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The data acquisition algorithm designed for the SiPM-based detectors of GECAM satellite

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Radiation detection Technology and Methods 2022年第1期6卷 70-77页

作者： y.Q.Liu K.Gong X.Q.Li X.y.Wen Z.H.An C.Cai Z.Chang G.Chen C.Chen y.y.du M.Gao R.Gao d.y.guo J.J.He d.J.Hou y.G.Li C.y.Li G.Li L.Li X.F.Li M.S.Li X.H.Liang X.J.Liu F.J.Lu H.Lu B.Meng W.X.Peng F.Shi X.L.Sun H.Wang J.Z.Wang y.S.Wang H.Z.Wang X.Wen S.Xiao S.L.Xiong y.B.Xu y.P.Xu S.yang J.W.yang Q.B.yi Fan Zhang d.L.Zhang S.N.Zhang C.y.Zhang C.M.Zhang Fei Zhang X.y.Zhao y.Zhao X.Zhou Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics Institute of High Energy PhysicsChinese Academy of SciencesBeijing 100049China University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijing 100049China Physics and Space Science College China West Normal UniversityNanchong 637002China

Background The Gravitational Wave High-energy Electromagnetic Counterpart All-sky Monitor(GECAM)consists of 2 microsatellites,each of which contains 25 GRd(LaBr3)detectors and 8 CPd(plastic scintillator)*** silicon photomultiplier(SiPM)array is used to read each *** output signal of these detectors with SiPM array is very special and challenging to *** this study,a novel data acquisition(dAQ)algorithm for these detectors is designed and implemented,and the content of the output event packet is *** and Conclusion The performances,including the event acquisition efficiency of this dAQ algorithm,are extensively verified through experimental *** the on-ground and in-flight tests,this algorithm has excellent performance despite the very limited resources and short development time of GECAM mission.

关键词： Silicon photomultiplier digital waveform processing data acquisition

Quality assurance test and failure analysis of SiPM arrays of GECAM satellites

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Radiation detection Technology and Methods 2022年第1期6卷 35-42页

作者： d.L.Zhang M.Gao X.L.Sun X.Q.Li Z.H.An X.y.Wen C.Cai Z.Chang G.Chen C.Chen y.y.du R.Gao K.Gong d.y.guo J.J.He d.J.Hou y.G.Li C.y.Li G.Li L.Li X.F.Li M.S.Li X.H.Liang X.J.Liu y.Q.Liu F.J.Lu H.Lu B.Meng W.X.Peng F.Shi H.Wang J.Z.Wang y.S.Wang H.Z.Wang X.Wen S.Xiao S.L.Xiong y.B.Xu y.P.Xu S.yang J.W.yang Fan.Zhang S.N.Zhang C.y.Zhang C.M.Zhang Fei Zhang X.y.Zhao X.Zhou Institute of High Energy Physics CASBeijing 100049People’s Republic of China

Background The Gravitational wave high-energy Electromagnetic Counterpart All-sky Monitor(GECAM)satellite developed a SiPM-based gamma-ray detector to monitor the gravitational wave-related GRBs and guide subsequent observations in other wavelengths of *** As all the available SiPM devices belong to commercial grade,quality assurance tests need to be performed in accordance with the aerospace *** In the SiPM application of GECAM,quality assurance experiments were *** mechanism of the failure of SiPM devices was analyzed during the development *** Based on the quality assurance test results,the fnal pass rate of SiPM array was 95%.Based on the failure analysis,it was found that a piece of SiPM had a leakage channel after longtime operation due to device *** According to the accumulated experience,in the reliability test of SiPM,it is necessary to pay special attention to test the impedance of each pin of SiPM to ground and confrm that the power switch state of SiPM is controllable.

关键词： Gravitational waves Gamma-ray detectors Silicon photomultipliers Quality assurance test Failure analysis

dedicated SiPM array for GRd of GECAM

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Radiation detection Technology and Methods 2022年第1期6卷 63-69页

作者： d.L.Zhang X.L.Sun Z.H.An X.Q.Li X.y.Wen K.Gong C.Cai Z.Chang G.Chen C.Chen y.y.du M.Gao R.Gao d.y.guo J.J.He d.J.Hou y.G.Li C.y.Li G.Li L.Li X.F.Li M.S.Li X.H.Liang X.J.Liu y.Q.Liu F.J.Lu H.Lu B.Meng W.X.Peng F.Shi H.Wang J.Z.Wang y.S.Wang H.Z.Wang X.Wen S.Xiao S.L.Xiong y.B.Xu y.P.Xu S.yang1 X.Zhou J.W.yang Fan Zhang S.N.Zhang C.y.Zhang C.M.Zhang Fei Zhang X.y.Zhao Institute of High Energy Physics CASBeijing 100049China State Key Laboratory of Particle detection and Electronics Beijing 100049China

Purpose The discovery of gravitational waves and gamma-ray bursts heralds the era of multi-messenger *** the adoption of two small satellites to achieve the all-sky monitoring of gamma-ray bursts,the gravitational wave highenergy electromagnetic counterpart all-sky monitor(GECAM)possesses a quasi-real-time early warning ability and plays an important role in positioning the sources of gravitational waves and in subsequent *** satellite of GECAM was fitted with 253-inch-diameter gamma-ray detectors(GRd),covering an energy range of 8–2 *** have adopted silicon photomultiplier tubes(SiPM)in lieu of photomultiplier tubes(PMT)to adapt to the dimensional limitations of *** A unique 3-inch circular SiPM array was *** this design,646×6 mm chips were arranged evenly in a circular manner with the seams filled with reflecting films,thus achieving satisfactory uniformity of light *** integrated pre-amplifier circuit on the back of the SiPM array adopted two-level grouping and summing;further,it achieved a satisfactory signal-to-noise *** high-gain and low-gain channels were adopted to achieve a large dynamic range,and two independent power supply units were used,where each unit can be closed separately,thus improving *** Performance studies show that this SiPM array meets the requirements of *** A 3-inch SiPM array have been developed that uses grouped summation,reflective films,a circular arrangement,two groups of independent power supplies,high-and low-gain signals,differential signal output technologies,*** solution can be used not only for GECAM,but also as a general solution for SiPM-based scintillation detectors.

关键词： SiPM GECAM Gamma-ray Signal-to-noise ratio Reflecting film Pre-amplifier

The design and performance of GRd onboard the GECAM satellite

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Radiation detection Technology and Methods 2022年第1期6卷 43-52页

作者： Z.H.An X.L.Sun d.L.Zhang S.yang X.Q.Li X.y.Wen K.Gong X.H.Liang X.J.Liu y.Q.Liu y.G.Li S.L.Xiong y.B.Xu Fan Zhang X.y.Zhao C.Cai Z.Chang G.Chen C.Chen y.y.du P.y.Feng M.Gao R.Gao d.y.guo J.J.He d.J.Hou C.y.Li G.Li L.Li X.F.Li M.S.Li F.J.Lu H.Lu B.Meng W.X.Peng F.Shi H.Wang J.Z.Wang y.S.Wang H.Z.Wang X.Wen S.Xiao y.P.Xu J.W.yang Q.B.yi S.N.Zhang C.y.Zhang C.M.Zhang Fei Zhang y.Zhao X.Zhou CAS Institute of High Energy PhysicsBeijing 100049China State Key Laboratory of Particle detection and Electronics Beijing 100049China 3 Xiangtan UniversityXiangtan 411105China 4 Beijing Normal UniversityBeijing 110875China Xiangtan University Xiangtan 411105China Beijing Normal University Beijing 110875China

Background Each GECAM satellite payload contains 25 gamma-ray detectors(GRds),which can detect gamma-rays and particles and can roughly localize the Gamma-Ray Bursts(GRBs).GRd was designed using lanthanum bromide(LaBr3)crystal as the sensitive material with the rear end coupled with silicon photomultiplier(SiPM)array for *** In aerospace engineering design of GRd,there are many key points to be *** this paper,we present the specific design scheme of GRd,the assembly and the performance test results of *** Based on Monte Carlo simulation and experimental test results,the specific schematic design and assembling process of GRd were *** being fully assembled,the GRds were conducted performance tests by using radioactive source and also conducted random vibration *** and conclusion The test results show that all satellite-borne GRds have energy resolutiondom vibration test shows that GRd can maintain in a stable performance,which meets the requirement of spatial application.

关键词： Lanthanum bromide scintillator SiPM array GECAM Gamma-ray detector Energy resolution

HI in High Gas-phase Metallicity dwarf Galaxy WISEA J230615.06+143927.9

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Research in Astronomy and Astrophysics 2024年第1期24卷 292-299页

作者： yan guo C.Sengupta T.C.Scott P.Lagos y.Luo Purple Mountain Observatory Chinese Academy of SciencesNanjing 210023China School of Astronomy and Space Sciences University of Science and Technology of ChinaHefei 230026China Institute of Astrophysics and Space Sciences(IA Porto) Rua das Estrelas4150-762PortoPortugal

We present resolved Giant Metrewave Radio Telescope H I observations of the high gas-phase metallicity dwarf galaxy WISEA J230615.06+143927.9(z = 0.005)(hereafter J2306) and investigate whether it could be a Tidal dwarf Galaxy(TdG) candidate. TdGs are observed to have higher metallicities than normal dwarfs. J2306 has an unusual combination of a blue g-r color of 0.23 mag, irregular optical morphology and high-metallicity(12 +log(O/H) = 8.68 ± 0.14), making it an interesting galaxy to study in more detail. We find J2306 to be an H I rich galaxy with a large extended, unperturbed rotating H I disk. Using our H I data we estimated its dynamical mass and found the galaxy to be dark matter(dM) dominated within its H I radius. The quantity of dM, inferred from its dynamical mass, appears to rule out J2306 as an evolved TdG. A wide area environment search reveals J2306 to be isolated from any larger galaxies which could have been the source of its high gas metallicity. Additionally, the H I morphology and kinematics of the galaxy show no indication of a recent merger to explain the *** detailed optical spectroscopic observations of J2306 might provide an answer to how a seemingly ordinary irregular dwarf galaxy achieved such a high level of metal enrichment.

关键词： galaxies:abundances galaxies:dwarf galaxies:irregular radio lines:galaxies radio lines:ISM

The technology for detection of gamma-ray burst with GECAM satellite

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Radiation detection Technology and Methods 2022年第1期6卷 12-25页

作者： X.Q.Li X.y.Wen Z.H.An C.Cai Z.Chang G.Chen C.Chen y.y.du M.Gao R.Gao K.Gong d.y.guo J.J.He d.J.Hou y.G.Li C.y.Li G.Li L.Li X.F.Li M.S.Li X.H.Liang X.J.Liu y.Q.Liu F.J.Lu H.Lu B.Meng W.X.Peng F.Shi X.L.Sun H.Wang J.Z.Wang y.S.Wang H.Z.Wang X.Wen S.Xiao S.L.Xiong y.B.Xu y.P.Xu S.yang J.W.yang Q.B.yi d.L.Zhang Fan Zhang S.N.Zhang C.y.Zhang C.M.Zhang Fei Zhang X.y.Zhao y.Zhao X.Zhou C.S.Zhang J.P.yu L.Chang K.K.Zhang J.Huang y.M.Chen X.B.Han Institute of High Energy Physics CASBeijing 100049China Xiangtan University Xiangtan 411105China Beijing Normal University Beijing 110875China Beijing Glass Research Institute Beijing 101100China Innovation Academy for Microsatellites of CAS Shanghai 201204China

Introduction The main physical objective of the GECAM satellite is to detect gamma-ray bursts,which is related to gravitational waves of double compact object *** GECAM satellite also detects and investigates various bursts of high-energy celestial *** and methods In this study,we designed,developed and calibrated the payload and launched it into orbit with GECAM *** payload consists of the gamma ray detector(GRd,for detecting 4 keV–4 MeV X/γray),the charged particle detector(CPd,for detecting 150 keV–5 MeV charged particle),and the electronic box(EBOX).The all-sky field coverage is achieved via two 229-degree large-area satellites positioned 180 degrees apart and are on opposite sides of the *** satellite is equipped with 25 GRds and 8 CPds;thus,the satellite can identify charged particle bursts in ***-ray detectors adopt lanthanum bromide crystal technology combined with silicon *** is the first time that this technology was used massively in space *** The GECAM satellite can quickly determine the direction of gamma-ray bursts(positioning)via indexing and fitting method,while the transmit variability,energy spectrum and direction of the gamma-ray bursts guide subsequent observations through the Beidou-3 RdSS in quasi-real *** will play an important role in the study of high energy celestial bursts.

关键词： GECAM Gamma-ray burst Lanthanum bromide crystal Silicon photomultiplier Beidou short message

Emerging direct current triboelectric nanogenerator for high-entropy mechanical energy harvesting

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Science China(Technological Sciences) 2024年第5期67卷 1297-1316页

作者： CHEN Jie guo RuiLong guo Hengyu College of Physics and Electronic Engineering Chongqing Normal UniversityChongqing 401331China department of Applied Physics Chongqing UniversityChongqing 401331China

In the era of the Internet of Things(IoT),the provision of sustainable power to distributed,mobile,and low-power-consumption electronic devices is a critical *** overcome this challenge,the triboelectric nanogenerator(TENG),a highly efficient high-entropy mechanical energy harvesting device,was developed in *** device enables the direct conversion of irregular and low-frequency mechanical energy into pulsed alternating current(AC)***,the incompatibility of most electronic devices with AC signals necessitates rectifier circuits or generators that deliver direct current(dC)*** recent years,dC-TENGs have undergone extensive development,achieving significant milestones in various application fields while also facing crucial challenges that require *** this review,three categories of dC-TENG devices with distinct operating mechanisms are comprehensively explored:multiphase coupling,mechanical rectification,and air *** typical structures and working mechanisms are thoroughly discussed,and specific output performance limitations,along with corresponding optimization strategies,are ***,the applications of dC-TENGs in various scenarios are ***,the challenges faced by dC-TENGs and potential solutions are analyzed to guide further advancements in this technology.

关键词： TENG direct current working mechanisms output performance limitations optimization strategies

Physicochemical principles of hydrogen metallurgy in blast furnace

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Journal of Iron and Steel Research International 2024年第1期31卷 46-63页

作者： Han-jie guo School of Metallurgical and Ecological Engineering University of Science and Technology BeijingBeijing100083China Beijing Key Laboratory of Special Melting and Preparation of High-End Metal Materials Beijing100083China

Based on the stoichiometric method and the free energy minimization method,an ideal model for the reduction of iron oxides by carbon and hydrogen under blast furnace conditions was established,and the reduction efficiency and theoretical energy consumption of the all-carbon blast furnace and the hydrogen-rich blast furnace were *** results show that after the reduction reaction is completed at the bottom of the blast furnace,the gas produced by reduction at 1600℃still has a certain excessive reduction capacity,which is due to the hydrogen brought in by the hydrogen-rich blast as well as the excess carbon monoxide generated by the reaction of the coke and the oxygen brought in by the *** the process of the gas with excessive reduction capacity rising from the bottom of the blast furnace and gas reduction process,the excessive reduction capacity of the gas gradually decreases with the increase in the dydrogen content in the *** the all-carbon blast furnace,the excess gas reduction capacity is the strongest,and the total energy consumption per ton of iron reduction is the *** shows that,for the current operation mode of the blast furnace,adding hydrogen in the blast furnace cannot reduce the consumption of carbon required for reduction per ton of iron,but rather increases the consumption of carbon.

关键词： Hydrogen metallurgy Excess gas reduction capacity Theoretical energy consumption Hydrogen-rich blast furnace Thermodynamic model Gibbs minimum free energy method

Control Strategies for digital Twin Systems

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IEEE/CAA Journal of Automatica Sinica 2024年第1期11卷 170-180页

作者： guo-Ping Liu IEEE the Center for Control Science and Technology Southern University of Science and TechnologyShenzhen 518055China

With the continuous breakthrough in information technology and its integration into practical applications, industrial digital twins are expected to accelerate their development in the near future. This paper studies various control strategies for digital twin systems from the viewpoint of practical *** make full use of advantages of digital twins for control systems, an architecture of digital twin control systems, adaptive model tracking scheme, performance prediction scheme, performance retention scheme, and fault tolerant control scheme are proposed. Those schemes are detailed to deal with different issues on model tracking, performance prediction, performance retention, and fault tolerant control of digital twin systems. Also, the stability of digital twin control systems is analysed. The proposed schemes for digital twin control systems are illustrated by examples.

关键词： digital twin control systems fault tolerant control model tracking performance prediction performance retention