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A Solution to the 3x + 1 Problem

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Americ.n Journal of c.mputational Mathematic. 2023年第2期13卷 371-377页

作者： david c. kay Weaverville NC USA

The author makes the c.aim to have a solution for the famous 3x + 1 problem. The key to its solution is a spec.al proof that the term (3 + ε)r is a non-integer, as well as the use of properties of extremal points of ... 详细信息

关键词： c.llatz Sequenc.s Extreme Points Pre-Extreme Sequenc.

New Generations: Sequenc.ng Mac.ines and Their c.mputational c.allenges

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Journal of c.mputer Sc.enc. & Tec.nology 2010年第1期25卷 3-9页

作者： david c. Sc.wartz Mic.ael S. Waterman Laboratory for Molec.lar and c.mputational Genomic. Departme4nt of Chemistry and Laboratory of Genetics University of Wisconsin-Madison Department of Biologic.l Sc.enc.s University of Southern California Department of Automation Tsinghua University

New generation sequenc.ng systems are c.anging how molec.lar biology is prac.ic.d. The widely promoted $1000 genome will be a reality with attendant c.anges for healthc.re, inc.uding personalized medic.ne. More broadly the genomes of many new organisms with large samplings from populations will be c.mmonplac.. What is less apprec.ated is the explosive demands on c.mputation, both for c.U c.c.es and storage as well as the need for new c.mputational methods. In this artic.e we will survey some of these developments and demands.

关键词： genome sequenc.ng new generation sequenc.ng read mapping optic.l mapping sequenc. assembly Eulerian graphs

Vasec.omy tec.niques-need for better oc.lusion methods

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Asian Journal of Andrology 2010年第3期12卷 442-443页

作者： david c. Sokal Behavioral and Biomedic.l Researc. Family Health International Research Triangle Park NC 27709 USA

I was disappointed to read about a devic. that was not suc.essful in produc.ng reliable vas oc.lusion in Amory et al. ＇s report in this issue of the journal [1]. For those who are unfamiliar with vasec.omy terminology, it is important to understand that a vasec.omy proc.dure has three major aspec.s：（1） anesthesia; （2） ac.essing or approac.ing the vas （that is, the method used to isolate a loop of the vas）; and （3） oc.luding the vas.

关键词： Vasec.omy oc.lusion methods

Longwall automation: Delivering enabling tec.nology to ac.ieve safer and more produc.ive underground mining

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International Journal of Mining Sc.enc. and Tec.nology 2015年第6期25卷 865-876页

作者： Ralston Jonathon c. Reid david c. Dunn Mark T. Hainsworth david W. c.al Mining Researc. Program CSIRO Energy

The ongoing need to deliver improved safety, produc.ivity and environmental benefit in c.al mining presents an open c.allenge as well as a powerful inc.ntive to develop new and improved solutions. This paper assesses the c.itic.l role that enabling tec.nologies have played in the delivery of remote and automated c.pability for longwall mining. A brief historic.l ac.ount is given to highlight key tec.nic.l c.ntributions whic. have influenc.d the direc.ion and development of present-day longwall tec.nology. The c.rrent state of longwall automation is disc.ssed with partic.lar attention drawn to the tec.nologies that enable automated c.pability. Outc.mes are presented from an independently c.nduc.ed c.se study that assessed the impac. that c.IRO＇s LASc.longwall automation researc. has made to the longwall mining industry in Australia. Importantly, this study reveals how uptake of this innova- tive tec.nology has signific.ntly benefitted c.al mine produc.ivity, improved working c.nditions for personnel and enhanc.d environmental outc.mes. These benefits have been widely adopted with c.IRO automation tec.nology being used in 60 per c.nt of all Australian underground operations. International deployment of the tec.nology is also emerging. The paper c.nc.udes with future c.allenges and opportunities to highfight the ongoing sc.pe for longwall automation researc. and development.

关键词： Safety Produc.ivity Environment Mining automation Longwall mining Remote mining

c.ronavirus disease-2019: A toc.in to our aging, unfit, c.rpulent, and immunodefic.ent soc.ety

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Journal of Sport and Health Sc.enc. 2020年第4期9卷 293-301页

作者： david c.Nieman Department of Biology College of Arts and SciencesAppalachian State UniversityNorth Carolina Research CampusKannapolisNC 28081USA

Ac.te and c.ronic.respiratory illnesses c.use widespread morbidity and mortality,and this c.ass of illness now inc.udes the novel c.ronavirus severe ac.te respiratory syndrome that is c.using c.ronavirus disease-2019(c.VID-19).The world is experienc.ng a major demographic.shift toward an older,obese,and physic.lly inac.ive *** fac.or assessments based on pandemic.data indic.te that those at higher risk for severe illness from c.VID-19 inc.ude older males,and people of all ages with obesity and related c.morbidities suc. as hypertension and type 2 *** in and of itself leads to negative c.anges in innate and adaptive immunity,a proc.ss termed *** c.uses systemic.inflammation and adversely impac.s immune func.ion and host defense in a way that patterns *** primary prevention strategies to reduc. the risk for c.VID-19 at both the c.mmunity and individual levels inc.ude mitigation ac.ivities and the adoption of lifestyle prac.ic.s c.nsistent with good immune *** and human studies support the idea that,in c.ntrast to high exerc.se workloads,regular moderate-intensity physic.l ac.ivity improves immunosurveillanc. against pathogens and reduc.s morbidity and mortality from viral infec.ion and respiratory illnesses inc.uding the c.mmon c.ld,pneumonia,and *** odds are high that infec.ious disease pandemic. spawned by novel pathogens will c.ntinue to inflic. morbidity and mortality as the world’s population bec.mes older and more ***-19 is indeed a wake-up c.ll,a toc.in,to the world that primary prevention c.untermeasures foc.sed on health behaviors and hygiene demand our full attention and support.

关键词： c.VID-19 Exerc.se Immunology Infec.ion Obesity

Diploidy in evolutionary algorithms for dynamic.optimization problems A best-c.romosome-wins dominanc. mec.anism

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International Journal of Intelligent c.mputing and c.bernetic. 2015年第4期8卷 312-329页

作者： Boris Shabash kay c.Wiese Sc.ool of c.mputing Sc.enc. Simon Fraser UniversityBurnabyCanada

Purpose–In this work,the authors show the performanc. of the proposed diploid sc.eme(a representation where eac. individual c.ntains two genotypes)with respec. to two dynamic.optimization problems,while addressing drawbac.s the authors have identified in previous works whic. c.mpare diploid evolutionary algorithms(EAs)to standard *** paper aims to disc.ss this ***/methodology/approac.–In the proposed diploid representation of EA,eac. individual possesses two c.pies of the *** order to c.nvert this pair of genotypes to a single phenotype,eac. genotype is individually evaluated in relation to the fitness func.ion and the best genotype is presented as the *** order to provide a fair and objec.ive c.mparison,the authors make sure to c.mpare populations whic. c.ntain the same amount of genetic.information,where the only differenc. is the arrangement and interpretation of the *** two representations are c.mpared using two shifting fitness func.ions whic. c.ange at regular intervals to displac. the global optimum to a new ***–For small fitness landsc.pes the haploid(standard)and diploid algorithms perform c.mparably and are able to find the global optimum very ***,as the searc. spac. inc.eases,redisc.vering the global optimum bec.mes more diffic.lt and the diploid algorithm outperforms the haploid algorithm with respec. to how fast it reloc.tes the new *** both algorithms use the same amount of genetic.information,it is only fair to c.nc.ude it is the unique arrangement of the diploid algorithm that allows it to explore the searc. spac. ***/value–The diploid representation presented here is novel in that instead of adopting a dominanc. sc.eme for eac. allele(value)in the vec.or of values that is the genotype,dominanc. is adopted ac.oss the entire genotype in relation to its *** a result,this representation c.n be extended ac.oss any alphabet,for any optimization func.ion.

关键词： Evolutionary c.mputation Genetic.algorithms Diploidy Dynamic.optimization

More than mimic.y？ Evaluating sc.pe for flic.er-fusion as a defensive strategy in c.ral snake mimic.

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c.rrent Zoology 2014年第1期60卷 123-130页

作者： Georgia c. TITc.MB david W. KIKUc.I david W. PFENNIG Department of Biology University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill Chapel Hill NC 27599-3280

c.ral snakes and their mimic. often have brightly c.lored banded patterns, generally assoc.ated with warning c.lora- tion or mimic.y. However, suc. c.lor patterns have also been hypothesized to aid snakes in esc.ping predators through a ＂flic.er-fusion＂ effec.. Ac.ording to this hypothesis, banded c.lor patterns c.nfuse potential predators when a snake transitions from resting to moving bec.use its bands blur together to form a different c.lor. To produc. this motion blur, a moving snake＇s bands must transition faster than the c.itic.l flic.er-fusion rate at whic. a predator＇s photorec.ptors c.n refresh. It is unknown if c.ral snakes or their mimic. meet this requirement. We tested this hypothesis by measuring the movement speed and c.lor pat- terns of two c.ral snake mimic., Lampropeltis triangulum c.mpbelli and L. elapsoides, and c.mparing the frequenc. of c.lor transitions to the photorec.ptor ac.ivity of the avian eye. We found that snakes often produc.d a motion blur, but moving snakes c.eated a blurring effec. more often in darker c.nditions, suc. as sunrise, sunset, and nighttime when these snakes are often ac.ive. Thus, at least two spec.es of c.ral snake mimic. are c.pable of ac.ieving flic.er-fusion, indic.ting that their c.lor patterns may c.nfer an additional defense aside from mimic.y

关键词： c.ral snake mimic.y Flic.er-fusion effec. c.F Kingsnake Defensive strategy

Silk-based nerve guidanc. c.nduits with mac.osc.pic.holes modulate the vasc.larization of regenerating rat sc.atic.nerve

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Neural Regeneration Researc. 2025年第6期20卷 1789-1800页

作者： c.rina Hromada Patric. Heimel Markus Kerbl LászlóGál Sylvia Nürnberger Barbara Sc.aedl James Ferguson Nic.le Swiadek Xavier Monforte Johannes c.Heinzel Antal Nógrádi Andreas H.Teusc.l-Woller david Herc.er Department Life Sc.enc. Engineering University of Applied Sciences Technikum WienViennaAustria Austrian c.uster for Tissue Regeneration ViennaAustria Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Traumatology The Research Center in Cooperation with AUVAViennaAustria University c.inic.of Dentistry Medical University of ViennaViennaAustria Department of Plastic Reconstructive and Aesthetic SurgeryLandesklinikum Wiener Neustadt2700 Wiener NeustadtAustria Department of Anatomy Histology and EmbryologyAlbert Szent-Györgyi Medical SchoolUniversity of SzegedSzegedHungary Medic.l University of Vienna Department of Orthopedics and Trauma SurgeryDevision of Trauma SurgeryViennaAustria Department of Hand- PlasticReconstructive and Burn SurgeryBG Unfallklinik TuebingenUniversity of TuebingenTuebingenGermany

Peripheral nerve injuries induc. a severe motor and sensory defic.t. Sinc. the availability of autologous nerve transplants for nerve repair is very limited, alternative treatment strategies are sought, inc.uding the use of tubular nerve guidanc. c.nduits(tNGc.). However, the use of tNGc. results in poor func.ional rec.very and c.ntral nec.osis of the regenerating tissue, whic. limits their applic.tion to short nerve lesion defec.s(typic.lly shorter than 3 c.). Given the importanc. of vasc.larization in nerve regeneration, we hypothesized that enabling the growth of blood vessels from the surrounding tissue into the regenerating nerve within the tNGc.would help eliminate nec.otic.proc.sses and lead to improved regeneration. In this study, we reported the applic.tion of mac.osc.pic.holes into the tubular walls of silk-based tNGc. and c.mpared the various features of these improved silk^(+) tNGc. with the tubes without holes(silk^(–) tNGc.) and autologous nerve transplants in an 8-mm sc.atic.nerve defec. in rats. Using a c.mbination of mic.o-c.mputed tomography and histologic.l analyses, we were able to prove that the use of silk^(+) tNGc. induc.d the growth of blood vessels from the adjac.nt tissue to the intraluminal neovasc.lar formation. A signific.ntly higher number of blood vessels in the silk^(+) group was found c.mpared with autologous nerve transplants and silk^(–), ac.ompanied by improved axon regeneration at the distal c.aptation point c.mpared with the silk^(–) tNGc. at 7 weeks postoperatively. In the 15-mm(c.itic.l size) sc.atic.nerve defec. model, we again observed a distinc. ingrowth of blood vessels through the tubular walls of silk^(+) tNGc., but without improved func.ional rec.very at 12 weeks postoperatively. Our data proves that mac.oporous tNGc. inc.ease the vasc.lar supply of regenerating nerves and fac.litate improved axonal regeneration in a short-defec. model but not in a c.itic.l-size defec. model. This study suggests that further optimizatio

关键词： axon regeneration blood vessel func.ional rec.very mac.oporous nerve lesion peripheral nerve repair sc.atic.nerve silk-based nerve guidanc. c.nduit vasc.larization

Migratory flight imposes oxidative stress in bats

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c.rrent Zoology 2019年第2期65卷 147-153页

作者： david c.STANTiNi Oliver LINDEc.E Gunars PETERSONS c.ristian c. VOIGT UMR 7221 c.RS/MNHN Museum National d'Histoire Naturelle Sorbonne Universites 7 rue Cuvier Paris 75005 France Department of Biology University of Antwerp Universiteitsplein 1 Antwerp 2610 Belgium Department of Evolutionary Ec.logy Leibniz Institute for Zoo and Wildlife Research Alfred-Kowalke-StraBe 17 Berlin 10315Germany lnstitute of Biology Freie Universitat Berlin Takustr. 6 Berlin 14195 Germany Fac.lty of Veterinary Medic.ne Latvia University of Life Sciences and Technologies K. Helmaqa & Jelgava LV 3004 Latvia

Many animal spec.es migrate over long distanc.s, but the physiologic.l c.allenges of migration are poorly understood. It has rec.ntly been suggested that inc.eased molec.lar oxidative damage might be one important c.allenge for migratory animals. We tested the hypothesis that autumn migration imposes an oxidative c.allenge to bats by c.mparing values of 4 blood-based markers of oxidative status (oxidative damage and both enzymatic.and nonenzymatic.antioxidants) between Nathusius' bats Pipistrellus nathusii that were c.ught during migration flights with those measured in c.nspec.fic. after resting for 18 or 24 h. Experiments were c.rried out at Pape Ornithologic.l Station in Pape (Latvia) in 2016 and 2017. Our results show that flying bats have a blood oxidative status different from that of resting bats due to higher oxidative damage and different expression of both non enzymatic.and enzymatic.antioxidants (glutathione peroxidase). The differenc.s in oxidative status markers varied betwee n sampli ng years and were in depende nt from in dividual body c.n dition or sex. Our work provides evidenc. that migratory flight might impose ac.te oxidative stress to bats and that resting helps animals to rec.ver from oxidative damage ac.rued en route. Our data suggest that migrating bats and birds might share similar strategies of mitigating and rec.vering from oxidative stress.

关键词： antioxidants mammals oxidative damage stopover stress