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detailed characterization of kHz-rate laser-driven fusion at a thin liquid sheet with a neutron detection suite

High Power Laser Science and Engineering 2024年第1期12卷 13-23页

作者： Benjamin M.Knight Connor M.Gautam Colton r.Stoner Bryan V.Egner Joseph r.smith Chris M.Orban Juan J.Manfredi Kyle d.Frische Michael L.dexter Enam A.Chowdhury Anil K.Patnaik department of Engineering Physics Air Force Institute of TechnologyWPAFBOHUSA Physics department Marietta CollegeMariettaOHUSA department of Physics The Ohio State UniversityColumbusOHUSA department of Materials Science and Engineering and Department of Electrical and Computer ScienceThe Ohio State UniversityColumbusOHUSA Intense Energy Solutions LLCPlain CityOHUSA

We present detailed characterization of laser-driven fusion and neutron production(-10^(5)/second) using 8 mJ, 40 fs laser pulses on a thin(<1 μm) d_2O liquid sheet employing a measurement suite. At relativistic inte... 详细信息

We present detailed characterization of laser-driven fusion and neutron production(-10^(5)/second) using 8 mJ, 40 fs laser pulses on a thin(d_2O liquid sheet employing a measurement suite. At relativistic intensity(~ 5 × 10^(18)W/cm^(2))and high repetition rate(1 kHz), the system produces deuterium±deuterium(d-d) fusion, allowing for consistent neutron generation. Evidence of d-d fusion neutron production is verified by a measurement suite with three independent detection systems: an EJ-309 organic scintillator with pulse-shape discrimination, a ~3He proportional counter and a set of 36 bubble detectors. Time-of-flight analysis of the scintillator data shows the energy of the produced neutrons to be consistent with 2.45 MeV. Particle-in-cell simulations using the WarpX code support significant neutron production from d-d fusion events in the laser±target interaction region. This high-repetition-rate laser-driven neutron source could provide a low-cost, on-demand test bed for radiation hardening and imaging applications.

关键词： high-repetition-rate laser-driven fusion laser-plasma interaction liquid target neutron detectors

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Competitive interactions and coexistence of sympatric flagship carnivores in Asia

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Integrative Zoology 2024年第2期19卷 183-199页

作者： Zhilin LI Jiayu LU Xiaoyi SHI Li’an dUO James L.d.smith Tianming WANG Tianjin Key Laboratory of Conservation and Utilization of Animal diversity College of Life SciencesTianjin Normal UniversityTianjinChina department of Fisheries Wildlife and Conservation BiologyUniversity of MinnesotaSt.PaulMinnesotaUSA Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Biodiversity Science and Engineering College of Life SciencesBeijing Normal UniversityBeijingChina National Forestry and Grassland Administration Key Laboratory for Conservation Ecology of Northeast Tiger and Leopard BeijingChina

Understanding the competition and coexistence of flagship carnivores is key to creating strategies for their conservation in the face of global carnivore *** studies exploring the dynamics and competition between tigers(Panthera tigris)and leopards(***)span decades,there is a lack of understanding regarding the factors that influence their coexistence mechanisms on a broad scale,as well as the drivers determining their exploitative and interference *** gathered a comprehensive list of research papers among which 36 papers explored the interspecific interactions between tigers and leopards and tested the influence of biotic and abiotic factors on the coexistence mechanisms along three dimensions using multiple response variables regression models;we also tested the influence of ecological drivers determining the exploitative or interference competition between tigers and *** and ungulate density were the most important predictors in regulating the coexistence *** and leopards exhibited more positive relations/higher overlaps as elevation increased in the spatial *** addition,they showed a higher dietary overlap in the prey-rich *** determined that interference competition between tigers and leopards was less frequently observed in habitats with dense tree cover and homogeneous vegetation ***,studies with multiple metrics would promote the detection of interference *** study provides new insight into the competitive interactions and coexistence mechanisms of tigers and leopards on a broad ***-makers and managers should pay more attention to the factors of elevation,prey abundance,and habitat structures for the conservation of tigers and leopards.

关键词： carnivores coexistence mechanisms competitive interactions exploitative competition interference competition

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Facile synthesis of intra-nanogap enhanced raman tags with different shapes

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Nano research 2024年第9期17卷 8415-8423页

作者： Sanjun Fan Brian T.Scarpitti Zhewen Luo Abigail E.smith Jian Ye Zachary d.Schultz department of Chemistry and Biochemistry The Ohio State UniversityColumbusOhio 43210USA School of Biomedical Engineering Shanghai Jiao Tong UniversityShanghai 200030China

Hot spot engineering in plasmonic nanostructures plays a significant role in surface-enhanced raman scattering(SErS)for bioanalysis and cell ***,creating stable,reproducible,and strong SErS signals remains challenging due to the potential interference from surrounding chemicals and locating SErS-active analytes into hot-spot ***,we developed a straightforward approach to synthesize intra-gap nanoparticles encapsulating 4-nitrobenzenethiol(4-NBT)as a reporter molecule within these gaps to avoid outside *** made three kinds of intra-gap nanoparticles using nanorods,bipyramids,and nanospheres as cores,in which the nanorods based intra-gap nanoparticles exhibit the highest SErS *** advantage of our method is the ease of preparation of high-yield and stable intra-gap nanoparticles characterized by a short incubation time(10 min)with 4-NBT and quick synthesis without requiring an additional step to centrifuge for the purification of core *** intense localized field in the synthesized hot spots of these plasmonic gap nanostructures holds great promise as a SErS substrate for a broad range of quantitative optical applications.

关键词： hot spot engineering surface enhanced raman scattering intra-gap nanoparticles 4-nitrobenzenethiol

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Iron dysregulation in beta-thalassemia

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Asian Pacific Journal of Tropical Medicine 2016年第11期9卷 1013-1021页

作者： Kamonlak Leecharoenkiat Pathrapol Lithanatudom Wannapa Sornjai d.ncan r.smith department of Clinical Microscopy Faculty of Allied Health SciencesChulalongkorn University department of Biology Faculty of ScienceChiang Mai University Molecular Pathology Laboratory.Institute of Molecular Biosciences Mahidol University

Iron deficiency anemia and iron overload conditions affect more than one billion people *** homeostasis involves the regulation of cells that export iron into the plasma and cells that utilize or store *** cellular iron balance in humans is primarily mediated by the hepcidin-ferroportin *** is the sole cellular iron export protein,and its expression is regulated transcriptionally,post-transcriptionally and ***,a hormone produced by liver cells,post-translationally regulates ferroportin expression on iron exporting cells by binding with ferroportin and promoting its internalization by endocytosis and subsequent degradation by *** of iron homeostasis leading to iron deposition in vital organs is the main cause of death in betathalassemia ***-thalassemia patients show marked hepcidin suppression,ineffective eiythropoiesis,anemia and iron ***-thalassemia is common in the Mediterranean region,Southeast Asia and the Indian subcontinent,and the focus of this review is to provide an update on the factors mediating hepcidin related iron dysregulation in beta-thalassemia *** this process may pave the way for new treatments to ameliorate iron overloading and improve the long term prognosis of these patients.

关键词： Beta-thalassemia Hepcidin Iron overload Ferroportin

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A new view of the local Universe

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Science China(Physics,Mechanics & Astronomy) 2024年第3期67卷 167-168页

作者： Lister Staveley-smith International Centre for radio Astronomy research(ICrAr) University of Western AustraliaCrawley WA 6009Australia ArC Centre of Excellence for All Sky Astrophysics(ASTrO 3d) Crawley WA 6009Australia

The distribution and kinematics of gas in and around dark matter halos, the formation of stellar populations from the gravitational collapse of gas clouds, and the interaction of stars and their remnants with interste... 详细信息

关键词： galaxies stars galactic

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Age and sex specific timing, frequency, and spatial distribution of horseshoe crab spawning in delaware Bay:Insights from a large-scale radio telemetry array

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Current Zoology 2010年第5期56卷 563-574页

作者： david r.smith Lorne J.BrOUSSEAU Mary T. MANdT Michael J.MILLArd USGS Leetown Science Center Cornell University Cooperative Extension U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service

To study horseshoe crab Limulus polyphemus spawning behavior and migration over a large-spatial extent （〉100 km）, we arrayed fixed station radio receivers throughout delaware Bay and deployed radio transmitters and archival tags on adult horseshoe crabs prior to their spawning season. We tagged and released 160 females and 60 males in 2004 and 217 females in 2005. The array covered approximately 140 km of shoreline. recapture rates were 〉70% with multi-year recaptures. We categorized adult age by carapace wear. Older females tended to spawn earlier in the season and more frequently than young females, but those tendencies were more apparent in 2004 when spawning overall occurred earlier than in 2005 when spawning was delayed possibly due to decreased water temperatures. Timing of initial spawning within a year was correlated with water temperature. After adjusting for day of first spring tide, the day of In＇st spawning was 4 days earlier for every 1 degree （℃） rise in mean daily water temperature in May. Seventy nine % of spawning occurred during nighttime high tides. Fifty five % of spawning occurred within 3 d of a spring tide, which was slightly higher than the 47% expected if spawning was uniformly distributed regardless of tidal cycle. Within the same spawning season, males and females were observed spawning or intertidally resting at more than one beach separated by 〉5 kin. Between years, most （77%） did not return to spawn at the same beach. Probability of stranding was strongly age dependent for males and females with older adults experiencing higher stranding rates. Horseshoe crabs staging in the shallow waters east of the channel spawned exclusively along the eastern （N J） shoreline, but those staging west of the channel spawned throughout the bay. Overall, several insights emerged from the use of radio telemetry, which advances our understanding of horseshoe crab ecology and will be useful in conserving the delaware Bay horseshoe crab population and habita

关键词： Spawning behavior Marine arthropod Xiphosurid Limulus polyphemus delaware Bay radio telemetry

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Aerosol jet printing of surface acoustic wave microfluidic devices

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Microsystems & Nanoengineering 2024年第1期10卷 231-242页

作者： Joseph rich Brian Cole Teng Li Brandon Lu Hanyu Fu Brittany N.smith Jianping Xia Shujie Yang ruoyu Zhong James L.doherty Kanji Kaneko Hiroaki Suzuki Zhenhua Tian Aaron d.Franklin Tony Jun Huang department of Biomedical Engineering Duke UniversityDurhamNC 27708USA department of Electrical and Computer Engineering Duke UniversityDurhamNC 27708USA department of Mechanical Engineering Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State UniversityBlacksburgVA 24061USA Thomas Lord department of Mechanical Engineering and Materials Science Duke UniversityDurhamNC 27708USA deptartment of Precision Mechanics Faculty of Science and EngineeringChuo UniversityTokyo 112-8551Japan department of Chemistry Duke UniversityDurhamNC 27708USA

The addition of surface acoustic wave(SAW)technologies to microfluidics has greatly advanced lab-on-a-chip applications due to their unique and powerful attributes,including high-precision manipulation,versatility,integrability,biocompatibility,contactless nature,and rapid ***,the development of SAW microfluidic devices is limited by complex and time-consuming micro/nanofabrication techniques and access to cleanroom facilities for multistep photolithography and vacuum-based *** simplify the fabrication of SAW microfluidic devices with customizable dimensions and functions,we utilized the additive manufacturing technique of aerosol jet *** successfully fabricated customized SAW microfluidic devices of varying materials,including silver nanowires,graphene,and poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene)polystyrene sulfonate(PEdOT:PSS).To characterize and compare the acoustic actuation performance of these aerosol jet printed SAW microfluidic devices with their cleanroom-fabricated counterparts,the wave displacements and resonant frequencies of the different fabricated devices were directly measured through scanning laser doppler ***,to exhibit the capability of the aerosol jet printed devices for lab-on-a-chip applications,we successfully conducted acoustic streaming and particle concentration ***,we demonstrated a novel solution-based,direct-write,single-step,cleanroom-free additive manufacturing technique to rapidly develop SAW microfluidic devices that shows viability for applications in the fields of biology,chemistry,engineering,and medicine.

关键词： printing wave fluid

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Vegetated treatment area (VTAs) efficiencies for E. coli and nutrient removal on small-scale swine operations

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International Soil and Water Conservation research 2018年第2期6卷 153-164页

作者： r.daren Harmel rehanon Pampell Terry Gentry doug r.smith Chad Hajda Kevin Wagner Patti K.smith rick L.Haney Kori d.Higgs USdA-ArS 2150Centre Ave.Bldg.DSuite340Fort CollinsCO80526USA Texas A&M AgriLife research 720E.Blackland RoadTempleTX76502USA Soil and Crop Sciences dept. Texas A&M UniversityCollege StationTX77843USA USdA-ArS 808E.Blackland RoadTempleTX76502USA Oklahoma State University 139Ag HallStillwaterOK74078USA Biological and Agricultural Engineering dept. Texas A&M UniversityCollege StationTX77843USA

As small-scale animal feeding operations work to manage their byproducts and avoid regulation, they need practical, cost-effective methods to reduce environmental impact. One such option is using vege-tative treatment areas (VTAs) with perennial grasses to treat runoff;however, research is limited on VTA effectiveness as a waste management alternative for smaller operations. This study evaluated the effi-ciencies of VTAs in reducing bacteria and nutrient runoff from small-scale swine operations in three counties in Central Texas. Based on 4 yr of runoff data, the Bell and Brazos VTAs significantly reduced loads and concentrations of E. coli and nutrients (except NO3-N) and had treatment efficiencies of 73–94%. Most notably, the Bell VTA reduced loads of E. coli, NH4-N, PO4-P, total N, and total P similar to that of the background (control). In spite of significant reductions, runoff from the Brazos VTA had higher concentrations and loads than the control site, especially following installation of concrete pens and increased pen washing, which produced standing water and increased E. coli and nutrient influx. The robertson VTA produced fewer significant reductions and had lower treatment efficiencies (29–69%);however, E. coli and nutrient concentrations and loads leaving this VTA were much lower than observed at the Bell and Brazos County sites due to alternative solids management and enclosed pens. Based on these results and previous research, VTAs can be practical, effective waste management alternatives for reducing nutrient and bacteria losses from small-scale animal operations, but only if properly designed and managed.

关键词： Bacteria Nutrients Swine manure Waste management Water quality

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A unique subseafloor microbiosphere in the Mariana Trench driven by episodic sedimentation

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Marine Life Science & Technology 2024年第1期6卷 168-181页

作者： Jiwen Liu da-Wei Li Xinxin He ronghua Liu Haojin Cheng Chenglong Su Mengna Chen Yonghong Wang Zhongsheng Zhao Hanyue Xu Zhangyu Cheng Zicheng Wang Nikolai Pedentchouk david J.Lea-smith Jonathan d.Todd Xiaoshou Liu Meixun Zhao Xiao-Hua Zhang Frontiers Science Center for deep Ocean Multispheres and Earth System and College of Marine Life SciencesOcean University of ChinaQingdao 266003China Laboratory for Marine Ecology and Environmental Science Laoshan LaboratoryQingdao 266237China Institute of Evolution and Marine Biodiversity Ocean University of ChinaQingdao 266003China Key Laboratory of Marine Chemistry Theory and Technology Ministry of EducationOcean University of ChinaQingdao 266100China Key Lab of Submarine Geosciences and Prospecting Techniques Ministry of Education/College of Marine GeosciencesOcean University of ChinaQingdao 266100China Key Laboratory of Physical Oceanography Ministry of Education/Research Vessel CentreOcean University of ChinaQingdao 266100China School of Environmental Sciences University of East AngliaNorwich NR47TJUK School of Biological Sciences University of East AngliaNorwich NR47TJUK

Hadal trenches are characterized by enhanced and infrequent high-rate episodic sedimentation events that likely introduce not only labile organic carbon and key nutrients but also new microbes that significantly alter the subseafloor ***,the role of high-rate episodic sedimentation in controlling the composition of the hadal subseafloor microbiosphere is ***,analyses of carbon isotope composition in a~750 cm long sediment core from the Challenger deep revealed noncontinuous deposition,with anomalous ^(14)C ages likely caused by seismically driven mass transport and the funneling effect of trench *** community composition and diverse enzyme activities in the upper~27 cm differed from those at lower depths,probably due to sudden sediment deposition and differences in redox condition and organic matter *** lower depths,microbial population numbers,and composition remained relatively constant,except at some discrete depths with altered enzyme activity and microbial phyla abundance,possibly due to additional sudden sedimentation events of different *** is provided of a unique role for high-rate episodic sedimentation events in controlling the subsurface microbiosphere in Earth’s deepest ocean floor and highlight the need to perform thorough analysis over a large depth range to characterize hadal benthic *** depositional processes are likely crucial in shaping deep-water geochemical environments and thereby the deep subseafloor biosphere.

关键词： Hadal subseafloor deep water sediment Mariana Trench radiocarbon Microbial community redox potential

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Polyethylene glycol has immunoprotective effects on sciatic allografts, but behavioral recovery and graft tolerance require neurorrhaphy and axonal fusion

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Neural regeneration research 2025年第4期20卷 1192-1206页

作者： Tyler A.smith Liwen Zhou Cameron L.Ghergherehchi Michelle Mikesh Cathy Z.Yang Haley O.Tucker JuliAnne Allgood Jared S.Bushman George d.Bittner department of Molecular Biosciences University of Texas at AustinAustinTXUSA department of Neuroscience University of Texas at AustinAustinTXUSA division of Pharmaceutical Sciences University of WyomingLaramieWYUSA

Behavioral recovery using(viable)peripheral nerve allografts to repair ablation-type(segmental-loss)peripheral nerve injuries is delayed or poor due to slow and inaccurate axonal ***,such peripheral nerve allografts undergo immunological rejection by the host immune *** contrast,peripheral nerve injuries repaired by polyethylene glycol fusion of peripheral nerve allografts exhibit excellent behavioral recovery within weeks,reduced immune responses,and many axons do not undergo Wallerian *** relative contribution of neurorrhaphy and polyethylene glycol-fusion of axons versus the effects of polyethylene glycol per se was unknown prior to this *** hypothesized that polyethylene glycol might have some immune-protective effects,but polyethylene glycol-fusion was necessary to prevent Wallerian degeneration and functional/behavioral *** examined how polyethylene glycol solutions per se affect functional and behavioral recovery and peripheral nerve allograft morphological and immunological responses in the absence of polyethylene glycol-induced axonal ***-type sciatic nerve injuries in outbred Sprague–dawley rats were repaired according to a modified protocol using the same solutions as polyethylene glycol-fused peripheral nerve allografts,but peripheral nerve allografts were loose-sutured(loose-sutured polyethylene glycol)with an intentional gap of 1–2 mm to prevent fusion by polyethylene glycol of peripheral nerve allograft axons with host *** to negative control peripheral nerve allografts not treated by polyethylene glycol and in contrast to polyethylene glycol-fused peripheral nerve allografts,animals with loose-sutured polyethylene glycol peripheral nerve allografts exhibited Wallerian degeneration for all axons and myelin degeneration by 7 days postoperatively and did not recover sciatic-mediated behavioral functions by 42 days *** morphological signs of rejection,such as col

关键词： allograft rejection axotomy macrophage myelin nerve repair polyethylene glycol(PEG) sciatic nerve T cell transplantation Wallerian degeneration

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