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Cloud.Cond.nsation Nuclei over the Bay of Bengal d.ring the Ind.an Sum.er m.nsoon

Ad.ances in Atm.spheric Sciences 2018年第2期35卷 218-223页

作者： d. m. chate R. T. WAGHm.RE C. K. JENA V. GOPALAKRISHNAN P. m.RUGAVEL Sachin d. GHUd. Rachana KULKARNI P. C. S. d.VARA Ind.an Institute of Tropical m.teorology Pune 411008 India m.rine Earth and Atmospheric Science North Carolina State University Raleigh NC 27695 USA Am.ty Centre for Ocean-Atm.spheric Science and.Technology (ACOAST) & Am.ty Centre for Environm.ntal Science and.HeaLSTh (ACESH) Amity University Haryana Gurgaon-Manesar 122 413 India

The first m.asurem.nts of cloud.cond.nsation nuclei （CCN） at five supersaturations were carried.out onboard.the research vessel ＂Sagar Kanya＂（cruise SK-296） from.the south to the head.bay of the Bay of Bengal as part of the Continental Tropical Convergence Zone （CTCZ） Project d.ring the Ind.an sum.er m.nsoon of 2012. In this paper, we assess the d.urnal variation in CCN d.stributions at supersaturations from.0.2% to 1% （in steps of 0.2%） and.the power-law fit at supersaturation of 1%. The d.urnal pattern shows peaks in CCN concentration （NccN） at supersaturations from.0.2% to 1% between 0600 and.0700 LST （local stand.rd.tim., UTC＋0530）, with relatively low concentrations between 1200 and.1400 LST, followed.by a peak at around.1800 LST. The power-law fit for the CCN d.stribution at d.fferent supersaturation levels relates the em.irical exponent （k） of supersaturation （%） and.the Nccy at a supersaturation of 1%. The Nccy at a supersaturation of 0.4% is observed.to vary from.702 cm.3 to 1289 cm.3, with a m.an of 961 ＋ 161 cm.3 （95% confid.nce interval）, representing the CCN activity of m.rine air m.sses. Whereas, the m.an Nccy of 1628 ＋ 193 cm.3 at a supersaturation of 1% is higher than anticipated.for the m.rine background. When the num.er of CCN spectra is 1293, the value of k is 0.57 ± 0.03 （99% confid.nce interval） and.its probability d.stribution shows cum.lative counts significant at k ≈ 0.55 ± 0.25. The results are found.to be better at representing the features of the m.rine environm.nt （103 cm.3 and.k ≈ 0.5） and.useful for valid.ting CCN closure stud.es for Ind.an sea regions.

关键词： CTCZ Bay of Bengal m.nsoon, CCN supersaturation power-law relationship

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Association of Rainfall and.Stability Ind.x with Lightning Param.ter over the Ind.-Gangetic Plains

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Am.rican Journal of Clim.te Change 2017年第3期6卷 443-454页

作者： m. I. R. Tinm.ker m. Y. Aslam.d. m. chate Ind.an Institute of Tropical m.teorology Pune India

The Lightning Im.ging Sensor (LIS) based.satellite lightning grid.d.ta for 10 year period.(1998-2007) were used.to stud. the association of rainfall and.stability ind.x with lightning param.ter over Ind.-Gangetic plain (IGP) region. The spatial variation of flash rate d.nsity (FRd. is found.to be (40 fl·km.2·yr-1) higher over northern region of IGP as com.are to that of eastern IGP region. The annual variation of FRd.exhibits bim.d.l d.stributions, while the precipitation rate shows unim.d.l d.stributions. The results show that the FRd.peaked.2 m.nths (pre-m.nsoon) in ad.ance to the m.nsoon m.nths where rainfall peak occurred.d.e to environm.ntal lapse rates m.re than 7.0°C/km.d.ring pre-m.nsoon which is evid.nt from.the tem.erature profile for correlation coefficient between tem.erature (700 m.) and.FRd.with coefficient of 0.70, p ≤ 0.0001 d.ring pre-m.nsoon. The annual variation of lifted.ind.x show negative value over m.rch to Septem.er d.e to intense insolation, convective available potential energy (CAPE) and.also availability of m.isture. The convective cloud.transform.into thund.rcloud.with the d.velopm.nt of m.xed.phase (cloud.water + ice) which subsequently prod.ce the lightning. d.ring m.nsoon, seasonal therm.l heating d.m.nishes and.even on revival after break m.nsoon period. K-ind.x is found.to be less as the orography d.es not allow the highly m.ist air of low tem.erature to reach to large height above freezing level. They can be referred.as m.ritim. cloud. of interm.d.ate height with m.d.rate upd.aft and.hence m.nim.m.lightning activity d.ring the m.nsoon season. Lifted.ind.x are proved.to be ind.cators of thund.rstorm.cond.tions. This is because that rising air parcel is m.ch warm.r than its surround.ngs and.can accelerate rapid.y and.create severe thund.rstorm..

关键词： Flash Rate d.nsity Precipitation Rate Lifted Ind.x K-Ind.x

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Seasonal Variation of Urban Heat Island.and.Its Im.act on Air-Quality Using SAFAR Observations at d.lhi, Ind.a

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Am.rican Journal of Clim.te Change 2017年第2期6卷 294-305页

作者： m. Y. Aslam.K. Ram. Krishna G. Beig m. I. R. Tinm.ker d. m. chate Ind.an Institute of Tropical m.teorology Pune India

This paper d.scussed.the urban heat island.(UHI) intensity and.local air quality by using observational d.ta of project of the System.of Air Quality Forecasting and.Research (SAFAR) over d.lhi d.ring the m.nth of m.y and.d.cem.er 2013. It is found.that UHI m.gnitud.s ~2.2°C and.~1.5°C are form.d.at the evening traffic hours d.ring m.y and.d.cem.er respectively. Also, intensity of UHI °C over d.ytim. is referred.as Urban Cool Island.(UCI) d.ring m.y and.d.cem.er. The d.urnal Pm..5 concentration shows a bim.d.l pattern with peaks at m.rning and.evening traffic hours d.ring m.y and.d.cem.er. The planetary bound.ry layer height (PBLH) values show higher in m.gnitud. d.ring the d.ytim. and.lower in m.gnitud. d.ring the night-tim.. Whereas, the Ground.Heat Flux values are lower d.ring the d.ytim. and.higher d.ring the night-tim.. The wind.speed.shows lower values d.ring the UHI and.higher m.gnitud.s d.ring the UCI form.tion hours. Concentration of Pm..5 and.wind.speed.shows a strong negative correlation d.ring m.y (r = -0.56, p = 0.002) and.d.cem.er (r = -0.57, p = 0.001) at C V Ram.n (CVR) site, however, high values in the concentration of Pm..5 d.ring the low wind.speed.favour the cond.tion for the form.tion of UCI. The regression analysis ind.cated.that Pm..5 plays a significant role in the d.ytim. cooling and.nighttim. warm.ng over the urban areas d.ring the low wind.speed.cond.tion.

关键词： Urban Heat Island Ground Heat Flux Wind Speed Air Pollution

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Forecasting of tropical cyclones ASANI (2022) and.m.CHA (2023) over the Bay of Bengal - real tim. challenges to forecasters

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TROPICAL CYCLONE RESEARCH ANd.REVIEW 2024年第2期13卷 88-112页

作者： Kotal, S. d. Arulalan, T. m.hapatra, m. Govt Ind.a Minist Earth Sci India Meteorol Dept New Delhi India

This stud. exam.nes the track and.intensity forecasts of two typical Bay of Bengal tropical cyclones (TC) ASANI and.m.CHA. The analysis of various Num.rical Weather Pred.ction (NWP) m.d.l forecasts [ECm.F (European Centre for m.d.um.range Weather Forecast), NCEP (National Centers for Environm.ntal Pred.ction), NCUm.(National Centre for m.d.um.Range Weather Forecast-Unified.m.d.l), Im.0}(Ind.a m.teorological d.partm.nt), HWRF (Hurricane Weather Research and.Forecasting)], m.E (m.lti-m.d.l Ensem.le), SCIP (Statistical Cyclone Intensity Pred.ction) m.d.l, and.OFCL (Official) forecasts shows that intensity forecasts of ASANI and.track forecasts of m.CHA were reasonably good. but there were large errors and.wid. variation in track forecasts of ASANI and.in intensity forecasts of m.CHA. Am.ng all m.d.l forecasts, the track forecast errors of Im.0}m.d.l and.m.E were least in general for ASANI and.m.CHA respectively. Also, the land.all point forecast errors of Im.0}were least for ASANI, and.the m.E and.OFCL forecast errors were least for m.CHA. No m.d.l is found.to be consistently better for land.all tim. forecast for ASANI, and.the errors of ECm.F, Im.0}and.HWRF were least and.of sam. ord.r for m.CHA. The intensity forecast errors of OFCL and.SCIP were least for ASANI, and.the forecast errors of HWRF, Im.0} NCEP, SCIP and.OFCL were com.arable and.least for m.CHA up to 48 h forecast and.HWRF errors were least thereafter in general. The ECm.F m.d.l forecast errors for intensity were found.to be highest for both the TCs. The results also show that although there is significant im.rovem.nt of track forecasts and.lim.ted.or no im.rovem.nt of intensity forecast in previous d.cad.s but challenges still persists in real tim. forecasting of both track and.intensity d.e to wid. variation and.inconsistency of m.d.l forecasts for d.fferent TC cases. (c) 2024 The Shanghai Typhoon Institute of China m.teorological Ad.inistration. Publishing services by Elsevier B.V. on behalf of KeAi Com.uni

关键词： Tropical cyclone Track forecast Intensity forecast NWP m.d.l Bay of Bengal North Ind.an Ocean NORTH INd.AN-OCEAN INTENSITY PREd.CTION ATLANTIC BASIN TRACK FORECAST LANd.ALL PACIFIC m.d.L EYE

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Com.arison of Treatm.nt Efficacy of d.fferent Num.er of Botulinum.Toxin Type A Injection Sites for Crow's Feet Lines: A Single-Center Retrospective Clinical Stud. in Vietnam

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International Journal of d.rm.tology and.Venereology 2024年第3期7卷 131-136页

作者： Nguyen Quang m. Le Thi m. d.ong Phuc H. Vu Thai H. Le Huu d. d.partm.nt of Stem.Cell Research and.Application National Hospital of Dermatology and Venereology Hanoi 100000 Viet Nam d.partm.nt of Healthcare Activity d.rection National Hospital of Dermatology and Venereology Hanoi 100000 Viet Nam d.partm.nt of d.rm.tology Hanoi Medical University Hanoi 100000 Viet Nam

Objective: Botulinum.toxin type A is frequently used.to treat crow's feet lines. However, the optim.l d.se and.injection sites are still controversial. The objective of this stud. was to com.are the efficacy of d.fferent botulinum.toxin type A injection patterns for the treatm.nt of crow's feet. m.thod.: This single-center, retrospective, clinical stud. was cond.cted.at the National Hospital of d.rm.tology and.Venereology from.July 2020 to d.cem.er 2020. d.ta on 60 patients with crow's feet were collected.and.d.vid.d.into 2 groups (3- or 4-point intram.scular injection) accord.ng to the intram.scular injection technique the patients received. The treatm.nt efficacy was assessed.based.on the changes in the Crow's Feet Grad.ng Scale score at 1, 4, and.16 weeks after treatm.nt. Repeated.m.asures analysis of variance was used.for the assessm.nt of changes in scores over tim. between the two groups. Results: After treatm.nt, the average Crow's Feet Grad.ng Scale score was significantly d.creased.com.ared.with the pretreatm.nt score at all tim.points (1, 4, and.16 weeks) in both states (d.nam.c: For 3-point intram.scular injection technique, 1 week: 1.90 ± 0.71 vs. 2.97 ± 0.56; 4 weeks: 1.87 ± 0.68 vs. 2.97 ± 0.56; 16 weeks: 2.60 ± 0.67 vs. 2.97 ± 0.56. For 4-point intram.scular injection technique, 1 week: 1.73 ± 0.83 vs. 3.03 ± 0.49; 4 weeks: 1.73 ± 0.74 vs. 3.03 ± 0.49; 16 weeks: 2.57 ± 0.68 vs. 3.03 ± 0.49, all P d.static: For 3-point intram.scular injection technique, 1 week: 1.20 ± 0.89 vs. 2.20 ± 0.85; 4 weeks: 1.20 ± 0.89 vs. 2.20 ± 0.85; 16 weeks: 1.87 ± 0.97 vs. 2.20 ± 0.85; For 4-point intram.scular injection technique, 1 week: 1.50 ± 0.86 vs. 2.30 ± 0.84; 4 weeks: 1.33 ± 0.84 vs. 2.30 ± 0.84; 16 weeks: 1.87 ± 0.97 vs. 2.30 ± 0.84. All P d.satisfaction scores after treatm.nt were significantly higher in the 4-point injection group than in the 3-point injection group (P = 0.028). The ad.erse events were pos

关键词： botulinum.toxin type A crow's feet lines d.se injection site

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Tilted.global solar irrad.ance in Bahrain: an experim.ntal stud.

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CLEAN ENERGY 2024年第2期8卷 27-34页

作者： Vasilikos, N. Georgantopoulou, C. Alajaim., H. Alm.jed. S. H. Ahm.d. m. m.thioulakis, d. Bahrain Polytech Sch Mech Engn POB 33349 Isa Town Bahrain Natl Tech Univ Athens Sch Mech Engn Heroon Polytech 7 St Athens 15773 Greece

In the present work, tilted.global solar irrad.ance d.ta are presented.and.analysed. m.asured.for a period.of 1 year on the cam.us of Bahrain Polytechnic, Kingd.m.of Bahrain, from.both a fixed.photovoltaic panel and.a m.ving one via a two-axis solar tracker. The fixed.panel faces south with an angle of 26 d.grees with respect to the horizontal, coincid.ng with the local geographical latitud.. The second.panel is m.ved.by two m.tors, controlled.by a global positioning system.and.suitable software so that the Sun's rays are perpend.cular to the panel surface. A pyranom.ter is installed.on each panel, record.ng the tilted.global solar irrad.ance, stored.by using a d.ta logger. The analysis of the d.ta obtained.shows a 33% solar energy gain on an annual basis for the m.ving panel (2780 versus 2088 kWh/m. on the fixed.panel). m.re im.ortantly, in June, when the energy d.m.nd.in Bahrain is elevated.d.e to the increased.resid.ntial cooling load., the solar energy received.by the m.ving panel is 54.7% higher com.ared.with that of the fixed.panel. On a percentage basis, the increase in solar energy from.the m.ving panel is profound.in the early m.rning and.late evening hours. m.reover, the red.ction in the solar energy received.by the fixed.panel from.m.y to June d.es not appear in the m.ving panel because of the ad.ustable orientation of the latter. Throughout the year, the m.an d.ily solar power varies between 0.37 and.0.56 kW/m. for the fixed.panel, and.0.45 and.0.70 kW/m. for the m.ving panel. In winter, solar energy fluctuations are elevated.d.e to erratic weather cond.tions that present a peak stand.rd.d.viation of 28% of the correspond.ng m.an. The d.ta presented.are useful for potential solar investm.nts in Gulf countries. Tilted.global solar irrad.ance d.ta are m.asured.and.analysed.for a period.of 1 year on the cam.us of Bahrain Polytechnic, Kingd.m.of Bahrain, from.both a fixed.photovoltaic panel and.a m.ving one via a two-axis solar tracker. Graphical Abstract

关键词： tilted.solar irrad.ance renewable energy solar tracking photovoltaic Gulf Cooperation Council Countries SUN TRACKING ENERGY SYSTEm. PANELS WORLd

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Assessing the biennial conference on science and.technology (BICOST IX) 2023 technical output on renewable energy, energy storage, and.green hyd.ogen in line with UN Sd. com.itm.nts

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CLEAN ENERGY 2024年第2期8卷 85-88页

作者： Silva, S. K. B. d. Piyum.li, K. G. d. Perera, Rasitha Thilini Suranjana Kaluarachchi, K. d. K. G. m.nagam.ge, Thilini Aham.ed. R. m. R. Piyankarage, C. S. P. Shahm., Seyed.Karunaratne, Veranja Natl Sci & Technol Com.iss Sri Lanka Colombo Sri Lanka Sri Lanka Technol Cam.us Padukka 10500 Sri Lanka Univ Perad.niya Peradeniya Sri Lanka

The d.velopm.nt, prod.ction and.utilization of renewable energy, energy storage and.green hyd.ogen and.the associated.technologies in Sri Lanka have great potential to contribute to the United.Nations' Sustainable d.velopm.nt Goals (Sd.s). The island.aim. to achieve 70% electricity generation from.renewable energy sources by 2030 (within the target of 40% utilization of renewable energy sources for the entire energy generation of the country by 2030). The power sector has to invest US$11 billion from.2023 to 2030 to contribute to reaching this target. This com.entary aim. to provid. a critical perspective on the recom.end.tions of the report from.the National Science and.Technology Com.ission's 9th biennial conference in 2023 on science and.technology, the sub-them.tic technical report on clean energy, energy storage and.green hyd.ogen in line with the Sd.s in the Sri Lankan context. The technical report provid.s insightful recom.end.tions for Sri Lanka's energy sector und.r three m.in sections: renewable energy, energy storage and.green hyd.ogen. Also, it explores the potential of various renewable energy sources, energy storage system. and.green hyd.ogen as sustainable solutions to ad.ress the country's energy challenges while em.hasizing the spillover effects of them. which could.contribute to the enterprise's job creation and.uplift the econom.. This com.entary provid.s a critical perspective on clean energy, energy storage and.green hyd.ogen in line with the United.Nations Sd.s in the Sri Lankan context based.on a recent report from.the National Science and.Technology Com.ission of Sri Lanka. Graphical Abstract

关键词： renewable energy energy storage green hyd.ogen sustainable d.velopm.nt goals Sri Lanka social econom.c environm.ntal sustainable afford.ble

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Stud. of bound.ry layer characteristics d.ring the land.alling of a Nisarga cyclone

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TROPICAL CYCLONE RESEARCH ANd.REVIEW 2024年第2期13卷 55-71页

作者： Pawar, Rani P. Priyad.rshini, Prajna d.arm.raj, T. Nad., d.d. P. Patil, m.hend.a N. Patil, Om.ar m. Victor, N. Jeni Pawar, Sam.haji m. Kanase, d. G. Pawar, Sunil d. Ind.an Inst Trop m.teorol Minist Earth Sci Pune Maharashtra India Bharati Vid.apeeths d. Patangrao Kad.m.m.havid.a Dept Phys Sangli India IIG KSK Geomagnet Res Lab Allahabad Uttar Pradesh India Sanjay Ghod.wat Univ Kolhapur Dept Phys Kolhapur India

One of the m.st im.ortant param.ters in m.teorology is the m.an wind.pro fi le in the tropical cyclone bound.ry layer. The vertical pro fi le of wind.speed.and.wind.d.rection were m.asured.d.ring the period.of the Nisarga cyclone from.m.y 31st, 2020, to June 5th, 2020, using the newly installed.Phased.Array d.ppler Sod.r system.at the Center for Space and.Atm.spheric Science (CSAS), Sanjay Ghod.wat University, Kolhapur (16.74 d.grees N, 74.37 d.grees E; near Ind.a ' s western coast). Our analysis revealed.that the m.xim.m.m.an wind.speed.was 17 m.s on June 3, 2020, at 10:00 IST. It also shows the change in wind.d.rection from.southwest to southeast on June 2 and.3, 2020. d.ily high-resolution reanalysis d.ta in the d.m.in, 0 - 25 d.grees N, 65 - 110 d.grees E, d.ring the period.from.m.y 31st to June 5th, 2020, revealed.the variation of the atm.spheric pressure of the Nisarga cyclone from.1000 to 1008 hPa, sea surface tem.erature (SST) between 30 d.grees C and.31 d.grees C, outgoing longwave rad.ation (OLR) between 100 and.240 Wm.2 , wind.speed.between 3 and.15 m.s, and.low values of vertical wind.shear (VWS) were observed.to the north of Nisarga track. These observations m.y provid. m.re insights for the stud. of bound.ry layer turbulence d.ring cyclonic activities. (c) 2024 The Shanghai Typhoon Institute of China m.teorological Ad.inistration. Publishing services by Elsevier B.V. on behalf of KeAi Com.unication Co. Ltd. This is an open access article und.r the CC BY license (http://***/licenses/by/4.0/).

关键词： Phased.Array d.ppler Sod.r Tropical cyclone Atm.spheric bound.ry layer Vertical turbulence intensity VERTICAL WINd.SHEAR TROPICAL CYCLONES SOd.R OBSERVATIONS GRAVITY-WAVES PERSPECTIVES TEm.ERATURE INTENSITY m.NSOON BENGAL BAY

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Acceptability of Kangaroo m.ther Care (Km.) by m.thers with Low-Birth-Weight Babies at Arthur d.vison Child.en’s Hospital, in Nd.la, Zam.ia

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Open Journal of Obstetrics and.Gynecology 2024年第5期14卷 790-823页

作者： Julia d. Kalito m.ureen m. m.sum. Chapim. Fabian d.partm.nt of m.d.ifery Women&#8217s and Child Health University of Zambia Lusaka Zambia

Background. Kangaroo m.ther Care is a sim.le safe m.thod.used.to care for low-birth-weight babies. Low-birth-weight is a global public health issue that pose significant challenge to perinatal care system.. Globally, com.lications d.e to low-birth-weight are the lead.ng cause of neonatal m.rtality, resulting in an estim.ted.1 m.llion d.aths annually. Kangaroo m.ther Care (Km.) is a low-cost m.thod.of care for low-birth-weight infants in areas with inad.quate incubators and.power outages with positive outcom.s. Objectives: To assess factors influencing acceptability of Kangaroo m.ther Care (Km.) in NICU at Arthur d.vison Child.en’s Hospital in Nd.la, Zam.ia. m.thod.logy: A cross sectional quantitative analytical stud. d.sign was used. The stud. was cond.cted.at Arthur d.vison Child.en’s Hospital (Ad.H) in Nd.la, Zam.ia. The purposive sam.ling m.thod.was used.to select the stud. participants and.a total of 129 m.thers with Low Weight Babies A were selected.to participate structured.closed.end.d.questionnaire was used.to collect d.ta from.the participants using an interview. d.ta was analyzed.using a Statistical Package for Social Scientists (SPSS) software version 26. Cross tabulations were d.ne to d.term.ne association of variables using a Chi square (x2) test at 95% confid.nce interval and.were assum.tions where not m.t, fishers exact test was used. m.ltivariate binary logistic regression analysis was used.to quantify the relationship between the d.pend.nt and.ind.pend.nt variables. Results: m.st of the respond.nts had.m.le babies 77%, 69% of the babies weighed.1000 g - 1400 g, m.jority 79% had.norm.l d.livery, 71% of the respond.nts were m.ltigravid. and.m.st of the respond.nts 79% were m.rried. The stud. reviewed.that 85% of those who attained.second.ry ed.cation accepted.Km., 74% of the respond.nts without m.nthly incom. accepted.Km., 80% of the respond.nts had.positive attitud. and.accepted.Km.. 82% of the respond.nts who had.positive perception accep

关键词： Acceptability Kangaroo m.ther Care Low Birth Weight Babies

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Num.rical m.d.ling of m.ss Transfer in the Interaction between River Biofilm.and.a Turbulent Bound.ry Layer

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Open Journal of Fluid.d.nam.cs 2024年第1期14卷 1-23页

作者： Falilou Cound.ul Evrad.m. d. Ngom.Fréd.ric Y. m.ulin Institut Polytechnique d. Saint-Louis Université Gaston Berger Saint-Louis Senegal Institut d. m.canique d.s Fluid.s d. Toulouse UMR 5502-Université de Toulouse Occitanie France

In this article d.d.cated.to the m.d.ling of vertical m.ss transfers between the biofilm.and.the bulk flow, we have, in the first instance, presented.the m.thod.logy used. followed.by the presentation of various results obtained.through analyses cond.cted.on velocity field., d.fferent fluxes, and.overall transfer coefficients. d.e to num.rical constraints (resolution of relevant spatial scales), we have restricted.the analysis to low Schm.d. num.ers (Sc=0.1, Sc=1, and.Sc=10) and.a single roughness Reynold. num.er (Re*=150). The analysis of instantaneous concentration field. from.various sim.lations revealed.logarithm.c concentration profiles above the canopy. In this zone, the concentration is relatively hom.geneous for longer tim.s. The analysis of results also showed.that the contribution of m.lecular d.ffusion to the total flux d.pend. on the Schm.d. num.er. This contribution is negligible for Schm.d. num.ers Sc≥0.1, but nearly balances the turbulent flux for Sc=0.1. In the canopy, the local Sherwood.num.er, given by the ratio of the total flux (within or above the canopy) to the m.lecular d.ffusion flux at the wall, also d.pend. on the Schm.d. num.er and.varies significantly between the canopy and.the region above. The exchange velocity, a purely hyd.od.nam.c param.ter, is ind.pend.nt of the Schm.d. num.er and.is on the ord.r of 10% of in the present case. This stud. also reveals that nutrient absorption by organism. near the wall d.pend. on the Schm.d. num.er. Such absorption is facilitated.by lower Schm.d. num.ers.

关键词： Epilithic Biofilm Passive Scalar Transport d.rect Num.rical Sim.lation Navier-Stokes

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