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Battle at the entrance gate:CIITA as a weapon to prevent the internalization of sARs-CoV-2 and Ebola viruses

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signal Transduction and Targeted Therapy 2020年第1期5卷 226-227页

作者： Rafal Butowt Krzysztof Pyrc christopher s.von Bartheld L.Rydygier Collegium Medicum Nicolaus Copernicus UniversityBydgoszczPoland Virogenetics Laboratory of Virology Malopolska Centre of BiotechnologyJagiellonian UniversityGronostajowa 7a30-387 KrakowPoland Center of Biomedical Research Excellence in Cell Biology University of NevadaReno School of MedicineRenoNVUSA

In a recent paper in science,Bruchez et al.1 provide new insights how host cells can fight virus *** show that an MHC class II transactivator(CIITA)—which normally operates as part of the interferon(IFN)-stimulated i... 详细信息

关键词： CIITA al interferon

Human umbilical cord derived mesenchymal stem cells in peripheral nerve regeneration

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World Journal of stem Cells 2020年第4期12卷 288-302页

作者： Christine Bojanic Kendrick To Bridget Zhang christopher Mak Wasim s Khan Department of Plastic and Reconstructive surgery Cambridge University Hospitals NHS TrustCambridge CB20QQUnited Kingdom Division of Trauma and Orthopaedic surgery Addenbrooke's HospitalUniversity of CambridgeCambridge CB20QQUnited Kingdom school of Clinical Medicine University of CambridgeCambridge CB20QQUnited Kingdom

BACKGROUND Peripheral nerve injury can occur as a result of trauma or disease and carries significant morbidity including sensory and motor *** body has limited ability for nerve regeneration and functional *** untreated,nerve lesions can cause lifelong *** treatment options such as neurorrhaphy and neurolysis have high failure *** reconstruction with autograft carries donor site morbidity and often provide suboptimal *** stem cells(MsCs)are known to have promising regenerative potential and have gained attention as a treatment option for nerve *** is however,unclear whether it can be effectively used for nerve *** To evaluate the evidence for the use of human umbilical cord derived MsCs(UCMsCs)in peripheral nerve *** We carried out a systematic literature review in accordance with the PRIsMA protocol.A literature search was performed from conception to september 2019 using PubMed,EMBAsE and Web of *** results of eligible studies were appraised.A risk of bias analysis was carried out using Cochrane’s RoB 2.0 *** Fourteen studies were included in this review.A total of 279 subjects,including both human and animal were treated with *** studies obtained UCMsCs from a third-party source and the remainder were harvested by the *** of the 14 studies,thirteen conducted xenogenic transplantation into nerve injury *** studies reported significant improvement in nerve regeneration in the UCMsC treated groups compared with the various different controls and untreated *** The evidence summarised in this PRIsMA systematic review of in vivo studies supports the notion that human UCMsC transplantation is an effective treatment option for peripheral nerve injury.

关键词： Umbilical cord Mesenchymal stem cells Transplantation Peripheral nerve regeneration

signal integration in the （m）TORC1 growth pathway

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Frontiers in Biology 2018年第4期13卷 237-262页

作者： Kailash Ramlaul christopher H. s. Aylett section of structural Biology Department of Medicine Imperial College London SW7 2AZ UK

BACKGROUND： The protein kinase Target Of Rapamycin （TOR） is a nexus for the regulation of eukaryotic cell growth. TOR assembles into one of two distinct signalling complexes, TOR complex 1 （TORC1） and TORC2 （mTORC1/2 in mammals）, with a set of largely non-overlapping protein partners. （m）TORC 1 activation occurs in response to a series of stimuli relevant to cell growth, including nutrient availability, growth factor signals and stress, and regulates much of the cell＇s biosynthetic activity, from proteins to lipids, and recycling through autophagy, mTORC1 regulation is of great therapeutic significance, since in humans many of these signalling complexes, alongside subunits of mTORC1 itself, are implicated in a wide variety of pathophysiologies, including multiple types of cancer, neurological disorders, neurodegenerative diseases and metabolic disorders including diabetes. METHODOLOGY： Recent years have seen numerous structures determined of （m）TOR, which have provided mechanistic insight into （m）TORC 1 activation in particular, however the integration of cellular signals occurs upstream of the kinase and remains incompletely understood. Here we have collected and analysed in detail as many as possible of the molecular and structural studies which have shed light on （m）TORC 1 repression, activation and signal integration. CONCLUsIONs： A molecular understanding of this signal integration pathway is required to understand how （m）TORC1 activation is reconciled with the many diverse and contradictory stimuli affecting cell growth. We discuss the current level of molecular understanding of the upstream components of the （m）TORC1 signalling pathway, recent progress on this key biochemical frontier, and the future studies necessary to establish a mechanistic understanding of this master-switch for eukaryotic cell growth.

关键词： mTORC 1 nutrient sensing GATOR complex TsC complex Rag GTPases Rheb

Tessellations in GIs:Part I—putting it all together

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Geo-spatial Information science 2016年第1期19卷 9-25页

作者： christopher Gold Faculty of Computing Engineering and ScienceUniversity of South WalesWalesUK Faculty of Geosciences and Environmental Engineering Southwest Jiaotong UniversityChengduChina state Key Laboratory of Information Engineering in surveying Mapping and Remote Sensing(LIESMARS)Wuhan UniversityWuhanChina

This article attempts to describe the role of tessellated models of space within the discipline of geographic information systems(GIs)—a speciality coming largely out of geography and land surveying,where there was a strong need to represent information about the land’s surface within a computer system rather than on the original paper *** look at some of the basic operations in GIs,including dynamic and kinetic *** examine issues of topology and data structures and produce a tessellation model that may be widely applied both to traditional“object”and“field”data *** on this framework,it can be argued that tessellation models are fundamental to our understanding and processing of geographical space,and provide a coherent framework for understanding the“space”in which we *** first article examines static structures,and a subsequent article looks at“change”—what happens when things move.

关键词： GIs tessellation model static structure topology data structure object and field Voronoi diagram

science of empirical design in mining ground control

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International Journal of Mining science and Technology 2016年第3期26卷 461-470页

作者： Mark christopher MsHA Pittsburgh Safety & Health Technology Center

Many problems in rock engineering are limited by our imperfect knowledge of the material properties and failure mechanics of rock masses. Mining problems are somewhat unique, however, in that plenty of real world experience is generally available and can be turned into valuable experimental *** pillar that is developed, or stope that is mined, represents a full-scale test of a rock mechanics design. By harvesting these data, and then using the appropriate statistical techniques to interpret them,mining engineers have developed powerful design techniques that are widely used around the *** empirical methods are readily accepted because they are simple, transparent, practical, and firmly tethered to reality. The author has been intimately associated with empirical design for his entire career, but his previous publications have described the application of individual techniques to specific problems. The focus of this paper is the process used to develop a successful empirical method. A sixstage process is described: identification of the problem, and of the end users of the final product; development of a conceptual rock mechanics model, and identification of the key parameters in that model;identification of measures for each of the key parameters, and the development of new measures(such as rating scales) where necessary; data sources and data collection; statistical analysis; and packaging of the final product. Each of these stages has its own potential rewards and pitfalls, which will be illustrated by incidents from the author's own experience. The ultimate goal of this paper is to provide a new and deeper appreciation for empirical techniques, as well as some guidelines and opportunities for future developers.

关键词： Design Pillar stope Empirical statistics Modeling

Unanticipated multiple seam stresses from pillar systems behaving as pseudo gob–case histories

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International Journal of Mining science and Technology 2017年第1期27卷 131-137页

作者： Gauna Michael Mark christopher Pittsburgh safety and Health Technology Center Mine Safety and Health Administration(MSHA)PittsburghPA 15236USA

Underground coal mining in the U.s. is conducted in numerous regions where previous workings exist above and/or below an actively mined seam. Miners know that overlying or underlying fully extracted coal areas, also known as gob regions, can result in abutment stresses that affect the active mining. If there was no full extraction, and the past mining consists entirely of intact pillars, the stresses on the active seam are usually minimal. However, experience has shown that in some situations there has been sufficient yielding in overlying or underlying pillar systems to cause stress transfer to the adjoining larger pillars or barriers, which in turn, transfer significant stresses onto the workings of the active seam. In other words, the overlying or underlying pillar system behaves as a ‘‘pseudo gob." The presence of a pseudo gob is often unexpected, and the consequences can be severe. This paper presents several case histories, summarized briefly below, that illustrate pseudo gob phenomenon:(1) pillar rib degradation at a West Virginia mine at 335 m depth that contributed to a rib roll fatality,(2) pillar rib deterioration at a Western Kentucky mine at 175 m depth that required pillar size adjustment and installation of supplemental bolting,(3) roof deterioration at an eastern Kentucky mine at 400 m depth that stopped mine advance and required redirecting the section development,(4) coal burst on development at an eastern Kentucky mine at 520 m depth that had no nearby pillar recovery, and(5) coal burst on development at a West Virginia mine at the relatively shallow depth of 335 m that also had no nearby pillar recovery. The paper provides guidance so that when an operation encounters a potential pseudo gob stress interaction the hazard can be mitigated based on an understanding of the mechanism encountered.

关键词： Underground mining Coal Multiple seam Gob Ground control

Biological and cultural diversity in the context of botanic garden conservation strategies

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Plant Diversity 2017年第6期39卷 396-401页

作者： christopher P.Dunn Cornell Botanic Gardens 124 Comstock Knoll Drive Cornell University

Impacts of global climate change, habitat loss, and other environmental changes on the world's biota and peoples continue to increase, especially on islands and in high elevation areas. Just as floristic diversity is affected by environmental change, so too are cultural and linguistic diversity. Of the approximately 7000 extant languages in the world, fully 50% are considered to be at risk of extinction, which is considerably higher than most estimates of extinction risks to plants and animals. To maintain the integrity of plant life, it is not enough for botanic gardens to consider solely the effects of environmental change on plants within the context of major conservation strategies such as the Global strategy for Plant Conservation and the Convention on Biological Diversity. Rather, botanic gardens should actively engage in understanding and communicating the broader impacts of environmental change to biological and cultural diversity.

关键词： Biocultural diversity Botanic gardens Linguistic diversity Plant diversity

Development process for a higher capacity Propsetter~ system

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International Journal of Mining science and Technology 2018年第1期28卷 121-126页

作者： christopher J.Brown Product Development-strata Worldwide LLC

As longwall tailgate support technologies continue to be developed and improved, strata worldwide has worked to design and manufacture a revised Propsetter to provide additional support capacity and enable applications at greater mine *** support is targeted for tailgate applications, however, it can also be utilized for roof support in various types of mining *** paper describes the design changes for enhancing the support capacity of the Propsetter to more closely align its performance with other support technologies currently being employed in longwall *** changes to each design aspect of the Propsetter was key to successfully improving the roof support's load capacity while maintaining controlled *** the load capacity would allow a mine to improve support efficiency with a smaller, less intrusive support compared to support alternatives and reduce the cost per foot of supported *** target support capacity was 711–890 k N at 50 mm of deformation to more closely match the performance of competing tailgate supports such as the 610 mm-diameter CAN~.To achieve this goal, changes were made to all design aspects of the Propsetter: diameter, wedge cut depth and angle, pod size, and confinement *** results from the NIOsH Mine Roof simulator verified that these design changes were successful in increasing the capacity of the Propsetter to the 711–890 k N range at fifty mms of deformation.

关键词： Propsetter Can Longwall mining Tailgate roof support Controlled deformation

Extracellular matrices, artificial neural scaffolds and the promise of neural regeneration

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Neural Regeneration Research 2014年第17期9卷 1573-1577页

作者： Christian B.Ricks samuel s.shin christopher Becker Ramesh Grandhi Department of Neurological surgery University of Pittsburgh Medical CenterPittsburghPAUSA University of Pittsburgh school of Medicine PittsburghPAUSA

Over last 20 years, extracellular matrices have been shown to be useful in promoting tissue regeneration. Recently, they have been used and have had success in achieving neurogenesis. Recent developments in extracellular matrix design have allowed their successful in vivo incorporation to engender an environment favorable for neural regeneration in animal models. Promising treatments under investigation include manipulation of the intrinsic extracellular matrix and incorporation of engineered naometer-sized scaffolds through which inhibition of molecules serving as barriers to neuroregeneration and delivery of neurotrophic factors and/or cells for successful tissue regeneration can be achieved. Further understanding of the changes incurred within the extracellular matrix following central nervous system injury will undoubtedly help design a clinically efficacious extracellular matrix scaffold that can mitigate or reverse neural degeneration in the clinical setting.

关键词： extraceUular matrix neurogenesis scaffolds neural stem cells