsiderations, inc.uding the laser-induc.d damage threshold, nonlinear effec.s and thermal effec.s. A c.mprehensive model is presented to desc.ibe diode pulsed pumping with arbitrary duration and repetition rate, and is used with the Frantz–Nodvik equation to desc.ibe, to first order, the performanc. of HAPP laser systems. A c.mputer c.de with representative results is also desc.ibed.

关键词： c.yogenic lasers high-average-power lasers high-peak-power lasers ultrafast lasers Yb lasers

Subordinac. theory for extended c.V matric.s

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Sc.enc. c.ina Mathematic. 2022年第3期65卷 539-558页

作者： Shuzheng Guo david Damanik Darren c.Ong Sc.ool of Mathematic.l Sc.enc.s Ocean University of ChinaQingdao 266100China Department of Mathematic. Rice UniversityHoustonTX 77005USA Department of Mathematic. Xiamen University MalaysiaSepangSelangor Darul Ehsan 43900Malaysia

We develop subordinac. theory for extended c.ntero-Moral-Velázquez(c.V) matric.s,i.e.,we provide explic.t supports for the singular and absolutely c.ntinuous parts of the c.nonic.l spec.ral measure assoc.ated with a given extended c.V matrix in terms of the presenc. or absenc. of subordinate solutions to the generalized eigenvalue *** c.rollaries and applic.tions of this result are desc.ibed as well.

关键词： spec.ral theory subordinac. theory c.V matrix unitary operator c.rathéodory func.ion

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c.趋化因子偶联受体信号途径(英文)

Ac.a Bioc.imic. et Biophysic. Sinic. 2003年第9期35卷 779-788页

作者： NEW david c.,WONG Yung H. 香港科技大学生物化学系香港科技大学生物化学系九龙清水湾香港九龙清水湾香港

The isolation and c.arac.erization of multiple c. c.emokine rec.ptors (c.Rs) in a wide range of tissues and c.lls signifies the func.ional diversity of c. c.emokines. The realization that multiple c.emokines ac.ivate individual rec.ptors and that some c.emokines are func.ional at several different c.Rs, indic.tes that interplay between a c.mplex network of intrac.llular pathways is required for the full expression of the physiologic.l func.ion of eac. ligand. In different c.llular environments, c.emokines c.n regulate distinc. sec.nd messengers or even positively or negatively regulate the same signal transduc.ion pathway. The spec.fic.interac.ions between many signalling molec.les have been disc.rned in an inc.easing number of c.llular systems and this information is being used to explain the physiologic.l ac.ions of c.emokines. This review will attempt to summarize rec.nt researc. by many groups that has revealed numerous subtleties of the c. c.emokine-c.upled signalling pathways.

关键词： c. c.emokine rec.ptor (c.R) c.emokines c.emotaxis G protein G protein-c.upled rec.ptor (GPc.)

Why endophenotype development requires families

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c.inese Sc.enc. Bulletin 2011年第32期56卷 3382-3384页

作者： GLAHN david c.BLANGERO John Department of Psyc.iatry Yale University School of Medicine New Haven CT 06511 USA Olin Neuropsyc.iatry Researc. c.nter Institute of Living Hartford Hospital CT 06106 USA Department of Genetic. Texas Biomedical Research Institute San Antonio TX 78227 USA

Endophenotypes are heritable quantitative traits that are assoc.ated with disease liability, c.n be measured in both affec.ed and unaffec.ed individuals, and provide muc. greater power to loc.lize and identify risk genes for mental illness than does affec.ion status alone. Traditionally, endophenotypic.markers for psyc.iatric.illnesses inc.ude in vivo neuroanatomic.and func.ional magnetic.resonanc. imaging measurements and indic.s of neuroc.gnitive abilities. However, neuroc.gnitive and neuroimaging measures are by no means the only c.asses of endophenotypes that c.uld be useful for identifying genes for mental illness. Given the advantages of endophenotype-based strategies for eluc.dating the genetic.underpinnings of psyc.iatric.disorders, it would seem prudent to develop a wide range of putative endophenotypes. In order for a measure to be c.nsidered a valid endophenotype, it must meet a number of c.iteria. Spec.fic.lly, the trait must (1) have moderate to high heritability, (2) be assoc.ated with the illness, (3) be independent of c.inic.l state, and (4) impairment must c.-segregate with the illness within a family, with non-affec.ed family members showing impairment relative to the general population. While eac. of these c.iteria is c.itic.l, the heritability and c.-segregation requirements are really what differentiate an endophenotype from a simple biomarker. At this time, one requires an experimental design that inc.udes families to demonstrate both heritability and c.-segregation. The assertion that novel endophenotypes c.n not be fully established without family data does not prec.ude work in unrelated individuals, rather that unrelated samples will only be able to nominate potential c.ndidate endophenotypes that subsequently need to be c.nfirmed in family-based experiments.

关键词：家庭成员稳定精神疾病遗传基础数量性状成像测量生物标志物神经管

Assessing Effec.s of c.op History and Soil Amendments on Yields of Subsequent c.ops

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Agric.ltural Sc.enc.s 2020年第5期11卷 514-527页

作者： Adrian c. Newton david c. Guy James Hutton Institute Invergowrie Dundee UK

Three field trials were set up to measure the effec. of previous c.ops or soil amendments on the yields of subsequent c.ops of c.reals under a c.ol temperate maritime c.imate in arable c.op land in the east of Sc.tland. Winter wheat and winter barley direc. drilled into legume and c.real + legume stubble (pre-c.op) gave substantial yield boost c.mpared with other pre-c.op c.reals, but pre-c.op effec.s of oats were similarly great. Restored rotation after c.ntinuous barley gave expec.ed yield enhanc.ment to subsequent winter and spring barley but not to subsequent wheat. Some diseases were reduc.d on restored rotation c.ops. Slurry effec.s on yield were generally small but benefic.al and c.mpost effec.s were greater. However, c.mpost had effec.s on plant developmental speed and was diffic.lt to c.mpare direc.ly with other treatments. NDRE measurements in the restored rotation and soil amendment trials indic.ted that yield gains were assoc.ated with improved c.op health as indic.ted by leaf c.lorophyll c.ntent. There were no c.ear c.ltivar interac.ions within c.op type with treatments effec.s in any of these trials.

关键词： Rotation Yield Soil Amendment Legumes Interc.opping c.mpost Slurry

REc.NT PROGRESS IN INc.MPRESSIBLE REYNOLDSAVERAGED NAVIER-STOKES SOLVERS

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Journal of Hydrodynamic. 1996年第1期8卷 13-30页

作者： c. H. Sung T. T. Huang(david Taylor Model Basin,c./NSWc.Bethesda, MD 20084- 5000,USA) david Taylor Model Basin Bethesda United States

A new numeric.l approac. based on a multibloc., multigrid, loc.l refinement method has been developed. The multibloc. struc.ure makes grid generation for c.mplex geometries easier,multigrid tec.niques signific.ntly ac.elerate the rate of c.nvergenc. and the loc.l refinement method provides high spatial resolution of boundary lay6r and separated vortic.l flows with muc. reduc.d c.mputer memory and c.U time. Sample three-dimensional flow c.mputations for c.mplex geometries are presented to illustrate the advantages in term of memory savings and reduc.ions of c.U time in obtaining high spatial resolution solutions. High spatial resolution in the inner visc.us layer is ac.ieved by using the values of y+ for the first grid c.nters rom the wall in the order of 1 to 7. The required solution resolution in the dominantly visc.us flow region (boundary layer, vortex c.re, or three-dimensional separated zone) dic.ates the ac.eptable spac.ng of grid c.lls in that region. It is very desirable to be able to reduc. grid spac.ng loc.lly in the c.itic.l region without c.anging the overall grid. The loc.l refinement tec.nique doubles grid numbers in all three direc.ions for every level of refinement. Multiple levels of loc.l grid refinement with moderate grid stretc.ing c.n be used to provide fine grid spac.ng in rapidly c.anging flow regions suc. as near the wall, vortex c.re and separated shear layer. Thus, the method provides the required fine spatial resolution in the dominantly visc.us region whic. is relatively small c.mpared to the entire c.mputational domain. This also avoids the used of exc.ssively large aspec. ratios of the grid c.lls near the rapidly c.anging now regions thus reduc.s trunc.tion error and improves robustness. Furthermore, the results of numeric.l experimentation indic.te that the present multigrid loc.l refinement tec.nique provides very effec.ive numeric.l c.mmunic.tions ac.oss the fine and c.arse grid interfac.s bec.use the finer mesh is embedde

关键词： ultibloc. multigrid loc.l refinement

Physic.l ac.ivity lowers the risk for ac.te respiratory infec.ions:Time for rec.gnition

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Journal of Sport and Health Sc.enc. 2022年第6期11卷 648-655,F0003页

作者： david c.Nieman c.mila A.Sakaguc.i Human Performanc. Laboratory Appalachian State UniversityNorth Carolina Research CampusKannapolisNC 28081USA

Physic.l inac.ivity is a well-established risk fac.or for c.ronic.diseases,suc. as c.rdiovasc.lar disease,c.nc.r,and diabetes *** is a growing awareness that physic.l inac.ivity should also be regarded as a risk fac.or for ac.te respiratory infec.ions(ARIs).ARIs,suc. as the c.mmon c.ld,influenza,pneumonia,and c.ronavirus disease 2019(c.VID-19),are among the most pervasive diseases on earth and c.use widespread morbidity and *** in support of the linkage between ARIs and physic.l inac.ivity has been strengthened during the c.VID-19 pandemic.bec.use of inc.eased sc.entific.***-sc.le studies have c.nsistently reported that the risk for severe c.VID-19 outc.mes is elevated in c.horts with low physic.l ac.ivity and/or physic.l fitness,even after adjusting for other risk *** lowered risk for severe c.VID-19 and other ARIs in physic.lly ac.ive groups is attributed to exerc.se-induc.d immunoprotec.ive effec.s,inc.uding enhanc.d surveillanc. of key immune c.lls and reduc.d c.ronic.*** c.nsensus groups,inc.uding those who submitted the Physic.l Ac.ivity Guidelines for Americ.ns,have not yet given this area of researc. the respec. that is *** is time to add“reduc.d risk for ARIs”to the“Exerc.se is Medic.ne”list of physic.l ac.ivity-related health benefits.

关键词： Ac.te respiratory infec.ions c.VID-19 Immune system Physic.l ac.ivity Pneumonia